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Greg Parks, an intern program specialist at the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, details the results of the Perry Preschool Project. Parks contends that evaluations of the program show significant benefits in adulthood for the children who attended the preschool. Pediatrician T. Berry Brazelton and Stanley I. Greenspan, clinical professor of psychiatry and pediatrics at George Washington University Medical School, question the practice by many families of placing their children into the institutional settings of child-care centers.
University professors and researchers Wen-Jui Han, Jane Waldfogel, and Jeanne Brooks-Gunn from Columbia University conclude that maternal employment in the first year of a child’s life has a significant negative effect on verbal ability at age 3 or 4 and lowered math achievement when children were 7 to 8. When ethnicity was controlled for, these negative effects were found for white children, but not for African-American children. University professors and researchers Thomas M. Vander Ven, Francis T. Cullen, Mark A. Carrozza, and John Paul Wright found that mother’s employment in the first year of the baby’s life had no effect on child delinquency when the child got older.
Kyla Dunn, a former biotech researcher and now a reporter for PBS and CBS, details the six months that she spent with scientists inside the labs of Advanced Cell Technology (ACT), a group openly pursuing human cloning for medical purposes. Dunn outlines what the group hopes to accomplish through cloning, why the group believes that cloning is the best way to accomplish these goals, and the political and monetary trials that ACT faces. Robert A. Weinberg, a member of the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and a biology professor at MIT, offers his concerns about what he calls the "cloning circus." Weinberg discusses the damage that many cloning groups have been doing to serious research and the impending dangers of reproductive cloning.
Leslie Doty Hollingsworth, assistant professor at the University of Michigan, contends that socialization within an African American family is a unique and distinct experience for children. As a consequence, children not socialized in these families cannot effectively embrace African American definitions of self and family. Rudolph Alexander, Jr. and Carla M. Curtis, both professors at Ohio State University, offer research maintaining that African American children are not psychologically harmed by transracial adoptions.
Columbia University researcher Elizabeth Thompson Gershoff analyzed results from 88 studies and concluded that corporal punishment negatively affected children’s behavior. Among the 10 negative outcomes were increased child aggression, decreased quality of the parent-child relationship, and increased risk of abusing a child or spouse in adulthood. Diana Baumrind and Philip A. Cowan, researchers from the University of California-Berkeley, and Robert E. Larzelere, from the Nebraska Medical Center, refuted Gershoff’s findings by questioning her definition of corporal punishment and analysis techniques of the 88 studies. They feel mild spankings, when appropriately administered, are useful in shaping children’s behavior.
Professor of family social science W. J. Doherty, psychologist Edward F. Kouneski, and Martha F. Erickson, director of the University of Minnesota’s Children, Youth and Family Consortium, explore the contextual influences on fathering and conclude that a quality marriage in the optimal context promotes responsible fathering. Professor of human development and family sciences Alexis J. Walker and Lori A. McGraw, 4-H program coordinator at Oregon State University, contend that there is no empirical evidence that children need active fathers in their lives.
Karl Zinsmeister, editor in chief of The American Enterprise, argues that divorce causes damage from which children never recover and that the conflict within a marriage will not cause the same amount of problems for children that the breakup of a marriage creates. Educators David Gately and Andrew I. Schwebel contend that children of divorce are not doomed to failure; they often display positive characteristics, such as enhanced levels of maturity, self-esteem, empathy, and adaptability.
Merrilyn O. Johnson, MSN, RN, is from the Nursing Ph.D. Collaborative Program at the Medical University of South Carolina and the University of South Carolina, Columbia. She argues that the negative impact of television viewing is so great that it should be included in health professionals’ assessments of children and families. Jib Fowles, a professor of communication at the University of Houston, asserts that although television violence has increased steadily, the violent crime rate has in fact decreased.
Wade F. Horn, who heads the Marriage Initiative for President George W. Bush, asserts that marriage can remedy the ills of society, including family poverty and poor living standards for children. Stephanie Coontz, author and family advocate, and Nancy Folbre, professor of economics at the University of Massachusetts, contend that improving the living standards of children is a complicated issue, which needs to be approached from many different angles in order to make improvements.
Professor of sociology David Popenoe contends that children from single-parent families and stepfamilies are more likely to have emotional problems and health problems and to do poorly in school than children from intact families with two biological parents. Psychologist Lawrence A. Kurdek maintains that multiple-divorce families, not stepfamilies, differ from two-parent families and that stepfamilies are not inherently problematic for children.
The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, a private non-profit foundation focusing on major health care issues facing the nation, cites research studies that show that the more children watch television, the more likely they will be overweight. They also contend that the rise in childhood obesity can be traced to the increased use of media. The Center for Science in the Public Interest, a consumer advocacy organization on nutrition and health, views the high-calorie, non-nutritious foods found in school vending machines as the culprit in the rise in childhood obesity rates.
Stephen Krashen, professor of education at the University of Southern California, contends that good bilingual education programs provide background knowledge of subject matter and literacy in the child’s native language. Then, the program provides English input using English as a second language technique along with sheltered subject matter teaching in English. Krashen argues against assertions that immersion is more successful than bilingual education. Rosalie Pedalino Porter, director for the Institute for Research in English Acquisition and Development (READ), states that bilingual education is a failed endeavor. Porter cites drop-out rates and parental sentiment as evidence as to why bilingual education should be discontinued.
The National Adoption Information Clearinghouse (NAIC) presents facts regarding gay and lesbian adoptive parents. The NAIC gives current information on the background and laws regarding homosexual parenting, and confronts the issues and concerns many people have regarding homosexual adoption, including the idea that children are molested by homosexual parents. Dr. Paul Cameron, of the Family Research Institute, presents his case against allowing homosexuals to become parents—foster parents in particular. He mainly discusses case study information regarding the proclivity for homosexual parents to molest foster children.
Lisa Kolb, a public information specialist, asserts that the family preservation model is the best way to help families in crisis. Family preservation keeps all the family members together in the home while helping the family solve its problems. Freelance writer Mary-Lou Weisman argues that orphanages and out-of-home placements are necessary for children whose parents abuse or neglect them. She maintains that society has an obligation to take children away from parents who are doing serious harm to them and that some children have their only real family experience when living in an institutional setting.
Lisbeth B. Schorr, director of the Harvard University Project on Effective Services, contends that organized intervention programs are working to circumvent social problems such as teen pregnancy, juvenile crime, and school dropout rates. William J. Bennett, former secretary of education and former director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy, sees the decline of the two-parent family and moral confusion as the primary reasons for children’s poor living conditions.
Kerby Anderson, president of Probe Ministries International, finds fault with traditional comprehensive sex education. Anderson demonstrates how, in his view, there is a need for abstinence-only sex education by presenting statistics and examples from case studies that support his assertion. Advocates for Youth helps young people make informed and responsible decisions about their reproductive and sexual health. The Sexuality Information and Education Council of the United States (SIECUS) is a national nonprofit organization that promotes comprehensive education about sexuality and advocates the right of individuals to make responsible sexual choices. In this selection, the organizations compare abstinence-only sex education to comprehensive sex education, outline the shortcomings of abstinence-only sex education, and show support for comprehensive sex education.
May Benatar, a clinical social worker, argues that the mass media and contemporary culture question the accuracy and truthfulness of survivors of sexual abuse. By doing this, the long-term effects of these abuses tend to be minimized. Susan P. Robbins, an associate professor of social work, contends that the reason some professionals are skeptical of recovered memories is that there is no research that supports the accuracy of recovered memory. She cautions that the indiscriminate acceptance of recovered memories can lead to a serious backlash of disbelief when legitimate cases of abuse are reported.
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