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The first motivation of Synthesis and Control of Discrete Event Systems is to inform the reader of recent developments and current trends in system synthesis. This is a field of active research aiming to supply efficient techniques for developing safe systems in various areas, covering control of embedded and manufacturing systems, distributed implementation of systems and protocols, and hardware circuits. In all areas, considerations about distribution and care for an efficient implementation of the synthesised systems play an increasing role, justified by better applicability to problems encountered in the design of practical systems. The second motivation of the book, which is a selection of presentations given at two workshops on synthesis of controllers and on synthesis of concurrent systems, is to incite the research community to establish stronger links between two subjects that could be better related, as several presentations do show. The selected papers are research papers ranging from theory to practice, with automata, products of automata and Petri nets playing a prominent role. All areas mentioned above as areas of application of system synthesis are covered by some of the selected papers.

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List of Figures

ix

List of Tables

xiii

Part I Decentralized Systems and Control

Recent Advances on the Control of Partially-Observed Discrete-Event Systems

3

(16)

Stephane Lafortune

Kurt Rohloff

Tae-Sic Yoo

Introduction

3

(2)

Centralized Control Under Partial Observation

5

(2)

Decentralized Control

7

(5)

Synthesis of Safe Solutions

12

(4)

Improving on gdec

13

(3)

Conclusion

16

(3)

From Global Specifications to Distributed Implementations

19

(18)

Madhavan Mukund

Introduction

19

(1)

Distributed transition systems

20

(3)

The synthesis problem

23

(1)

Synthesis modulo isomorphism

24

(2)

Loosely Cooperating systems

24

(2)

Synchronously communicating systems

26

(1)

Synthesis modulo language equivalence

26

(4)

Loosely Cooperating systems

27

(1)

Synchronously communicating systems

28

(2)

Synthesis modulo bisimulation

30

(2)

The synthesis problem for concurrent alphabets

32

(2)

Discussion

34

(3)

Problems and Examples of Decentralized Observation and Control

37

(20)

Anuj Puri

Stavros Tripakis

Pravin Varaiya

Introduction

38

(1)

Decentralized Observation and Control Problems

38

(2)

Study of the Decentralized Observation Problem

40

(3)

Study of the Decentralized Control Problem

43

(2)

Illustration: the Alternating Bit Protocol

45

(2)

Variations: the reliable-transmission problem with one-symbol channels and finite or infinite buffer capacity

47

(4)

One channel two-symbol, the other channel one-symbol, bounded buffers

47

(2)

One channel two-symbol, the other channel one-symbol, unbounded buffers

49

(1)

Both channels one-symbol

50

(1)

Related work

51

(4)

Conclusion

55

(2)

Towards Synthesis of ACMs

57

(20)

Alex Yakovlev

Fei Xia

Introduction

57

(2)

Definition of the basic Signal

59

(2)

State graph specification of a simple Signal

61

(4)

Petri net synthesis

65

(2)

Algorithmic Implementation

67

(2)

Fewer or more slots

69

(4)

Conclusions

73

(4)

STCT: An Efficient Algorithm for Supervisory Control Design

77

(26)

Zhonghua Zhang

W.M. Wonham

Introduction

77

(2)

Structural predicates and control synthesis

79

(3)

Synthesis algorithm for simple DES

79

(2)

Synthesis algorithm for complex DES

81

(1)

Implementation of supervisory controller by structural predicate

82

(1)

Algorithm, IDDs, optimization and complexity

82

(8)

Operations necessary to complete the synthesis

83

(2)

Ordering of variables

85

(2)

Incremental computation on buffer sizes

87

(1)

A conceptual complexity analysis

87

(1)

Estimate of nodes

87

(3)

Examples

90

(8)

Transfer Line

90

(5)

Workcell

95

(2)

FMS

97

(1)

Conclusions

98

(5)

Part II Modular Design

Towards Modular Synthesis of EN Systems

103

(12)

Luca Bernardinello

Carlo Ferigato

Lucia Pomello

Introduction

103

(2)

An example

105

(2)

Formal definitions and results

107

(5)

Conclusion

112

(3)

Adaptive Supervisory Control

115

(10)

Rene K. Boel

Introduction

115

(2)

Timed discrete event models

117

(2)

Adaptive supervisory control paradigm

119

(1)

Mode detectors

120

(2)

Extensions and future work

122

(3)

Modelling with Petri Modules

125

(16)

Gabriel Juhas

Robert Lorenz

Introduction

125

(2)

Petri Modules

127

(10)

Conclusion

137

(4)

Part III Petri Net Supervision

Optimal Petri Net Monitor Design

141

(14)

Francesco Basile

Pasquale Chiacchio

Alessandro Giua

Introduction

141

(2)

Background

143

(2)

Petri nets

143

(1)

Generalized Mutual Exclusion Constraints

144

(1)

Monitor approach

145

(1)

Optimal monitor design

146

(6)

Conclusions

152

(3)

Live and Maximally Permissive Controller Synthesis Using Theory of Regions

155

(12)

A. Ghaffari

N. Rezg

X. Xie

Introduction

155

(1)

Problem Setting

156

(1)

The Theory of Regions

157

(1)

Petri Net Controller Synthesis

158

(3)

Computing the Controlled Behavior

159

(1)

Generating Control Places

160

(1)

Application

161

(3)

Conclusion

164

(3)

Design of Observers/Controllers for DES using PNs

167

(18)

Alessandro Giua

Carla Seatzu

Background

171

(1)

Marking estimation with event observation

172

(3)

Main idea

172

(2)

Estimation algorithm

174

(1)

Elementary properties

175

(1)

Observability properties

175

(2)

Control using observers

177

(4)

Conclusions

181

(4)

Part IV Nonblocking, Liveness and Concurrency

Implementation Considerations in Supervisory Control

185

(18)

P. Dietrich

R. Malik

W.M. Wonham

B.A. Brandin

Introduction

186

(1)

Supervisory Control Theory

186

(3)

Languages

187

(1)

Discrete-Event Systems

187

(1)

Supervisors

188

(1)

Implementations

189

(1)

Ensuring Implementation Independence

190

(6)

Termination

191

(1)

Confluence

192

(1)

Nonblocking under Control

193

(1)

Main result

194

(2)

A Small Example

196

(4)

Conclusions

200

(3)

Liveness Enforcing Supervision for Sequential Resource Allocation Systems

203

(10)

Spyros A. Reveliotis

Liveness Enforcing Supervision of Sequential RAS: A Supervisory Control-based Characterization and the Complexity of the Resulting Problem

205

(1)

Polynomial-Kernel Liveness Enforcing Supervisors and a RAS Taxonomy

206

(1)

Automating the Synthesis of PK-LES for sequential RAS through Petri net-based Structural Analysis

207

(1)

Conclusions and Remaining Open Issues

208

(5)

Looking for Diamonds

213

(1)

Marek Bednarczyk

Philippe Darondeau

Nets with self-loops

214

(1)

Elementary Nets

214

(3)

Pure Petri nets

217

(1)

Marked graphs

217

(1)

Safe marked graphs

218

(1)

Conclusion

219

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