Switchmode Rf and Microwave Power Amplifiers

by Grebennikov; Sokal; Franco

• ISBN13: 9780124159075
• ISBN10: 0124159079
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2012-06-19
• Publisher: Elsevier Science

Summary

A majority of people now have a digital mobile device whether it be a cell phone, laptop, or blackberry. Now that we have the mobility we want it to be more versatile and dependable; RF power amplifiers accomplish just that. These amplifiers take a small input and make it stronger and larger creating a wider area of use with a more robust signal. Switching mode RF amplifiers have been theoretically possible for decades, but were largely impractical because they distort analog signals until they are unrecognizable. However, distortion is not an issue with digital signals-like those used by WLANs and digital cell phones-and switching mode RF amplifiers have become a hot area of RF/wireless design. This book explores both the theory behind switching mode RF amplifiers and design techniques for them. *Provides essential design and implementation techniques for use in cma2000, WiMAX, and other digital mobile standards *Both authors have written several articles on the topic and are well known in the industry *Includes specific design equations to greatly simplify the design of switchmode amplifiers

Table of Contents

About the Authors	p. xi
Foreword	p. xiii
Preface	p. xv
Acknowledgments	p. xxi
Power Amplifier Design Principles	p. 1
Spectral-domain analysis	p. 1
Basic classes of operation: A, AB, B, and C	p. 7
Load line and output impedance	p. 13
Classes of operation based upon a finite number of harmonics	p. 17
Active device models	p. 20
LDMOSFETs	p. 20
GaAs MESFETs and GaN HEMTs	p. 24
Low- and high-voltage HBTs	p. 29
High-frequency conduction angle	p. 32
Nonlinear effect of collector capacitance	p. 38
Push-pull power amplifiers	p. 42
Power gain and impedance matching	p. 47
Load-pull characterization	p. 52
Amplifier stability	p. 54
Parametric oscillations	p. 62
Bias circuits	p. 67
Distortion fundamentals	p. 72
Linearity	p. 72
Time variance	p. 73
Memory	p. 73
Distortion of electrical signals	p. 73
Types of distortion	p. 74
Nonlinear distortion analysis for sinusoidal signals - measures of nonlinear distortion	p. 75
References	p. 78
Class-D Power Amplifiers	p. 83
Switchmode power amplifiers with resistive load	p. 83
Complementary voltage-switching configuration	p. 92
Transformer-coupled voltage-switching configuration	p. 97
Transformer-coupled current-switching configuration	p. 99
Symmetrical current-switching configuration	p. 103
Voltage-switching configuration with reactive load	p. 107
Drive and transition time	p. 111
Practical Class-D power amplifier implementation	p. 118
Class D for digital pulse-modulation transmitters	p. 123
References	p. 127
Class-F Power Amplifiers	p. 129
Biharmonic and polyharmonic operation modes	p. 129
Idealized Class-F mode	p. 139
Class-F with maximally flat waveforms	p. 143
Class-F with quarterwave transmission line	p. 151
Effect of saturation resistance and shunt capacitance	p. 157
Load networks with lumped elements	p. 162
Load networks with transmission lines	p. 169
LDMOSFET power amplifier design examples	p. 176
Broadband capability of Class-F power amplifiers	p. 181
Practical Class-F power amplifiers and applications	p. 183
References	p. 190
Inverse Class-F	p. 195
Biharmonic and polyharmonic operation modes	p. 195
Idealized inverse Class-F mode	p. 202
Inverse Class-F with quarterwave transmission line	p. 205
Load networks with lumped elements	p. 208
Load networks with transmission lines	p. 212
LDMOSFET power amplifier design examples	p. 222
Examples of practical implementation	p. 226
Inverse Class-F GaN HEMT power amplifiers for WCDMA systems	p. 231
References	p. 242
Class-E with Shunt Capacitance	p. 245
Effect of a detuned resonant circuit	p. 245
Load network with shunt capacitor and series filter	p. 250
Matching with a standard load	p. 256
Effect of saturation resistance	p. 260
Driving signal and finite switching time	p. 263
Effect of nonlinear shunt capacitance	p. 270
Optimum, nominal, and off-nominal Class-E operation	p. 272
Push-pull operation mode	p. 277
Load networks with transmission lines	p. 281
Practical Class-E power amplifiers and applications	p. 291
References	p. 300
Class-E with Finite DC-Feed Inductance	p. 305
Class-E with one capacitor and one inductor	p. 305
Generalized Class-E load network with finite DC-Feed inductance	p. 313
Subharmonic Class-E	p. 320
Parallel-circuit Class-E	p. 324
Even-harmonic Class-E	p. 330
Effect of bondwire inductance	p. 332
Load network with transmission lines	p. 333
Operation beyond maximum Class-E frequency	p. 340
Power gain	p. 345
CMOS Class-E power amplifiers	p. 348
References	p. 354
Class-E with Quarterwave Transmission Line	p. 357
Load network with parallel quarterwave line	p. 357
Optimum load-network parameters	p. 364
Load network with zero series reactance	p. 367
Matching circuit with lumped elements	p. 372
Matching circuit with transmission lines	p. 373
Load network with series quarterwave line and shunt filter	p. 376
Design example: 10-W, 2.14-GHz Class-E GaN HEMT power amplifier with parallel quarterwave transmission line	p. 378
References	p. 385
Broadband Class-E	p. 387
Reactance compensation technique	p. 387
Load networks with lumped elements	p. 388
Load networks with transmission lines	p. 394
Broadband Class-E with shunt capacitance	p. 400
Broadband parallel-circuit Class-E	p. 409
High-power RF Class-E power amplifiers	p. 416
Microwave monolithic Class-E power amplifiers	p. 419
CMOS Class-E power amplifiers	p. 424
References	p. 426
Alternative and Mixed-Mode High-Efficiency Power Amplifiers	p. 429
Class-DE power amplifier	p. 430
Class-FE power amplifiers	p. 444
Class-E/F power amplifiers	p. 462
Symmetrical push-pull configurations	p. 465
Single-ended Class-E/F3 mode	p. 471
Biharmonic Class-EM power amplifier	p. 488
Inverse Class-EM power amplifiers	p. 495
Harmonic tuning using load-pull techniques	p. 503
Chireix outphasing power amplifiers	p. 512
References	p. 524
High-Efficiency Doherty Power Amplifiers	p. 529
Historical aspects and conventional Doherty architecture	p. 529
Carrier and peaking amplifiers with harmonic control	p. 540
Balanced, push-pull, and dual Doherty amplifiers	p. 543
Asymmetric Doherty amplifiers	p. 546
Multistage Doherty amplifiers	p. 550
Inverted Doherty amplifiers	p. 556
Integration	p. 559
Digitally driven Doherty amplifier	p. 562
Multiband and broadband capability	p. 564
References	p. 568
Predistortion Linearization Techniques	p. 575
Modeling of RF power amplifiers with memory	p. 576
Predistortion linearization	p. 582
Introduction	p. 582
Memoryless predistorter for octave-bandwidth amplifiers	p. 584
Predistorter with memory for octave-bandwidth amplifiers	p. 589
Postdistortion	p. 590
Analog predistortion implementation	p. 591
Introduction	p. 591
Reflective predistorters	p. 591
Transmissive predistorters	p. 593
Digital predistortion implementation	p. 598
Introduction	p. 598
Principles of memoryless digital predistortion	p. 598
Digital predistortion adaptation	p. 601
Digital predistorter performance	p. 603
References	p. 604
Computer-Aided Design of Switchmode Power Amplifiers	p. 607
HB-PLUS program for half-bridge and full-bridge direct-coupled voltage-switching Class-D and Class-DE circuits	p. 608
Program capabilities	p. 608
Circuit topologies	p. 609
Class-D versus Class-DE	p. 611
HEPA-PLUS CAD program for Class-E	p. 613
Program capabilities	p. 613
Steady-state periodic response	p. 614
Transient response	p. 614
Circuit topology	p. 614
Optimization	p. 615
Effect of Class-E load-network parameter variations	p. 616
HB-PLUS CAD examples for Class-D and Class-DE	p. 619
Class-D with hard switching	p. 620
Class-DE with soft switching	p. 623
HEPA-PLUS CAD example for Class-E	p. 626
Evaluate a candidate transistor	p. 626
Use the automatic preliminary design module to obtain a nominal-waveform Class-E design	p. 627
Simulate the nominal-waveforms circuit	p. 629
RF output spectrum	p. 629
Optimize the design, using the nominal-waveforms design as a starting-point	p. 631
Use the SWEEP function	p. 635
Class-E power amplifier design using SPICE	p. 638
ADS circuit simulator and its applicability to switchmode Class-E	p. 644
ADS CAD design example: high-efficiency two-stage 1.75-GHz MMIC HBT power amplifier	p. 649
References	p. 668
Index	p. 669
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