Surveying, 6th Edition

by McCormac, Jack C.; Sarasua, Wayne A.; Davis, William J.

• ISBN13: 9780470496619
• ISBN10: 0470496614
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2012-04-17
• Publisher: Wiley

Summary

McCormac's 6th edition of Surveying provides a basic overview to help readers understand and communicate with surveyors.  New features include more applications in engineering areas such as environmental, transportation, geotechnical, construction; more applications to GIS and GPS; added coverage of Geomatics, including setting up data to do analysis and make decisions; and more examples and increase number of homework problems.

Author Biography

Jack C. McCormac is a retired Clemson civil engineering professor named by the Engineering News Record as one of the top 125 engineers or architects in the world in the last 125 years for his contributions to education. McCormac has authored or co-authored seven engineering textbooks, with more than half a million copies now in print. His current books have been adopted at more than 500 universities throughout the world. McCormac holds a BS in civil engineering from the Citadel, an MS in civil engineering from Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a Doctor of Letters from Clemson University. Named an Alumni Distinguished Professor, he taught at Clemson for approximately thirty-four years before retiring in 1989. He is included in the International Who's Who in Engineering.

Table of Contents

Introduction
Surveying
Geomatics
Famous Surveyors
Early History of Surveying
Plane Surveys
Geodetic Surveys
Types of Surveys
Modern Surveying Equipment
Use of Old Surveying Equipment
Maintenance of Equipment
Importance of Surveying
Safety
Liability Insurance
Opportunities in Surveying
Introduction to Measurements
Measurement
Necessity for Accurate Surveys
Accuracy and Precision
Errors and Mistakes
Sources of Errors
Systematic and Accidental or Random Errors
Discussion of Accidental or Random Errors
Occurrence of Accidental or Random Errors
Probability Curve
Propagation of Accidental or Random Errors
Significant Figures
Field Notes
Electronically Recorded Notes
Office Work and Digital Computers
Planning
Distance Measurement
Introduction
Pacing
Odometers and Measuring Wheels
Tachymetry
Taping or Chaining
Electronic Distance Measurements
Global Positioning System
Summary of Measurement Methods
Equipment Required for Taping
Taping Over Level Ground
Taping Along Sloping Ground or Over Underbrush
Review of Some Trigonometry
Distance Corrections
Introduction
Types of Corrections
Incorrect Tape Length or Standardization Error
Temperature Variations
Slope Corrections
Sag and Tension Corrections
Combined Taping Corrections
Common Mistakes Made In Taping
Errors In Taping
Magnitude of Errors
Suggestions for Good Taping
Taping Precision
Electronic Distance Measuring Instruments (EDMs)
Introduction
Basic Terms
Types of EDMs
Phase Shift EDMs
Timed Pulse EDMs
Setting Up, Leveling, and Centering EDMs
Necessary Steps for Measuring Distances with EDMs
Errors in EDM Measurements
Calibration of EDM Equipment
Accuracies of EDMs
Computation of Horizontal Distances from Slope Distances
Training of Personnel
Summary of Comments on EDMs
Introduction to Leveling
Importance of Leveling
Basic Definitions
Reference Elevations or Datums
First-, Second-, and Third-Order Surveys
Methods of Leveling
The Level
Types of Levels
Level Rods
Setting up the Level
Sensitivity of Bubble Tubes
Care of Equipment
Differential Leveling
Theory of Spirit Leveling
Definitions
Differential Leveling Described
Earth's Curvature and Atmospheric Refraction
Verniers
Level Rod Targets
Common Leveling Mistakes
Leveling Errors
Suggestions for Good Leveling
Comments On Telescope Readings
Precision of Differential Leveling
Hand Signals
Leveling, Continued
Adjustments of Level Circuits
Precise Leveling
Profile Leveling
Profiles
Cross Sections
Nonclosed Leveling Routes
Angles and Directions
Meridians
Units for Measuring Angles
Azimuths
Bearings
The Compass
Variations In Magnetic Declination
Direction Arrow Convention
Local Attraction
Reading Bearings With a Compass
Detecting Local Attraction
Traverse Angle Definitions
Traverse Computations
Magnetic Declination Problems
Measuring Angle and Directions With Total Stations
Transits and Theodolites (Obsolete)
Introduction to Total Stations
Types of Total Stations
Disadvantages of Total Stations
Advantages of Total Stations
Parts of Total Stations
Surveying With Total Stations
Setting Up the Total Station
Sighting the Instrument
Measuring Horizontal Angles
Closing the Horizon
Measuring Angles By Repetition
Direction Method for Measuring Horizontal Angles
Measuring Zenith Angles
Use of Data Collectors With Total Stations
Care of Instruments
Miscellaneous Angle Discussion
Common Errors In Angle Measurement
Common Mistakes In Measuring Angles
Angle-Distance Relationships
Traversing
Older Methods of Traversing
Modern Traversing With Total Stations
Intersection of Two Lines
Measuring An Angle Where The Instrument Cannot Be Set Up
Prolonging a Straight Line By Double Centering
Establishing Points On a Straight Line Between Two Given Points
Cleaning Surveying Equipment
Traverse Adjustment and Area Computation
Introduction
Computations
Methods of Calculating Areas
Traverse Adjustment Overview
Balancing Angles
Latitudes and Departures
Error of Closure
Balancing Latitudes and Departures
Double Meridian Distances
Double Parallel Distances
Rectangular Coordinates
Areas Computed By Coordinates
Alternative Coordinate Method
Areas Within Irregular Boundaries
Computer Calculations and Omitted Measurements
Computers
Programs
Application of the Computer Program SURVEY
Computer Example
A Potential Warning: Danger In Computer Use
Omitted Measurements
Length and Bearing Of One Side Missing
Using Survey to Determine the Length and Bearing of a Missing Side
Example Radiation Problem
Computer Solution for Radiation Problem
Resection
Topographic Surveying
Introduction
Contours
Plotting of Topographic Maps
Summary of Contour Characteristics
Map Symbols
Completing the Map
Specifications for Topographic Maps
Methods of Obtaining Topography
Transit-Stadia Method of Mapping
Plane Table Surveys
Topographic Details Obtained With Total Stations
Selection of Points for Topographic Mapping
Profiles From Contour Maps
Checklist of Items to Be Included On a Topographic Map
The Global Positioning System (GPS)
Introduction
Monitoring Stations
Global Navigation Satellite System
Uses of GPS
Basic Theory
How Can the Travel Time of a Satellite Signal Be Measured?
Clock Bias
GPS Errors
Minimizing Errors Through Differential Correction
Receivers
HARN
CORS
OPUS
WAAS
GPS Signals
GPS Field Applications
Geoid and Ellipsoid
Field Applications
Static GPS Surveys
Kinematic GPS
Real-Time Kinematic Surveying
Virtual Reference Station
Dilution of Precision (DOP)
Planning
Example Problem
Network Adjustment
Carrier Phase GPS
Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
Introduction
What? A Definition of Geographic Information Systems
Who and Where?
Why GIS?
When? The Evolution of GIS
Thematic Layering
Levels of Use of a GIS
Uses of Geographic Information Systems
Objectives of a GIS
Applications of a GIS
GIS on the World Wide Web
Accuracy in a GIS
Control Surveying
Legal Concerns With GIS
GIS, Continued
Essential Elements of a GIS
Selected Data About Geographic Locations
GIS Software
GIS Hardware
Sources of GIS Data
Putting Data into the Computer
Preprocessing Existing Data
Data Management and Retrieval
Manipulation and Analysis
Product Generation
Coordinates and Map Projections
Raster GIS
Conclusion to GIS Discussion
Construction Surveying
Introduction
Work of the Construction Surveyor
Trade Unions
Property Survey from the Contractor's Viewpoint
Preliminary Surveys
Grade Stakes
Referencing Points for Construction
Building Layout
Base Lines (Layout Performed By Surveyors)
Radial Staking Methods
Batter Boards
Building Layout: Contractor Method
As-Built Surveys
Problems
Volumes
Introduction
Slopes and Slope Stakes
Borrow Pits
Cross Sections
Areas of Cross Sections
Computation of Earthwork Volumes
Mass Diagram
Accounting for Shrinkage and Swell
Volumes from Contour Maps
Volume Formulas for Geometric Shapes
Problems
Land Surveying or Property Surveying
Introduction
Title Transfer and Land Records
Common Lawntents 21-4 Monuments
Blazing Trees
The Land Surveyor: A Specialist
Monuments, Bearings, Distances, and Areas
Miscellaneous Terms Relating to Land Surveying
Resurveys
Metes and Bounds
The U.S. Public Lands Survey System
Early Days of the System
Outline of the System
Meander Lines
Witness Corners
Deed Descriptions of Land
Problems
Horizontal Curves
Introduction
Degree of Curvature and Radius of Curvature
Curve Equations
Deflection Angles
Selection and Staking Out of Curves
Computer Example
Field Procedure for Staking Out Curves
Circular Curves Using the SI System
Horizontal Curves Passing Through Certain Points
Spiral Curves
Problems
Vertical Curves
Introduction
Vertical Curve Calculations
Miscellaneous Items Relating to Vertical Curves
Unequal-Tangent Vertical Curves
Vertical Curve Passing Through a Specified Point
Parabolic Curve Equation
Computer Example
Roadway Crowns
Roadway Superelevation
Problems	p. xvi
Surveying-the Profession
Surveying Licenses
Registration Requirements
Penalties for Practicing Surveying Without a License
Reasons for Becoming Registered
A Profession
Code of Ethics
To Be Classed as a Professional
Conclusion
Problems
Some Useful Addresses
Baccalaureate Degree Programs in Surveying
Some Useful Formulas
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