Syntactic Analysis and Description A Constructional Approach

by Lockwood, David

• ISBN13: 9780826478764
• ISBN10: 082647876X
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-12-07
• Publisher: Bloomsbury Academic

Summary

This book is designed to teach undergraduate and beginning graduate students how to understand, analyse and describe syntactic phenomena in different languages. The book covers every aspect of syntax from the basics to more specialised topics, such as clitics which have grammatical importance but cannot be used in isolation, and negation, in which a construction contradicts the meaning of a sentence. The approach taken combines concepts from different theoretical schools, which view syntax differently. These include M. A. K. Halliday's systemic functional linguistics, the stratificational school advocated by Sydney Lamb, and Kenneth L. Pike's tagmemic model. The emphasis of the book is on syntactic structures rather than linguistic meaning, and the book stresses the difference between a well-formed sentence and a meaningful one. The final chapter brings these two aspects together, to show the connections between syntax and semology.

Table of Contents

Preface	ix
1 Constructions, functions, and classes	1	(16)
What is syntax?
The construction: an essential element in syntax	3	(1)
Functions within constructions	4	(1)
The manifestation of functions	5	(1)
Application to basic clausal data	5	(2)
Orders of functions in transitive clauses	7	(4)
Summary of notations introduced	11	(1)
Exercises	12	(4)
Terminology	16	(1)
2 Syntax and morphology: pre-editing syntactic data	17	(25)
Inflection in English	17	(1)
Abstracting out morphological details	18	(7)
Patterns of pre-editing	25	(10)
Summary of inflectional categories	35	(2)
Summary of new notations	37	(1)
Exercises	38	(3)
Terminology	41	(1)
3 Types of phrase constructions	42	(20)
The noun phrase: a typical endocentric phrase	42	(6)
Other endocentric phrases	48	(1)
The problem of the verb phrase	49	(4)
Exocentric phrases	53	(4)
Summary of phrasal constituents and symbols	57	(1)
Exercises	58	(3)
Terminology	61	(1)
4 Concord and government in the phrase	62	(33)
Simple concord	62	(3)
Gender concord	65	(10)
Grammatical government	75	(6)
Types of phrasal congruence	81	(1)
Notations for concord and government	82	(4)
Exercises	86	(8)
Terminology	94	(1)
5 Phrase coordination	95	(18)
Basic varieties of coordination	95	(2)
Position of conjunctions	97	(1)
Formalization of coordination	98	(6)
Structural types of coordination	104	(2)
General patterns of coordination	106	(2)
Exercises	108	(4)
Terminology	112	(1)
6 Types of basic clause constructions	113	(26)
Verbal clauses and their elements	113	(4)
Basic clause types in English	117	(5)
Expressing "being" in different languages	122	(9)
Non-verbal clauses	131	(1)
Summary of clausal constituents and symbols	132	(2)
Exercises	134	(4)
Terminology	138	(1)
7 Congruence and determination in the clause	139	(28)
Congruence between Subject and Predicator	139	(2)
Congruence between Predicator and Objects	141	(7)
Government in the clause	148	(2)
Determination	150	(7)
Summary of new notations	157	(2)
Exercises	159	(7)
Terminology	166	(1)
8 Identification and description of clitics	167	(18)
What is a clitic?	167	(1)
Identification by separability	168	(1)
Identification by comembership	169	(1)
Identification by differential linkage	170	(2)
Classification of clitics	172	(2)
Fitting clitics into syntactic description	174	(3)
Exercises	177	(7)
Terminology	184	(1)
9 Negation in the clause	185	(23)
Inflectional negation	185	(1)
Negation by simple particles	186	(2)
Discontinuous negation	188	(4)
Special constituent orders in the negative	192	(2)
Special relations of government in the negative	194	(2)
Special auxiliary uses in the negative	196	(2)
Negative concord and anti-concord	198	(3)
Exercises	201	(6)
Terminology	207	(1)
10 Varieties of clausal organization: accusative, ergative, and others	208	(18)
Accusative and ergative perspectives illustrated	208	(3)
Split ergativity	211	(3)
Further varieties of organization	214	(4)
Summary	218	(2)
Exercises	220	(5)
Terminology	225	(1)
11 Voice and other forms of highlighting in the clause	226	(26)
Active And passive voices	226	(4)
Varieties of the passive	230	(6)
The antipassive	236	(2)
Highlighting in general	238	(5)
Exercises	243	(8)
Terminology	251	(1)
12 Sentence constructions	252	(14)
The rank hierarchy	252	(2)
A tradittonal classification	254	(1)
An alternative traditional classification	255	(3)
Special sentence types of English	258	(4)
Summary of sentence structures	262	(1)
Exercises	262	(3)
Terminology	265	(1)
13 Interrogation in clause and sentence structures	266	(23)
Basic classification of interrogatives	266	(1)
Expression of polarity questions	266	(8)
Varieties of supplement questions	274	(4)
Confirmatory questions	278	(1)
Summary	279	(1)
Exercises	280	(8)
Terminology	288	(1)
14 Subordinate clauses and clausoidal phrases	289	(21)
English subordinate clauses	289	(5)
Clausoids in English: infinitive, participial, and gerund phrases	294	(4)
Clausoids in other European languages	298	(3)
The non-universality of clausoids	301	(1)
Exercises	302	(7)
Terminology	309	(1)
15 Syntax and semology	310	(19)
Examples of semological effects on syntax	310	(2)
Agnation and semology	312	(1)
Markedness and semology	313	(1)
Seinological control of syntax	314	(6)
Classifying semo-syntactic relations	320	(5)
Exercises	325	(3)
Terminology	328	(1)
Appendix: adaptations of the boxed notation	329	(14)
Glossary	343	(24)
References	367	(4)
Textbooks and other works on syntax	367	(1)
Sources consulted for language data	368	(3)
Index of languages	371	(2)
Index of names and terms	373