Surveying

by Kavanagh, Barry F.

• ISBN13: 9780131188624
• ISBN10: 0131188623
• Edition: 7th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2009-01-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Summary

For freshman-junior level Civil Engineering courses in surveying/geomatics, including photogrammetry and hydrographic surveying. This text presents a clear discussion of surveying principles, and applications for mapping and engineering surveys. It has a good selection of problems that illuminate and reinforce concepts, as well as providing up-to-date information on the latest technological innovations. Real-world emphasis is key to the continued success of this text and the success a student has in understanding surveying concepts. So real world is this text that graduates often arrive for their first day of work carrying it. Suitable for construction, civil technology, civil engineering programs, and general surveying programs. INSTRUCTOR RESOURCES: Instructor Manual with Powerpoint (Contains over 300 Slides)

Table of Contents

PART I SURVEYING PRINCIPLES	1	(436)
Basics of Surveying	3	(22)
Surveying Defined	3	(1)
Types of Surveys	3	(1)
Classes of Surveys	4	(2)
Definitions	6	(1)
Surveying Instrumentation	6	(2)
Overview of a Modern Surveying Data System--The Science of Geomatics	8	(6)
Survey Geographic Reference	14	(2)
Survey Grid Reference	16	(1)
Survey Legal Reference	16	(1)
Survey Vertical Reference	16	(1)
Distance Measurement	16	(1)
Units of Measurement	17	(1)
Location Methods	18	(1)
Accuracy and Precision	19	(1)
Accuracy Ratio	20	(1)
Errors	20	(1)
Mistakes	21	(1)
Stationing	21	(1)
Field Notes	22	(1)
Field Management	23	(2)
Questions	24	(1)
Distance Measurement	25	(44)
Methods of Distance Determination	25	(1)
Distance Measuring Techniques	25	(2)
Other Indirect Measuring Techniques	27	(1)
Gunter's Chain	27	(1)
Taping	28	(2)
Taping Accessories	30	(4)
Taping Techniques	34	(3)
Standard Conditions for the Use of Steel Tapes	37	(1)
Taping Corrections: General Background	37	(1)
Systematic Slope Corrections	37	(3)
Erroneous Tape Length Corrections	40	(1)
Temperature Corrections	41	(1)
Invar Steel Tapes	42	(1)
Tension and Sag Corrections	42	(4)
Random Errors Associated with Systematic Taping Errors	46	(2)
Random Taping Errors	48	(1)
Techniques for Ordinary Taping Precision	49	(1)
Mistakes in Taping	50	(1)
Electronic Distance Measurement	51	(1)
Electronic Angle Measurement	51	(2)
Principles of Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM)	53	(3)
EDM Instrument Characteristics	56	(1)
Prisms	56	(1)
EDM Instrument Accuracies	57	(2)
EDM Instrument Operation	59	(2)
Geometry of EDM	61	(3)
EDM Instruments Without Reflecting Prisms	64	(5)
Questions	65	(1)
Problems	66	(3)
Leveling	69	(44)
General Background	69	(4)
Theory of Differential Leveling	73	(1)
Curvature and Refraction	74	(2)
Types of Surveying Levels	76	(6)
Leveling Rods	82	(2)
Definitions for Differential Leveling	84	(1)
Techniques of Leveling	85	(3)
Benchmark Leveling (Vertical Control Surveys)	88	(4)
Profile and Cross-Section Leveling	92	(4)
Reciprocal Leveling	96	(2)
Peg Test	98	(1)
Three-Wire Leveling	99	(2)
Trigonometric Leveling	101	(2)
Level Loop Adjustments	103	(1)
Suggestions for Rod Work	104	(1)
Suggestions for Instrument Work	104	(1)
Mistakes in Leveling	105	(8)
Problems	106	(7)
Angles and Directions	113	(20)
General Background	113	(1)
Reference Directions for Vertical Angles	113	(1)
Meridians	113	(2)
Horizontal Angles	115	(2)
Azimuths	117	(1)
Bearings	117	(1)
Relationships Between Bearings and Azimuths	118	(1)
Reverse Directions	119	(1)
Azimuth Computations	120	(4)
Bearing Computations	124	(2)
Comments on Bearings and Azimuths	126	(1)
Magnetic Direction	126	(7)
Problems	131	(2)
Theodolites	133	(27)
General Background	133	(2)
Electronic Theodolites	135	(3)
Theodolite Setup	138	(2)
Repeating Optical Theodolites	140	(3)
Angle Measurement with an Optical Theodolite	143	(1)
Direction Optical Theodolites	144	(1)
Angles Measured with a Direction Theodolite	145	(2)
Geometry of the Theodolite and the Total Station	147	(1)
Adjustment of the Theodolite and the Total Station	147	(4)
Laying Off Angles	151	(2)
Prolonging a Straight Line	153	(1)
Bucking-In	154	(1)
Intersection of Two Straight Lines	155	(1)
Prolonging a Measured Line by Triangulation over an Obstacle	156	(1)
Prolonging a Line past an Obstacle	156	(4)
Questions	159	(1)
Traverse Surveys and Computations	160	(45)
General Background	160	(1)
Open Traverse	160	(2)
Closed Traverse	162	(1)
Balancing Angles	163	(1)
Latitudes and Departures	163	(2)
Computation of Latitudes and Departures	165	(7)
Traverse Precision and Accuracy	172	(2)
Traverse Adjustments	174	(1)
Compass Rule Adjustment	174	(3)
Effects of Traverse Adjustments on the Original Data	177	(1)
Omitted Measurements	177	(4)
Rectangular Coordinates of Traverse Stations	181	(9)
Summary of Traverse Computations	190	(1)
Area of a Closed Traverse by the Coordinate Method	191	(3)
Geometry of Rectangular Coordinates	194	(1)
Illustrative Problems in Rectangular Coordinates	195	(10)
Problems	202	(3)
Total Stations	205	(40)
General Background	205	(1)
Characteristics of Total Stations	205	(7)
Total Station Field Techniques	212	(7)
Summary of Typical Total Station Characteristics	219	(1)
Field Procedures for Total Stations in Topographic Surveys	220	(7)
Field-Generated Graphics	227	(4)
Construction Layout Using Total Stations	231	(5)
Motorized Total Stations	236	(5)
Summary of Modern Total Station Characteristics	241	(1)
Handheld Total Stations	242	(3)
Questions	244	(1)
Topographic Surveying and Mapping	245	(40)
General Background	245	(1)
Maps and Plans	246	(2)
Scales and Precision	248	(1)
Plan Plotting	249	(7)
Contours	256	(5)
Summary of Contour Characteristics	261	(2)
Topographic Surveys	263	(4)
Cross Sections and Profiles	267	(3)
Cross Sections, End Areas, and Volumes	270	(5)
Prismoidal Formula	275	(1)
Construction Volumes	275	(2)
Area Computations	277	(2)
Area by Graphical Analysis	279	(6)
Problems	281	(4)
Geographic Information Systems	285	(34)
The Evolution from Mapping to Geographic Information Systems (GISs)	285	(8)
Components of a GIS	293	(1)
Sources for GIS Data	294	(1)
Georeferencing	295	(1)
Database Management	296	(1)
Metadata	297	(1)
Spatial Data Transfer Standard (SDTS)	298	(1)
Spatial Entities or Features	299	(2)
Typical Data Representation	301	(1)
Spatial Data Models	302	(1)
GIS Data Structures	303	(4)
Topology	307	(3)
Data Analysis Summary	310	(5)
GIS Glossary	315	(1)
Internet Web Sites	316	(1)
Publications	317	(2)
Questions	318	(1)
Control Surveys	319	(68)
General Background	319	(9)
Plane Coordinate Grids	328	(6)
Lambert Projection	334	(1)
Transverse Mercator Projection	335	(1)
Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Grid System	336	(8)
Use of Grid Coordinates	344	(8)
Illustrative Examples	352	(6)
Horizontal Control Techniques	358	(3)
Project Control	361	(8)
Control Survey Markers	369	(3)
Direction of a Line by Observation on Polaris	372	(4)
Time	376	(2)
Polaris	378	(1)
Procedure for Observing Polaris	378	(4)
Computation Technique for Azimuth Determination--Tabular Solution	382	(1)
Direction of a Line by Gyrotheodolite	383	(4)
Questions	385	(1)
Problems	386	(1)
Global Positioning Systems	387	(50)
Introduction	387	(3)
Global Satellite Positioning	390	(1)
Receivers	391	(2)
Satellite Constellations	393	(5)
GPS Satellite Signals	398	(1)
Position Measurements	399	(8)
Errors	407	(1)
Continuously Operating Reference Station	408	(2)
Canadian Active Control System (ACS)	410	(1)
Survey Planning	410	(6)
GPS Field Procedures	416	(6)
GPS Applications	422	(5)
Vertical Positioning	427	(5)
Conclusion	432	(1)
GPS Glossary	432	(2)
Recommended Readings and Related Web Sites	434	(3)
Questions	436	(1)
PART II REMOTE SENSING	437	(70)
Satellite Imagery	439	(27)
General Background	439	(1)
Techniques of Remote Sensing	440	(1)
Electromagnetic Spectrum	441	(3)
Selection of Radiation Sensors	444	(1)
An Introduction to Image Analysis	445	(6)
Classification	451	(1)
Feature Extraction	452	(1)
Ground-Truth or Accuracy Assessment	452	(2)
U.S. National Land-Cover Data (NLCD)	454	(2)
Remote-Sensing Satellites	456	(2)
Imaging Radar Satellites	458	(5)
Satellite Imagery Versus Airborne Imagery	463	(1)
Remote-Sensing Internet Web Sites	464	(1)
Further Reading	465	(1)
Questions	465	(1)
Airborne Imagery	466	(41)
General Background	466	(1)
Aerial Camera Systems	466	(3)
Photographic Scale	469	(2)
Flying Heights and Altitude	471	(1)
Relief (Radial) Displacement	472	(2)
Flight Lines and Photograph Overlap	474	(2)
Ground Control for Mapping	476	(4)
Mosaics	480	(1)
Stereoscopic Viewing and Parallax	481	(6)
Photogrammetric Stereoscopic Plotting Techniques	487	(6)
Airborne Digital Imagery	493	(2)
Orthophotos	495	(3)
Lidar Mapping	498	(2)
Aerial Surveying and Photogrammetric Mapping	500	(2)
Aerial Photography Interpretation	502	(1)
Applications of Air Photo Interpretation for the Engineer and the Surveyor	503	(1)
Airborne Imaging Web Sites	504	(1)
Further Reading	504	(3)
Questions	504	(1)
Problems	505	(2)
PART III SURVEYING APPLICATIONS	507	(194)
Highway Curves	509	(61)
Route Surveys	509	(1)
Circular Curves: General Background	509	(1)
Circular Curve Geometry	510	(6)
Circular Curve Deflections	516	(2)
Chord Calculations	518	(1)
Metric Considerations	519	(1)
Field Procedure	519	(1)
Moving up on the Curve	520	(2)
Offset Curves	522	(7)
Compound Circular Curves	529	(1)
Reverse Curves	529	(2)
Vertical Curves: General Background	531	(2)
Geometric Properties of the Parabola	533	(1)
Computation of the High or Low Point on a Vertical Curve	534	(1)
Procedure for Computing a Vertical Curve	535	(3)
Design Considerations	538	(1)
Spiral Curves: General Background	539	(1)
Spiral Curve Computations	540	(9)
Spiral Layout Procedure Summary	549	(6)
Approximate Solution for Spiral Problems	555	(2)
Superelevation: General Background	557	(1)
Superelevation Design	557	(13)
Questions	567	(1)
Problems	567	(3)
Construction Surveys	570	(55)
General Background	570	(1)
Grade	571	(1)
Machine Guidance and Control	571	(7)
Accuracy and Mistakes	578	(1)
Construction Control	578	(1)
Measurement for Interim and Final Payments	579	(1)
Final Measurements for As-Built Drawings	579	(1)
Municipal Roads Construction	579	(14)
Highway Construction	593	(11)
Sewer and Tunnel Construction	604	(14)
Culvert Construction	618	(1)
Building Construction	619	(3)
Other Construction Surveys	622	(1)
Construction Survey Specifications	623	(2)
Questions	623	(1)
Problems	623	(2)
Land Surveys	625	(46)
General Background	625	(3)
Public Land Surveys (North America)	628	(20)
Property Conveyance	648	(6)
Rural Land Surveys	654	(8)
Electronic Research for Resurveys	662	(1)
Urban Land Surveys	663	(6)
Cadastral Surveying	669	(1)
Land Surveying Web Sites	669	(2)
Problems	669	(2)
Hydrographic Surveys	671	(30)
General Background	671	(1)
Objectives of Hydrographic Mapping and Electronic Charting	672	(1)
Planning	673	(1)
Survey Vessels	673	(1)
Vertical Control: Depth and Tidal Measurements	674	(4)
Position-Fixing Techniques	678	(16)
Sounding Plan	694	(2)
Horizontal Shore Control	696	(1)
Processing and Presentation of Data	696	(1)
Airborne Laser Bathymetry	697	(4)
Problems	698	(3)
PART IV APPENDIXES	701	(88)
Appendix A Random Errors	703	(16)
Appendix B Trigonometric Definitions and Identities	719	(4)
Appendix C Glossary	723	(10)
Appendix D Answers to Selected Chapter Problems	733	(7)
Appendix E Internet Web Sites	740	(3)
Appendix F Examples of Current Geomatics Technology	743	(1)
Appendix G Typical Field Projects	744	(19)
Appendix H Early Surveying	763	(26)
Index	789