Swedish

by Holmes, Philip; Hinchliffe, Ian

• ISBN13: 9780415160483
• ISBN10: 0415160480
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1997-08-01
• Publisher: Routledge

Summary

Swedish: An Essential Grammaris a reference guide to the most important aspects of current Swedish as it is used by native speakers. It focuses on the real patterns of use in today's Swedish and is the ideal reference source for any learner or user of Swedish. Suitable for either independent study or for students in schools, colleges, universities and adult classes of all types, explanations are free from jargon and emphasis has been placed on the areas of Swedish that pose a particular challenge for English-language learners. Features include a detailed contents list, many tables and diagrams for extra clarity, a separate glossary of linguistic and grammatical terms and a detailed index that includes a variety of key Swedish and English words.

Table of Contents

Preface	xii
Symbols and abbreviations used in the text	xiii
Introduction	1	(3)
Pronunciation	4	(16)
Vowels
Stressed vowels and their pronunciation	4	(2)
Pronunciation of unstressed vowels	6	(1)
Vowel length	7	(1)
Syllable length	8	(1)
Consonants and consonant groups
s, z, c, sc	9	(1)
j, gj, dj, hj, lj	9	(1)
r, t, l, x, w	10	(1)
g, k, sk	10	(2)
ng, gn, kn, mn	12	(1)
rs, rd, rt, rn, rl	12	(1)
Omitting -d, -g, -t, -k, -l	13	(3)
Omitting -e	16	(1)
Voiced consonants pronounced unvoiced before -s, -t	16	(1)
Written and spoken forms of some common words	17	(2)
Assimilation	19	(1)
Stress and Accent	20	(6)
Sentence stress	20	(1)
Word stress	21	(1)
Accent	22	(1)
Functions of accent 1/accent 2	22	(1)
Rules for accent 2	23	(3)
Nouns	26	(18)
Gender and noun type
Gender	26	(1)
Gender rules	26	(1)
Types of noun	27	(1)
Indefinite declension
Indefinite forms	28	(1)
Plurals	28	(1)
Plurals - predictability	29	(2)
Plural forms
Plurals in -or (First declension)	31	(1)
Plurals in -ar (Second declension)	32	(1)
Plurals in -er (Third declension)	32	(1)
Plurals in -r (Third declension)	33	(1)
Plurals in -n (Fourth declension)	34	(1)
Plurals in -zero (No plural ending, Fifth declension)	34	(1)
Plurals in -s	35	(1)
Plurals in -a	35	(1)
Nouns with no plural form	35	(1)
Differences between Swedish and English number
Differences in number	36	(1)
Definite declension
Forms with end article singular	36	(2)
Forms with end article plural	38	(1)
Article use
End article in Swedish, no article in English	39	(1)
End article in Swedish, indefinite article in English	40	(1)
No article in Swedish, definite article in English	40	(1)
No article in Swedish, indefinite article in English	40	(1)
End article in Swedish, possessive pronoun in English	41	(1)
Article use with demonstrative pronouns	41	(1)
No article after the possessive	42	(1)
Genitives
The genitive	42	(2)
Adjectives	44	(19)
Adjectives in outline	44	(1)
Indefinite declension
Indefinite forms - regular	45	(1)
Indefinite forms - variations	45	(1)
Indeclinable adjectives	46	(1)
Indefinite constructions	47	(1)
Agreement and lack of agreement	48	(1)
Definite declension
Definite form of the adjective: -e or -a?	49	(1)
Definite construction Type 1 - den nya bilen	50	(1)
Definite construction Type 2 - firmans nya bil	50	(1)
Definite construction Type 3 - svenska spraket	51	(2)
Definite construction Type 4 - forsta klass	53	(1)
Definite constructions - summary chart	53	(1)
Adjectival nouns and nationality words
Adjectival nouns	54	(2)
Nationality words	56	(1)
Comparison of adjectives
Comparison with -are, -ast	57	(1)
Comparison with -re, -st	58	(1)
Irregular comparison	59	(1)
Comparison with mer, mest	59	(1)
Comparison (indefinite) - summary chart	60	(1)
Comparison (indefinite and definite)	60	(1)
Use of comparatives and superlatives	61	(2)
Pronouns	63	(14)
Personal and reflexive pronouns - form	63	(1)
Use of personal pronouns	63	(3)
Reflexive pronouns	66	(1)
Sjalv	66	(1)
Possessive pronouns	66	(2)
Non-reflexive and reflexive possessives: hans or sin?	68	(1)
Forms of address	69	(1)
Demonstrative pronouns	70	(1)
Determinative pronouns	71	(1)
Relative pronouns	72	(1)
Interrogative pronouns (v-words)	73	(1)
Indefinite pronouns	74	(3)
Numerals	77	(5)
Cardinal and ordinal numbers	77	(1)
Major uses of cardinal and ordinal numbers	78	(2)
Time by the clock	80	(2)
Verbs	82	(31)
Verb forms in outline	82	(1)
The four conjugations
First conjugation	83	(1)
Irregular verbs of the first conjugation	83	(1)
Second conjugation	83	(2)
Irregular verbs of the second conjugation	85	(1)
Third conjugation	86	(1)
Irregular verbs of the third conjugation	86	(1)
Fourth conjugation: introduction	87	(1)
Fourth conjugation: gradation series i - e - i	87	(1)
Fourth conjugation: gradation series series y/(j)u - o - u	88	(1)
Fourth conjugation: gradation series i - a - u	89	(1)
Fourth conjugation: gradation series a - o - a	90	(1)
Fourth conjugation: gradation series a - a - u	90	(1)
Fourth conjugation: minor gradation series (mixed)	90	(1)
Participles and supine
Supine and past participle forms	91	(1)
Use of the supine and past participle	91	(1)
Present participle	92	(1)
Translating verbs
Some problems in translating English verbs	93	(1)
Translating the English verb `to be'	94	(2)
The use of the infinitive and different verbal constructions
Infinitive - verbal use	96	(1)
Infinitive - nominal use	97	(1)
Use of the infinitive in English and Swedish	97	(1)
Translating `-ing' forms	98	(1)
Present tense	98	(1)
Past tense	99	(1)
Perfect tense	100	(1)
Pluperfect tense	100	(1)
Future tense	101	(1)
Mood and modal verbs	102	(1)
Use of modal verbs	102	(2)
Subjunctive	104	(1)
Imperative	104	(1)
Transitive, intransitive and reflexive verbs	105	(1)
S-forms	106	(1)
Uses of s-forms	106	(1)
Passive	107	(3)
Compound verbs	110	(3)
Adverbs	113	(8)
Forms of adverbs	113	(1)
Use of adverbs	114	(1)
Adverbs indicating location and motion	115	(2)
Some difficult adverbs	117	(4)
Interjections	121	(2)
Interjections	121	(2)
Prepositions	123	(17)
Prepositions - introduction	123	(1)
The most common Swedish prepositions	124	(2)
av	126	(1)
fran	127	(1)
for	127	(1)
I	128	(1)
med	129	(1)
om	129	(1)
pa	130	(1)
till	131	(1)
under	132	(1)
vid	132	(1)
Translating prepositions
Some common English prepositions and their Swedish equivalents	133	(1)
Translating `in, on, at' etc. as expressions of time	133	(3)
Prepositions in expressions of time - summary	136	(1)
Translating `in, on, at' etc. as expressions of place	137	(1)
Translating `of'	138	(2)
Conjunctions	140	(5)
Coordinating conjunctions	140	(1)
Subordinating conjunctions	140	(2)
Other subordinators	142	(1)
Some problem conjuntions	142	(3)
Word order and Sentence Structure	145	(22)
Word classes and sentence elements	145	(1)
Sentence types	145	(1)
Main clause structure	146	(1)
Link position	147	(1)
Extra positions	148	(1)
Main clause positions (sentence elements)
Subject and formal subject	148	(1)
Finite verb	149	(1)
Non-finite verb	149	(1)
Clausal adverbial	149	(1)
Other adverbials	150	(1)
Objects and complements	151	(1)
Verb particle	152	(1)
Passive agent	152	(1)
Main clause structure - an extended positional scheme with examples	153	(1)
Moving elements within the main clause
Topicalization	154	(1)
Weight principle	155	(1)
Adverbial shift	156	(1)
Unstressed objects	157	(1)
Position of inte	157	(1)
Passive transformation	158	(1)
Existential sentence	158	(1)
Cleft sentence	159	(1)
Subordinate clauses
Subordinate clause as an element in the main clause sentence	160	(1)
Subordinate clause structure	161	(2)
Three types of subordinate clause with main clause structure	163	(1)
Differences between Swedish and English word order
Major word order and sentence structure problems - summary	164	(3)
Word Formation	167	(8)
Compounding	167	(1)
Affixation	168	(2)
Abbreviation	170	(1)
List of common abbreviations	171	(4)
Orthography	175	(3)
Small or capital letter?	175	(1)
Spelling of words ending in -m, -n	176	(2)
Punctuation	178	(3)
The comma	178	(1)
The full stop	179	(1)
The exclamation mark	179	(1)
The apostrophe	179	(1)
Direct speech conventions	180	(1)
The hyphen	180	(1)
Written and Spoken Swedish	181	(4)
Words frequently omitted in spoken Swedish	181	(1)
Words and constructions frequently inserted in spoken Swedish	181	(1)
Words usually found only in written Swedish	182	(3)
Linguistic terms	185	(6)
Short bibliography	191	(1)
Index	192