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Free-market economist Adam Smith (1723-1790) states that if self-interested people are left alone to seek their own economic advantage, the result will be greater advantage for all. German philosopher Karl Marx (1818-1883) and German sociologist Friedrich Engels (1820-1895) argue that if people are left to their own self-interested devices, those who own the means of production will rapidly reduce everyone else to virtual slaves.
LaRue Tone Hosmer, a professor of corporate strategies, argues that codes of ethics are ineffective in bringing about more ethical behavior on the part of employees. Professor of philosophy Lisa H. Newton holds that the formation and adoption of corporate codes are valuable processes.
Josef Wieland, director of the German Business Ethics Network's Centre for Business Ethics, concludes that one can only be a moral person at work when the workplace, too, is moral. Ian Maitland, professor of business, government, and society at the University of Minnesota's Carlson School of Management, counters that changing the rules will only succeed in impairing the corporation's efficiency.
Professor of medicine Arnold S. Relman argues that financial and technological pressures are forcing doctors to act like businessmen, with deleterious consequences for patients. Andrew C. Wicks, an assistant professor at the University of Washington School of Business, asserts that there are fundamental similarities between physician ethics and business ethics.
Philosopher Richard A. Spinello argues that the pharmaceutical industry should regulate its prices in accordance with the principles of distributive justice. The Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association, an association of 93 manufacturers of pharmaceutical and biological products, states that price controls are counterproductive.
Political theorist William A. Galston and research scholar David Wasserman argue that there are significant moral objections to widespread casino gambling. Professor of economics William R. Eadington counters that gambling is a normal extension of commercial activity.
Frank Partnoy, former trader and salesman at Morgan Stanley, states that derivative instruments are generally good only for making large commissions for the salesmen who push them on unwary insurance companies and pension funds. Merton H. Miller, a Nobel prize-winning economist, contends that derivatives allow financial players to hedge their bets more efficiently, and in doing so they make the world a safer place.
Philosopher Sissela Bok asserts that blowing the whistle involves a breach of loyalty to the employer. Philosopher Robert A. Larmer argues that attempting to stop unethical company activities exemplifies company loyalty.
Michael A. Verespej, a writer for Industry Week, argues that a majority of employees are tolerant of drug testing. Jennifer Moore, a researcher of business ethics and business law, asserts that employers' concerns about drug abuse should not override employees' right to dignity and privacy.
Professor of finance and business economics Kevin J. Murphy argues that chief executive officers (CEOs) are simply paid to do what they were hired to do. Professor of philosophy Lisa H. Newton finds the ultimate effect of large compensation packages on U.S. business to be negative.
Archbishop John P. Foley contends that advertising can be deceptive and improperly influential on media editorial policy. Professor of marketing Gene R. Laczniak counters that these conclusions are overstated, only partially true, economically naive, and socially idealistic.
Investigative journalist Mark Dowie alleges that Ford Motor Company deliberately put an unsafe car--the Pinto--on the road. James Neal, chief attorney for Ford Motor Company during the Pinto litigation, argues that there is no proof of criminal intent or negligence on the part of Ford.
Professor of technical communication Philip L. Bereano contends that consumers have a real and important interest in knowing the processes by which their foods arrive on the table. Joseph A. Levitt, director of the Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, states that as far as the law is concerned, only the nutritional traits and characteristics of foods are subject to safety assessment.
Professor of business ethics Manuel Velasquez argues that since any business that tried to conform to moral rules in the absence of enforcement would cease to be competitive, moral strictures cannot be binding on such companies. Professor emeritus John E. Fleming asserts that multinational corporations tend to deal with long-term customers and suppliers and must therefore adhere to moral standards or lose business.
Susan S. Black, publisher of Bobbin, argues that customers will not tolerate goods made by slave labor, children, or women working in inhumane conditions. Allen R. Myerson, a writer for the New York Times, looks at the economies of less developed countries and finds that allowing their citizens to work in sweatshops may be the only option these nations have.
Jeremy Rifkin, president of the Foundation on Economic Trends, fears that genetic engineering extends human power over the rest of nature in ways that are unprecedented and whose consequences cannot be known. William Domnarski, an intellectual property lawyer, finds the patenting of genes or genetic discoveries no different than patenting any other ideas.
Professor Kenneth E. Goodpaster and professor Laura L. Nash concede that pesticides can be dangerous but assert that the risks are outweighed by the certainty of starvation if they are not used. Captain Jefferson D. Reynolds of the United States Air Force considers pesticide exposure to be a major health problem and urges more regulation.
The International Tobacco Growers Association argues that tobacco is a product that promises substantial economic progress for people who desperately need it. Associate professor Simon Chapman states that now that we have discovered the damage done by tobacco, it is wrong to spread that damage abroad for the sake of profit.
John Shanahan, vice president of the Alexis de Tocqueville Institution in Arlington, Virginia, concedes that environmental problems exist but denies that there is any environmental "crisis". Environmental scientists Paul R. Ehrlich and Anne H. Ehrlich contend that many objections to environmental protections are self-serving and based on bad or misused science.
Economics professors Thomas A. Carr and Sunder Ramaswamy and mathematics teacher Heather L. Pedersen state that sustainable use of rain forest products helps to preserve the forest and support the local economy. Investigative reporter Jon Entine asserts that most green marketing programs do nothing to slow forest destruction and frequently result in the mistreatment of employees, vendors, and customers.
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