Systems Analysis and Design Methods

by Whitten, Jeffrey; Bentley, Lonnie

• ISBN13: 9780073052335
• ISBN10: 0073052337
• Edition: 7th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-11-22
• Publisher: McGraw-Hill/Irwin

Summary

Today's students want to practice the application of concepts. As with the previous editions of this book, the authors write to balance the coverage of concepts, tools, techniques, and their applications, and to provide the most examples of system analysis and design deliverables available in any book. The textbook also serves the reader as a professional reference for best current practices.

Table of Contents

Preface	vi
PART ONE The Context of Systems Development Projects	3	(154)
The Context of Systems Analysis and Design Methods	4	(38)
Introduction	6	(1)
A Framework for Systems Analysis and Design	6	(1)
The Players---System Stakeholders	7	(9)
Systems Owners	7	(1)
Systems Users	7	(3)
Systems Designers	10	(1)
Systems Builders	10	(1)
Systems Analysts	11	(5)
External Service Providers	16	(1)
The Project Manager	16	(1)
Business Drivers for Today's Information Systems	16	(6)
Globalization of the Economy	17	(1)
Electronic Commerce and Business	18	(1)
Security and Privacy	19	(1)
Collaboration and Partnership	20	(1)
Knowledge Asset Management	21	(1)
Continuous Improvement and Total Quality Management	21	(1)
Business Process Redesign	22	(1)
Technology Drivers for Today's Information Systems	22	(8)
Networks and the Internet	22	(2)
Mobile and Wireless Technologies	24	(1)
Object Technologies	25	(1)
Collaborative Technologies	25	(1)
Enterprise Applications	26	(4)
A Simple System Development Process	30	(12)
System Initiation	32	(1)
System Analysis	32	(1)
System Design	33	(1)
System Implementation	33	(1)
System Support and Continuous Improvement	33	(9)
Information System Building Blocks	42	(24)
Introduction	44	(1)
The Product---Information Systems	44	(2)
A Framework for Information Systems Architecture	46	(12)
Knowledge Building Blocks	47	(4)
Process Building Blocks	51	(4)
Communications Building Blocks	55	(3)
Network Technologies and the IS Building Blocks	58	(8)
Information Systems Development	66	(52)
Introduction	68	(1)
The Process of Systems Development	68	(8)
The Capability Maturity Model	69	(1)
Life Cycle versus Methodology	70	(2)
Underlying Principles for Systems Development	72	(4)
A Systems Development Process	76	(16)
Where Do Systems Development Projects Come From?	77	(1)
The FAST Project Phases	77	(11)
Cross Life-Cycle Activities	88	(1)
Sequential versus Iterative Development	89	(3)
Alternative Routes and Strategies	92	(15)
The Model-Driven Development Strategy	94	(4)
The Rapid Application Development Strategy	98	(2)
The Commercial Application Package Implementation Strategy	100	(4)
Hybrid Strategies	104	(1)
System Maintenance	104	(3)
Automated Tools and Technology	107	(11)
Computer-Assisted Systems Engineering	108	(1)
Application Development Environments	109	(2)
Process and Project Managers	111	(7)
Project Management	118	(39)
Introduction	120	(1)
What Is Project Management?	120	(7)
The Causes of Failed Projects	121	(2)
The Project Management Body of Knowledge	123	(4)
The Project Management Life Cycle	127	(30)
Activity 1---Negotiate Scope	130	(1)
Activity 2---Identify Tasks	130	(2)
Activity 3---Estimate Task Durations	132	(2)
Activity 4---Specify Intertask Dependencies	134	(2)
Activity 5---Assign Resources	136	(3)
Activity 6---Direct the Team Effort	139	(1)
Activity 7---Monitor and Control Progress	140	(9)
Activity 8---Assess Project Results and Experiences	149	(8)
PART TWO Systems Analysis Methods	157	(286)
Systems Analysis	158	(48)
Introduction	160	(1)
What Is Systems Analysis?	160	(1)
Systems Analysis Approaches	161	(6)
Model-Driven Analysis Approaches	161	(2)
Accelerated Systems Analysis Approaches	163	(2)
Requirements Discovery Methods	165	(1)
Business Process Redesign Methods	166	(1)
FAST Systems Analysis Strategies	166	(1)
The Scope Definition Phase	167	(7)
Task 1.1---Identify Baseline Problems and Opportunities	169	(3)
Task 1.2---Negotiate Baseline Scope	172	(1)
Task 1.3---Assess Baseline Project Worthiness	173	(1)
Task 1.4---Develop Baseline Schedule and Budget	173	(1)
Task 1.5---Communicate the Project Plan	173	(1)
The Problem Analysis Phase	174	(11)
Task 2.1---Understand the Problem Domain	175	(5)
Task 2.2---Analyze Problems and Opportunities	180	(1)
Task 2.3---Analyze Business Processes	180	(2)
Task 2.4---Establish System Improvement Objectives	182	(1)
Task 2.5---Update or Refine the Project Plan	183	(1)
Task 2.6---Communicate Findings and Recommendations	183	(2)
The Requirements Analysis Phase	185	(4)
Task 3.1---Identify and Express System Requirements	185	(3)
Task 3.2---Prioritize System Requirements	188	(1)
Task 3.3---Update or Refine the Project Plan	188	(1)
Task 3.4---Communicate the Requirements Statement	189	(1)
Ongoing Requirements Management	189	(1)
The Logical Design Phase	189	(3)
Task 4.1a---Structure Functional Requirements	191	(1)
Task 4.1b---Prototype Functional Requirements (alternative)	192	(1)
Task 4.2---Validate Functional Requirements	192	(1)
Task 4.3---Define Acceptance Test Cases	192	(1)
The Decision Analysis Phase	192	(14)
Task 5.1---Identify Candidate Solutions	194	(1)
Task 5.2---Analyze Candidate Solutions	195	(2)
Task 5.3---Compare Candidate Solutions	197	(1)
Task 5.4---Update the Project Plan	197	(1)
Task 5.5---Recommend a System Solution	197	(9)
Fact-Finding Techniques for Requirements Discovery	206	(36)
Introduction	208	(1)
An Introduction to Requirements Discovery	208	(2)
The Process of Requirements Discovery	210	(5)
Problem Discovery and Analysis	210	(2)
Requirements Discovery	212	(1)
Documenting and Analyzing Requirements	212	(2)
Requirements Management	214	(1)
Fact-Finding Techniques	215	(19)
Sampling of Existing Documentation, Forms, and Files	215	(2)
Research and Site Visits	217	(1)
Observation of the Work Environment	218	(2)
Questionnaires	220	(2)
Interviews	222	(2)
How to Conduct an Interview	224	(4)
Discovery Prototyping	228	(1)
Joint Requirements Planning	229	(5)
A Fact-Finding Strategy	234	(8)
Modeling System Requirements With Use Cases	242	(26)
Introduction	244	(1)
An Introduction to Use-Case Modeling	244	(2)
System Concepts for Use-Case Modeling	246	(5)
Use Cases	246	(1)
Actors	247	(1)
Relationships	248	(3)
The Process of Requirements Use-Case Modeling	251	(9)
Step 1: Identify Business Actors	251	(1)
Step 2: Identify Business Requirements Use Cases	252	(2)
Step 3: Construct Use-Case Model Diagram	254	(2)
Step 4: Document Business Requirements Use-Case Narratives	256	(4)
Use Cases and Project Management	260	(8)
Ranking and Evaluating Use Cases	260	(1)
Identifying Use-Case Dependencies	261	(7)
Data Modeling and Analysis	268	(46)
Introduction	270	(1)
What Is Data Modeling?	270	(1)
System Concepts for Data Modeling	271	(12)
Entities	271	(1)
Attributes	272	(2)
Relationships	274	(9)
The Process of Logical Data Modeling	283	(5)
Strategic Data Modeling	283	(2)
Data Modeling during Systems Analysis	285	(1)
Looking Ahead to Systems Design	286	(1)
Automated Tools for Data Modeling	286	(2)
How to Construct Data Models	288	(10)
Entity Discovery	289	(1)
The Context Data Model	290	(2)
The Key-Based Data Model	292	(3)
Generalized Hierarchies	295	(1)
The Fully Attributed Data Model	295	(3)
Analyzing the Data Model	298	(8)
What Is a Good Data Model?	298	(1)
Data Analysis	299	(1)
Normalization Example	299	(7)
Mapping Data Requirements to Locations	306	(8)
Process Modeling	314	(54)
Introduction	316	(1)
An Introduction to Process Modeling	316	(3)
System Concepts for Process Modeling	319	(15)
External Agents	319	(1)
Data Stores	319	(2)
Process Concepts	321	(4)
Data Flows	325	(9)
The Process of Logical Process Modeling	334	(4)
Strategic Systems Planning	334	(1)
Process Modeling for Business Process Redesign	334	(1)
Process Modeling during Systems Analysis	335	(2)
Looking Ahead to Systems Design	337	(1)
Fact-Finding and Information Gathering for Process Modeling	337	(1)
Computer-Aided Systems Engineering (CASE) for Process Modeling	337	(1)
How to Construct Process Models	338	(21)
The Context Data Flow Diagram	338	(1)
The Functional Decomposition Diagram	339	(2)
The Event-Response or Use-Case List	341	(1)
Event Decomposition Diagrams	342	(3)
Event Diagrams	345	(2)
The System Diagram(s)	347	(2)
Primitive Diagrams	349	(1)
Completing the Specification	349	(10)
Synchronizing of System Models	359	(9)
Data and Process Model Synchronization	359	(1)
Process Distribution	360	(8)
Object-Oriented Analysis and Modeling Using the UML	368	(44)
An Introduction to Object-Oriented Modeling	370	(1)
History of Object Modeling	370	(1)
System Concepts for Object Modeling	371	(10)
Objects, Attributes, Methods, and Encapsulation	371	(2)
Classes, Generalization, and Specialization	373	(3)
Object/Class Relationships	376	(2)
Messages and Message Sending	378	(2)
Polymorphism	380	(1)
The UML Diagrams	381	(2)
The Process of Object Modeling	383	(29)
Modeling the Functional Description of the System	383	(1)
Constructing the Analysis Use-Case Model	383	(7)
Modeling the Use-Case Activities	390	(4)
Guidelines for Constructing Activity Diagrams	394	(1)
Drawing System Sequence Diagrams	394	(1)
Guidelines for Constructing System Sequence Diagrams	395	(1)
Finding and Identifying the Business Objects	396	(4)
Organizing the Objects and Identifying Their Relationships	400	(12)
Feasibility Analysis and the System Proposal	412	(31)
Introduction	414	(1)
Feasibility Analysis and the System Proposal	414	(3)
Feasibility Analysis---A Creeping Commitment Approach	414	(2)
Systems Analysis---Scope Definition Checkpoint	416	(1)
Systems Analysis---Problem Analysis Checkpoint	416	(1)
Systems Design---Decision Analysis Checkpoint	416	(1)
Six Tests for Feasibility	417	(2)
Operational Feasibility	417	(1)
Cultural (or Political) Feasibility	417	(1)
Technical Feasibility	418	(1)
Schedule Feasibility	418	(1)
Economic Feasibility	419	(1)
Legal Feasibility	419	(1)
The Bottom Line	419	(1)
Cost-Benefit Analysis Techniques	419	(7)
How Much Will the System Cost?	419	(1)
What Benefits Will the System Provide?	420	(2)
Is the Proposed System Cost-Effective?	422	(4)
Feasibility Analysis of Candidate Systems	426	(5)
Candidate Systems Matrix	426	(3)
Feasibility Analysis Matrix	429	(2)
The System Proposal	431	(12)
Written Report	431	(2)
Formal Presentation	433	(10)
PART THREE Systems Design Methods	443	(238)
Systems Design	444	(30)
Introduction	446	(1)
What Is Systems Design?	446	(1)
Systems Design Approaches	446	(7)
Model-Driven Approaches	447	(4)
Rapid Application Development	451	(2)
FAST Systems Design Strategies	453	(1)
Systems Design for In-House Development---The ``Build'' Solution	453	(7)
Task 5.1---Design the Application Architecture	453	(4)
Task 5.2---Design the System Database(s)	457	(1)
Task 5.3---Design the System Interface	457	(2)
Task 5.4---Package Design Specifications	459	(1)
Task 5.5---Update the Project Plan	460	(1)
Systems Design for Integrating Commercial Software---The ``Buy'' Solution	460	(14)
Task 4.1---Research Technical Criteria and Options	462	(1)
Task 4.2---Solicit Proposals or Quotes from Vendors	462	(3)
Task 5A.1---Validate Vendor Claims and Performances	465	(1)
Task 5A.2---Evaluate and Rank Vendor Proposals	465	(1)
Task 5A.3---Award (or Let) Contract and Debrief Vendors	466	(1)
Impact of Buy Decision on Remaining Life-Cycle Phases	466	(8)
Application Architecture and Modeling	474	(42)
Introduction	476	(1)
Application Architecture	476	(1)
Physical Data Flow Diagrams	477	(6)
Physical Processes	477	(4)
Physical Data Flows	481	(1)
Physical External Agents	481	(1)
Physical Data Stores	481	(2)
Information Technology Architecture	483	(19)
Distributed Systems	484	(10)
Data Architectures---Distributed Relational Databases	494	(1)
Interface Architectures---Inputs, Outputs, and Middleware	495	(5)
Process Architectures---The Software Development Environment	500	(2)
Application Architecture Strategies for Systems Design	502	(1)
The Enterprise Application Architecture Strategy	502	(1)
The Tactical Application Architecture Strategy	503	(1)
Modeling the Application Architecture of an Information System	503	(13)
Drawing Physical Data Flow Diagrams	504	(1)
Prerequisites	504	(1)
The Network Architecture	505	(1)
Data Distribution and Technology Assignments	506	(1)
Process Distribution and Technology Assignments	507	(3)
The Person/Machine Boundaries	510	(6)
Database Design	516	(32)
Introduction	518	(1)
Conventional Files versus the Database	518	(2)
The Pros and Cons of Conventional Files	518	(2)
The Pros and Cons of Databases	520	(1)
Database Concepts for the Systems Analyst	520	(8)
Fields	521	(1)
Records	521	(1)
Files and Tables	522	(1)
Databases	523	(5)
Prerequisite for Database Design---Normalization	528	(1)
Conventional File Design	529	(1)
Modern Database Design	529	(19)
Goals and Prerequisites to Database Design	530	(1)
The Database Schema	530	(5)
Data and Referential Integrity	535	(3)
Roles	538	(1)
Database Distribution and Replication	538	(1)
Database Prototypes	539	(1)
Database Capacity Planning	539	(1)
Database Structure Generation	539	(9)
Output Design and Prototyping	548	(32)
Introduction	550	(1)
Output Design Concepts and Guidelines	550	(8)
Distribution and Audience of Outputs	550	(3)
Implementation Methods for Outputs	553	(5)
How to Design and Prototype Outputs	558	(22)
Automated Tools for Output Design and Prototyping	558	(1)
Output Design Guidelines	559	(3)
The Output Design Process	562	(8)
Web-Based Outputs and E-Business	570	(10)
Input Design and Prototyping	580	(32)
Introduction	582	(1)
Input Design Concepts and Guidelines	582	(8)
Data Capture, Data Entry, and Data Processing	582	(3)
Input Methods and Implementation	585	(2)
System User Issues for Input Design	587	(2)
Internal Controls---Data Editing for Inputs	589	(1)
GUI Controls for Input Design	590	(8)
Common GUI Controls for Inputs	592	(4)
Advanced Input Controls	596	(2)
How to Design and Prototype Inputs	598	(14)
Automated Tools for Input Design and Prototyping	598	(1)
The Input Design Process	599	(6)
Web-Based Inputs and E-Business	605	(7)
User Interface Design	612	(34)
Introduction	614	(1)
User Interface Design Concepts and Guidelines	614	(4)
Types of Computer Users	614	(1)
Human Factors	615	(1)
Human Engineering Guidelines	616	(1)
Dialogue Tone and Terminology	617	(1)
User Interface Technology	618	(1)
Operating Systems and Web Browsers	618	(1)
Display Monitor	618	(1)
Keyboards and Pointers	619	(1)
Graphical User Interface Styles and Considerations	619	(14)
Windows and Frames	620	(1)
Menu-Driven Interfaces	620	(7)
Instruction-Driven Interfaces	627	(2)
Question-Answer Dialogues	629	(1)
Special Considerations for User Interface Design	629	(4)
How to Design and Prototype a User Interface	633	(13)
Automated Tools for User Interface Design and Prototyping	634	(1)
The User Interface Design Process	635	(11)
Object-Oriented Design and Modeling Using the UML	646	(35)
Introduction	648	(1)
The Design of an Object-Oriented System	648	(3)
Entity Classes	648	(1)
Interface Classes	648	(1)
Control Classes	649	(1)
Persistence Classes	649	(1)
System Classes	649	(1)
Design Relationships	650	(1)
Attribute and Method Visibility	650	(1)
Object Responsibilities	651	(1)
The Process of Object Design	651	(15)
Refining the Use-Case Model	651	(5)
Modeling Class Interactions, Behaviors, and States That Support the Use-Case Scenario	656	(9)
Updating the Object Model to Reflect the Implementation Environment	665	(1)
Object Reusability and Design Patterns	666	(2)
Design Patterns	668	(3)
The Strategy Pattern	669	(1)
The Adapter Pattern	670	(1)
Object Frameworks and Components	671	(1)
Additional UML Design and Implementation Diagrams	671	(10)
PART FOUR Beyond Systems Analysis and Design	681	(39)
Systems Construction and Implementation	682	(18)
Introduction	684	(1)
What Is Systems Construction and Implementation?	684	(1)
The Construction Phase	684	(5)
Task 6.1---Build and Test Networks (if Necessary)	684	(3)
Task 6.2---Build and Test Databases	687	(1)
Task 6.3---Install and Test New Software Packages (if Necessary)	687	(1)
Task 6.4---Write and Test New Programs	688	(1)
The Implementation Phase	689	(11)
Task 7.1---Conduct System Test	689	(1)
Task 7.2---Prepare Conversion Plan	689	(3)
Task 7.3---Install Databases	692	(1)
Task 7.4---Train Users	693	(1)
Task 7.5---Convert to New System	694	(6)
Systems Operations and Support	700	(20)
Introduction	702	(1)
The Context of Systems Operation and Support	702	(4)
System Maintenance	706	(3)
Task 8.1.1---Validate the Problem	706	(1)
Task 8.1.2---Benchmark Program	707	(1)
Task 8.1.3---Study and Debug the Program	708	(1)
Task 8.1.4---Test the Program	709	(1)
System Recovery	709	(1)
Technical Support	710	(1)
System Enhancement	710	(4)
Task 8.4.1---Analyze Enhancement Request	712	(1)
Task 8.4.2---Make the Quick Fix	712	(1)
Task 8.4.3---Recover Existing Physical System	713	(1)
System Obsolescence	714	(6)
Photo Credits	720	(1)
Glossary/Index	721