Focusing on the interactions of producers, sellers and consumers of meat across the world, from the nineteenth century onwards, Richard Perren provides a comprehensive analysis of how an efficient meat exporting industry was built. The study utilises the government reports and papers issued by all countries involved in the meat trade, including North and South America, Australia, New Zealand and Britain.

Richard Perren is Reader in Economic History at the University of Aberdeen, UK.

List of Tables

vii

Preface

ix

General Editor's Preface

x

List of Abbreviations

xi

Introduction

1

(6)

Part 1 1840 to 1914

New Suppliers

7

(23)

The Growth of Unsatisfied Demand

7

(2)

Characteristics of New Suppliers

9

(3)

Settlers and Supplies

12

(4)

Agriculture and Exports

16

(3)

The Establishment of Transport Networks

19

(4)

Urban Development

23

(7)

Technical Advance

30

(28)

Farm and Livestock Improvement

30

(8)

Improvements in Traditional Meat Preservation

38

(2)

Canning and Meat Extracts

40

(7)

Refrigeration

47

(4)

Transport of Livestock by Sea

51

(7)

Capital and Markets

58

(33)

Sources of Investment Before Refrigeration

58

(3)

Sources of Investment After Refrigeration

61

(5)

Business Methods and Organisation

66

(12)

European Reactions to Imported Meat and Livestock

78

(13)

Part 2 1914 to 1945

War and Depression

91

(23)

Wartime Supplies

91

(8)

Wartime Demand

99

(6)

Interwar Depression

105

(9)

Production and Output

114

(16)

Farm and Livestock Improvements

114

(1)

Argentina

115

(1)

Uruguay

116

(2)

Australia and New Zealand

118

(2)

The Fortunes of the Multinationals

120

(10)

Government and Business

130

(27)

The Trust Threat

130

(5)

International Trade

135

(7)

Assistance for Farmers

142

(15)

Part 3 1945 to the Present

Shortages and Plenty

157

(31)

Scarcity and Rationing, 1945-55

157

(10)

Prosperity and Growth, 1955-99

167

(4)

Fluctuations in the International Meat Trade

171

(17)

Tastes and Incomes

188

(29)

Meat Substitutes - Vegetarianism

188

(5)

Meat Substitutes - Simulated Meats

193

(2)

Changes in the Tastes for Red Meats

195

(10)

The Increased Popularity of Poultry Meat

205

(3)

Changes in the Industry's Structure

208

(9)

Governments and Questions of Welfare

217

(31)

Animal Health

218

(1)

Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Europe

219

(4)

Foot-and-Mouth Disease in the Americas

223

(3)

International Attempts at Animal Disease Control

226

(2)

BSE and the Transfer of Livestock Disease to Humans

228

(7)

The International Livestock Trade

235

(1)

Livestock Exports from Australia and New Zealand

236

(3)

The European Livestock Trade

239

(9)

Conclusion

248

(5)

Bibliography

253

(23)

Index

276

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