Synchronous And Resonant Dc/dc Conversion Technology, Energy Factor, And Mathematical Modeling

by Luo; Fang Lin

• ISBN13: 9780849372377
• ISBN10: 0849372372
• eBook ISBN(s): 9781351836487
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-10-31
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

Numbers alone are enough to describe the importance of DC/DC converters in modern power engineering. There are more than 500 recognized topologies, with more added each year. In their groundbreaking book Advanced DC/DC Converters, expert researchers Luo and Ye organized these technologies into six generations and illustrated their principles and operation through examples of over 100 original topologies. In chapters carefully drawn from that work, Synchronous and Resonant DC/DC Conversion Technology, Energy Factor, and Mathematical Modeling provides a focused, concise overview of synchronous and multiple-element resonant power converters.This reference carefully examines the topologies of more than 50 synchronous and resonant converters by illustrating the design of several prototypes developed by the authors. Using more than 100 diagrams as illustration, the book supplies insight into the fundamental concepts, design, and applications of the fifth (synchronous) and sixth (multiple-element resonant) converters as well as DC power sources and control circuits. The authors also discuss EMI/EMC problems and include a new chapter that introduces the new concept of Energy Factor (EF) and its importance in mathematical modeling as well as analyzing the transient process and impulse response of DC/DC converters.Synchronous and Resonant DC/DC Conversion Technology, Energy Factor, and Mathematical Modeling supplies a quick and accessible guide for anyone in need of specialized information on synchronous and resonant DC/DC converter technologies.

Table of Contents

Synchronous Rectifier DC/DC Converters	1	(18)
Introduction	2	(3)
Flat Transformer Synchronous Rectifier Luo-Converter	5	(2)
Transformer Is in Magnetizing Process	5	(1)
Switching-On	6	(1)
Transformer Is in Demagnetizing Process	6	(1)
Switching-Off	6	(1)
Summary	7	(1)
Active Clamped Synchronous Rectifier Luo-Converter	7	(2)
Transformer Is in Magnetizing	8	(1)
Switching-On	8	(1)
Transformer Is in Demagnetizing	8	(1)
Switching-Off	9	(1)
Summary	9	(1)
Double Current Synchronous Rectifier Luo-Converter	9	(3)
Transformer Is in Magnetizing	10	(1)
Switching-On	11	(1)
Transformer Is in Demagnetizing	11	(1)
Switching-Off	11	(1)
Summary	11	(1)
Zero-Current-Switching Synchronous Rectifier Luo-Converter	12	(2)
Transformer Is in Magnetizing	13	(1)
Resonant Period	13	(1)
Transformer Is in Demagnetizing	13	(1)
Switching-Off	14	(1)
Summary	14	(1)
Zero-Voltage-Switching Synchronous Rectifier Luo-Converter	14	(5)
Transformer Is in Magnetizing	15	(1)
Resonant Period	16	(1)
Transformer Is in Demagnetizing	16	(1)
Switching-Off	16	(1)
Summary	16	(1)
Bibliography	17	(2)
Multiple Energy-Storage Element Resonant Power Converters	19	(22)
Introduction	19	(5)
Two-Element RPC	20	(1)
Three-Element RPC	21	(1)
Four-Element RPC	22	(2)
Bipolar Current and Voltage Source	24	(7)
Bipolar Voltage Source	26	(1)
Two Voltage Source Circuit	26	(1)
One Voltage Source Circuit	27	(2)
Bipolar Current Source	29	(1)
Two Voltage Source Circuit	30	(1)
One Voltage Source Circuit	30	(1)
A Two-Element RPC Analysis	31	(10)
Input Impedance	31	(1)
Current Transfer Gain	32	(1)
Operation Analysis	33	(4)
Simulation Results	37	(1)
Experimental Results	38	(1)
Bibliography	38	(3)
II-CLL Current Source Resonant Inverter	41	(16)
Introduction	41	(2)
Pump Circuits	41	(1)
Current Source	41	(1)
Resonant Circuit	42	(1)
Load	42	(1)
Summary	42	(1)
Mathematic Analysis	43	(10)
Input Impedance	43	(1)
Components' Voltages and Currents	44	(1)
Simplified Impedance and Current Gain	45	(7)
Power Transfer Efficiency	52	(1)
Simulation Results	53	(1)
Discussion	54	(3)
Function of the II-CLL Circuit	54	(1)
Applying Frequency to this II-CLL CSRI	55	(1)
Explanation of g ≥ 1	55	(1)
DC Current Component Remaining	55	(1)
Efficiency	55	(1)
Bibliography	55	(2)
Cascade Double Γ-CL Current Source Resonant Inverter	57	(18)
Introduction	57	(1)
Mathematic Analysis	57	(10)
Input Impedance	58	(1)
Components, Voltages, and Currents	59	(1)
Simplified Impedance and Current Gain	60	(6)
Power Transfer Efficiency	66	(1)
Simulation Result	67	(4)
β = 1, f = 33.9 kHz, T = 29.5 μs	69	(1)
β = 1.4142, f = 48.0 kHz, T = 20.83 μs	69	(1)
β = 1.59, f= 54 kHz, T = 18.52 μs	70	(1)
Experimental Result	71	(2)
Discussion	73	(2)
Function of the Double T-CL Circuit	73	(1)
Applying Frequency to This Double T-CL CSRI	73	(1)
Explanation of g > 1	73	(1)
Bibliography	73	(2)
Cascade Reverse Double Γ-LC Resonant Power Converter	75	(42)
Introduction	75	(1)
Steady-State Analysis of Cascade Reverse Double T-LC RPC	76	(10)
Topology and Circuit Description	76	(1)
Classical Analysis on AC Side	77	(1)
Basic Operating Principles	77	(1)
Equivalent Load Resistance	77	(1)
Equivalent AC Circuit and Transfer Functions	78	(2)
Analysis of Voltage Transfer Gain and the Input Impedance	80	(4)
Simulation and Experimental Results	84	(1)
Simulation Studies	85	(1)
Experimental Results	86	(1)
Resonance Operation and Modeling	86	(6)
Operating Principle, Operating Modes, and Equivalent Circuits	87	(2)
State-Space Analysis	89	(3)
Small-Signal Modeling of Cascade Reverse Double T-LC RPC	92	(12)
Small-Signal Modeling	93	(1)
Model Diagram	93	(1)
Nonlinear State Equation	93	(1)
Harmonic Approximation	94	(1)
Extended Describing Function	95	(1)
Harmonic Balance	96	(1)
Perturbation and Linearization	97	(1)
Equivalent Circuit Model	98	(1)
Closed-Loop System Design	99	(5)
Discussion	104	(13)
Characteristics of Variable-Parameter Resonant Converter	105	(3)
Discontinuous Conduction Mode (DCM)	108	(6)
Bibliography	114	(2)
Appendix: Parameters Used in Small-Signal Modeling	116	(1)
DC Energy Sources for DC/DC Converters	117	(40)
Introduction	117	(1)
Single-Phase Half-Wave Diode Rectifier	118	(7)
Resistive Load	118	(1)
Inductive Load	119	(3)
Pure Inductive Load	122	(1)
Back EMF Plus Resistor Load	123	(2)
Back EMF Plus Inductor Load	125	(1)
Single-Phase Bridge Diode Rectifier	125	(8)
Resistive Load	127	(2)
Back EMF Load	129	(2)
Capacitive Load	131	(2)
Three-Phase Half-Bridge Diode Rectifier	133	(3)
Resistive Load	133	(1)
Back EMF Load (0.5 √2Vin ≥ E ≥ √2Vin)	134	(2)
Back EMF Load (E ≥ 0.5 √2Vin)	136	(1)
Three-Phase Full-Bridge Diode Rectifier with Resistive Load	136	(2)
Thyristor Rectifiers	138	(19)
Single-Phase Half-Wave Rectifier with Resistive Load	139	(1)
Single-Phase Half-Wave Thyristor Rectifier with Inductive Load	140	(1)
Single-Phase Half-Wave Thyristor Rectifier with Pure Inductive Load	141	(1)
Single-Phase Half-Wave Rectifier with Back EMF Plus Resistive Load	142	(2)
Single-Phase Half-Wave Rectifier with Back EMF Plus Inductive Load	144	(1)
Single-Phase Half-Wave Rectifier with Back EMF Plus Pure Inductor	145	(2)
Single-Phase Full-Wave Semicontrolled Rectifier with Inductive Load	147	(1)
Single-Phase Full-Controlled Rectifier with Inductive Load	148	(1)
Three-Phase Half-Wave Rectifier with Resistive Load	149	(2)
Three-Phase Half-Wave Thyristor Rectifier with Inductive Load	151	(1)
Three-Phase Full-Wave Thyristor Rectifier with Resistive Load	152	(1)
Three-Phase Full-Wave Thyristor Rectifier with Inductive Load	153	(2)
Bibliography	155	(2)
Control Circuit: EMI and Application Examples of DC/DC Converters	157	(18)
Introduction	157	(1)
Luo-Resonator	157	(4)
Circuit Explanation	158	(1)
Calculation Formulae	159	(1)
A Design Example	160	(1)
Discussion	160	(1)
EMI, EMS, and EMC	161	(7)
EMI/EMC Analysis	161	(2)
Comparison to Hard-Switching and Soft-Switching	163	(1)
Measuring Method and Results	163	(4)
Designing Rule to Minimize EMI/EMC	167	(1)
Some DC/DC Converter Applications	168	(7)
A 5000 V Insulation Test Bench	168	(1)
MIT 42/14 V 3 KW DC/DC Converter	169	(2)
IBM 1.8 V /200 A Power Supply	171	(2)
Bibliography	173	(2)
Energy Factor (EF) and Mathematical Modeling for Power DC/DC Converters	175	(48)
Introduction	175	(2)
Pumping Energy (PE)	177	(1)
Energy Quantization	177	(1)
Energy Quantization Function	177	(1)
Stored Energy (SE)	177	(5)
Stored Energy in Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM)	178	(1)
Stored Energy (SE)	178	(1)
Capacitor-Inductor Stored Energy Ratio (CIR)	178	(1)
Energy Losses (EL)	179	(1)
Stored Energy Variation on Inductors and Capacitors (VE)	179	(1)
Stored Energy in Discontinuous Conduction Mode (DCM)	180	(2)
Energy Factor (EF)	182	(1)
Variation Energy Factor (EFv)	183	(1)
Time Constant t and Damping Time Constant τd	183	(3)
Time Constant t	183	(1)
Damping Time Constant τd	184	(1)
Time Constants Ratio ξ	184	(1)
Mathematical Modeling for Power DC/DC Converters	185	(1)
Examples of Applications	186	(25)
A Buck Converter in CCM	186	(1)
Buck Converter without Energy Losses (rL = 0 Ω)	186	(4)
Buck Converter with Small Energy Losses (rL = 1.5 Ω)	190	(2)
Buck Converter with Energy Losses (rL = 4.5 Ω)	192	(4)
Buck Converter with Large Energy Losses (rL = 6 Ω)	196	(2)
A Super-Lift Luo-Converter in CCM	198	(3)
A Boost Converter in CCM (No Power Losses)	201	(5)
A Buck-Boost Converter in CCM (No Power Losses)	206	(3)
Positive Output Luo-Converter in CCM (No Power Losses)	209	(2)
Small Signal Analysis	211	(12)
A Buck Converter in CCM without Energy Losses (rL = 0)	214	(1)
Buck-Converter with Small Energy Losses (rL = 1.5 Ω)	215	(3)
Super-Lift Luo-Converter with Energy Losses (rL = 0.12 Ω)	218	(5)
Bibliography	223	(2)
Appendix A: A Second-Order Transfer Function	225	(6)
A1 Very Small Damping Time Constant	225	(1)
A2 Small Damping Time Constant	226	(2)
A3 Critical Damping Time Constant	228	(1)
A4 Large Damping Time Constant	228	(3)
Appendix B: Some Calculation Formulas Derivations	231	(4)
B1 Transfer Function of Buck Converter	231	(1)
B2 Transfer Function of Super-Lift Luo-Converter	231	(1)
B3 Simplified Transfer Function of Super-Lift Luo-Converter	232	(1)
B4 Time Constants τ and τd, and Ratio ξ	232	(3)
Index	235