TCP/IP Tutorial and Technical Overview

by Rodriguez, Adolfo; Gatrell, John; Karas, John; Peschke, Roland

• ISBN13: 9780130676108
• ISBN10: 0130676101
• Edition: 7th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2001-10-22
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

The comprehensive, authoritative introduction to the protocols that drive the Internet Covers internetworking, routing, transport protocols, multicast, and much more Includes detailed coverage of application protocols-DNS, TELNET, FTP, HTTP, SMTP, RTP/RTCP, SNMP, and WAP Presents techniques for maximizing security, availability, and scalability Extensive new coverage includes QoS, MPLS, IP telephony, and WAP An in-depth introduction to the entire TCP/IP suite-including the latest protocols and concepts Systematic coverage of internetworking, routing, transport, multicast, and application protocols New and updated coverage of QoS, MPLS, IP telephony, security, WAP, and more TCP/IP Tutorial and Technical Overview is an exceptionally complete, easy-to-understand, and up-to-date guide to the protocols that drive the Internet. Ideal for beginners-and for networking professionals who want to deepen their understanding-this book covers the entire TCP/IP suite, including emerging protocols that address the Internet's key challenges. The authors-an expert team of IBM TCP/IP instructors and consultants-begin by introducing TCP/IP's fundamental goals, roles, components, and underlying concepts. They survey today's core TCP/IP application protocols, from DNS to HTTP, SMTP to RTP, as well as protocols designed for advanced wireless and multimedia applications. The book includes detailed coverage of the latest trends in networking and infrastructure, including Quality of Service, MPLS, security, IP mobility, IP telephony, and IPv6. The authors also introduce leading tools for maximizing availability and scalability in IBM and Cisco environments, including IBM Sysplex Distributor, Cisco MultiNode Load Balancing, and OS/390 DNS/WLM. INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL SUPPORT ORGANIZATIONSharing Technical Expertise From Around the WorldPrentice Hall PTR has selected this IBM Redbook for its worldwide publishing program. IBM Redbooks are produced by the International Technical Support Organization where experts from around the world work together to build effective technical information based on their practical work experience. For more information: ibm.com/redbooks

Author Biography

The team that wrote this redbook

This redbook was produced by a team of specialists from around the world working at the International Technical Support Organization Raleigh Center.

Adolfo Rodriguez is an Advisory I/T Specialist at the International Technical Support Organization, Raleigh Center. He writes extensively and teaches IBM classes worldwide on all areas of TCP/IP. Before joining the ITSO, Adolfo worked in the design and development of Communications Server for OS/390, in RTP, NC. He holds a B.A. degree in Mathematics and B.S. and M.S. degrees in Computer Science from Duke University, Durham, NC. He is currently pursuing a Ph.D. degree in Computer Science at Duke University, with a concentration on Networking Systems.

John Gatrell works for IBM in the UK. He has 15 years experience in communications customer support, and a further seven years in programming. He holds a B.A. Honours degree in Physics from Oxford University. His specialized areas include UNIX and communications.

John Karas is a network architect in IBM Global Services in the United States. He has 14 years of experience in the data networking field. He holds a Masters of Science degree in Telecommunications from Pace University. His areas of expertise include IP routing algorithms, complex network design, capacity planning, and application performance testing. He has written extensively on supporting OSPF and BGP networks, as well as performance monitoring in SAP environments.

Roland Peschke is a Senior IT Networking Specialist working for IBM customers requesting consulting and education services for the OS/390 TCP/IP and SNA environment. His comprehensive experiences in these areas come from working at IBM Germany and ITSO Raleigh for more than three decades. He worked intensively on several SNA- and TCP/IP Redbooks.

Table of Contents

Preface	xix
The team that wrote this redbook	xix
Comments welcome	xxi
Part 1. Core TCP/IP protocols	1	(258)
Architecture, history, standards, and trends	3	(26)
TCP/IP architectural model	3	(8)
Internetworking	3	(2)
The TCP/IP protocol layers	5	(3)
TCP/IP applications	8	(2)
Bridges, routers, and gateways	10	(1)
The roots of the Internet	11	(10)
Arpanet	13	(1)
Nsfnet	14	(2)
Commercial use of the Internet	16	(1)
Internet2	17	(2)
The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model	19	(2)
TCP/IP standards	21	(5)
Request For Comments (RFC)	22	(2)
Internet standards	24	(2)
Future of the Internet	26	(3)
Multimedia applications	26	(1)
Commercial use	26	(1)
The wireless Internet	27	(2)
Network interfaces	29	(36)
Ethernet and IEEE 802.x Local Area Networks (LANs)	29	(3)
Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)	32	(1)
Serial Line IP (SLIP)	33	(1)
Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)	34	(2)
Point-to-Point encapsulation	35	(1)
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)	36	(2)
X.25	38	(2)
Frame relay	40	(3)
Frame format	40	(1)
Interconnect issues	41	(1)
Data link layer parameter negotiation	41	(1)
IP over frame relay	42	(1)
PPP over SONET and SDH circuits	43	(1)
Physical layer	43	(1)
Multi-Path Channel+ (MPC+)	44	(1)
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)	44	(14)
Address resolution (ATMARP and InATMARP)	45	(3)
Classical IP over ATM	48	(6)
ATM LAN emulation	54	(3)
Classical IP over ATM versus LAN emulation	57	(1)
Multiprotocol over ATM (MPOA)	58	(5)
Benefits of MPOA	58	(1)
MPOA logical components	59	(1)
MPOA functional components	59	(3)
MPOA operation	62	(1)
References	63	(2)
Internetworking protocols	65	(72)
Internet Protocol (IP)	65	(37)
IP addressing	65	(4)
IP subnets	69	(5)
IP routing	74	(6)
Methods of delivery - unicast, broadcast, multicast, and anycast	80	(3)
The IP address exhaustion problem	83	(3)
Intranets - private IP addresses	86	(1)
Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)	86	(4)
IP datagram	90	(12)
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)	102	(11)
ICMP messages	103	(9)
ICMP applications	112	(1)
Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP)	113	(1)
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)	114	(6)
ARP overview	114	(1)
ARP detailed concept	115	(3)
ARP and subnets	118	(1)
Proxy-ARP or transparent subnetting	118	(2)
Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP)	120	(1)
RARP concept	120	(1)
Bootstrap protocol (BOOTP)	121	(5)
BOOTP forwarding	125	(1)
BOOTP considerations	126	(1)
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)	126	(11)
The DHCP message format	127	(2)
DHCP message types	129	(1)
Allocating a new network address	130	(3)
DHCP lease renewal process	133	(1)
Reusing a previously allocated network address	134	(1)
Configuration parameters repository	135	(1)
DHCP considerations	135	(1)
BOOTP and DHCP interoperability	136	(1)
Routing protocols	137	(64)
Autonomous systems	138	(2)
Types of IP routing and IP routing algorithms	140	(5)
Static routing	140	(2)
Distance vector routing	142	(1)
Link state routing	143	(1)
Hybrid routing	144	(1)
Routing Information Protocol (RIP)	145	(7)
RIP packet types	145	(1)
RIP packet format	146	(1)
RIP modes of operation	146	(1)
Calculating distance vectors	147	(1)
Convergence and counting to infinity	148	(4)
RIP limitations	152	(1)
Routing Information Protocol Version 2 (RIP-2)	152	(3)
RIP-2 packet format	153	(2)
RIP-2 limitations	155	(1)
RIPng for IPv6	155	(3)
Differences Information between RIPng and RIP-2	155	(1)
RIPng packet format	156	(2)
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)	158	(16)
OSPF terminology	159	(6)
OSPF packet types	165	(1)
Neighbor communication	166	(2)
OSPF neighbor state machine	168	(1)
OSPF virtual links and transit areas	169	(1)
OSPF route redistribution	170	(2)
OSPF stub areas	172	(1)
OSPF route summarization	173	(1)
Enchanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)	174	(6)
Features of EIGRP	174	(1)
Terminology	175	(2)
Neighbor discovery and recovery	177	(1)
The DUAL algorithm	177	(2)
EIGRP packet types	179	(1)
Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP)	180	(1)
Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)	180	(17)
BGP concepts and terminology	181	(2)
IBGP and EBGP communication	183	(2)
Protocol description	185	(3)
Path selection	188	(3)
BGP synchronization	191	(2)
BGP aggregation	193	(1)
BGP confederations	194	(2)
BGP route reflectors	196	(1)
Routing protocol selection	197	(1)
Additioanl functions performed by the router	198	(1)
Routing processes in UNIX-based systems	199	(2)
Transport layer protocols	201	(28)
Ports and sockets	201	(3)
Ports	201	(1)
Sockets	202	(2)
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)	204	(2)
UDP datagram format	205	(1)
UDP application programming interface	206	(1)
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)	206	(23)
TCP concept	207	(13)
TCP application programming interface	220	(1)
TCP congestion control algorithms	221	(8)
IP multicast	229	(30)
Multicast addressing	229	(3)
Multicasting on a single physical network	230	(1)
Multicasting between network segments	231	(1)
Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP)	232	(3)
IGMP messages	233	(1)
IGMP operation	234	(1)
Multicast delivery tree	235	(1)
Multicast forwarding algorithms	236	(2)
Reverse path forwarding algorithm	236	(1)
Center-based tree algorithm	237	(1)
Multicast routing protocols	238	(1)
Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP)	238	(4)
Protocol overview	239	(1)
Building and maintaining multicast delivery trees	240	(2)
DVMRP tunnels	242	(1)
Multicast OSPF (MOSPF)	242	(3)
Protocol overview	243	(1)
MOSPF and multiple OSPF areas	244	(1)
MOSPF and multiple autonomous systems	245	(1)
MOSPF interoperability	245	(1)
Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM)	245	(6)
PIM dense mode	246	(1)
PIM sparse mode	247	(4)
Interconnecting multicast domains	251	(3)
Multicast Source Discovery Protocol (MSDP)	251	(2)
Border Gateway Multicast Protocol	253	(1)
The multicast backbone	254	(5)
MBONE routing	254	(2)
Multicast applications	256	(3)
Part 2. TCP/IP application protocols	259	(298)
Application structure and programming interfaces	261	(18)
Characteristics of applications	261	(1)
Client/server model	261	(1)
Application programming interfaces (APIs)	262	(17)
The socket API	262	(4)
Remote Procedure Call (RPC)	266	(5)
Windows Sockets Version 2 (Winsock V2.0)	271	(2)
SNMP Distributed Programming Interface (SNMP DPI)	273	(3)
FTP API	276	(1)
CICS socket interface	277	(1)
IMS socket interface	277	(1)
Sockets Extended	277	(1)
REXX sockets	278	(1)
Directory and naming protocols	279	(58)
Domain Name System (DNS)	279	(21)
The hierarchical namespace	280	(1)
Fully Qualified Domain Names (FQDNs)	281	(1)
Generic domains	281	(1)
Country domains	282	(1)
Mapping domain names to IP addresses	282	(1)
Mapping IP addresses to domain names - pointer queries	282	(1)
The distributed name space	283	(1)
Domain name resolution	284	(4)
Domain Name System resource records	288	(2)
Domain Name System messages	290	(4)
A simple scenario	294	(3)
Extended scenario	297	(1)
Transport	298	(1)
DNS applications	299	(1)
References	299	(1)
Dynamic Domain Name System	300	(15)
The UPDATE DNS message format	301	(3)
The IBM implementation of DDNS	304	(9)
Proxy A Record update (ProxyArec)	313	(2)
Network Information System (NIS)	315	(1)
Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)	316	(21)
LDAP - iightweight access to X.500	317	(2)
The LDAP directory server	319	(1)
Overview of LDAP architecture	320	(1)
LDAP models	321	(8)
LDAP security	329	(2)
LDAP URLs	331	(1)
LDAP and DCE	332	(2)
The directory-enabled networks initiative (DEN)	334	(1)
Web-Based Enterprise Management (WBEM)	335	(1)
References	335	(2)
Remote execution and distributed computing	337	(28)
Telnet	337	(10)
Telnet operation	337	(7)
Terminal emulation (Telnet 3270)	344	(1)
TN3270 enchancements (TN3270E)	345	(2)
References	347	(1)
Remote Execution Command protocol (REXEC and RSH)	347	(1)
Principle of operation	348	(1)
Introduction to the Distributed Computing Environment (DCE)	348	(17)
DCE directory service	350	(2)
DCE security service	352	(5)
DCE threads	357	(1)
DCE remote procedure call	358	(1)
Distributed time service	359	(2)
Distributed file service (DFS)	361	(2)
References	363	(2)
File related protocols	365	(22)
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)	365	(6)
Overview of FTP	365	(1)
FTP operations	366	(3)
Reply codes	369	(1)
FTP scenario	370	(1)
A sample FTP session	371	(1)
Anonymous FTP	371	(1)
Remote job entry using FTP	371	(1)
Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)	371	(4)
TFTP usage	372	(1)
Protocol description	372	(3)
TFTP multicast option	375	(1)
Security issues	375	(1)
Network File System (NFS)	375	(8)
NFS concept	376	(5)
NFS Version 4	381	(2)
WebNFS	383	(1)
References	383	(1)
The Andrew File System (AFS)	383	(4)
Mail applications	387	(40)
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)	387	(12)
How SMTP works	389	(7)
SMTP and the Domain Name System	396	(2)
References	398	(1)
Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME)	399	(19)
How MIME works	402	(1)
The Content-Type field	403	(7)
The Content-Transfer-Encoding field	410	(6)
Using non-ASCII characters in message headers	416	(2)
References	418	(1)
Post Office Protocol (POP)	418	(2)
POP3 commands and responses	419	(1)
References	420	(1)
Internet Message Access Protocol Version 4 (IMAP4)	420	(7)
IMAP4 underlying electronic mail models	421	(1)
IMAP4 commands and responses	421	(1)
Message numbers	422	(1)
IMAP4 states	423	(2)
Client commands	425	(1)
References	426	(1)
The World Wide Web	427	(22)
Web browsers	427	(2)
Web servers	429	(1)
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)	429	(11)
Overview of HTTP	430	(1)
HTTP operation	431	(9)
Content	440	(7)
Static content	441	(1)
Client-side dynamic content	441	(1)
Server-side dynamic content	442	(1)
Objects	443	(3)
Developing content with IBM Web Application Servers	446	(1)
References	447	(2)
Multimedia protocols	449	(30)
Real-Time Protocols: RTP and RTCP	449	(14)
The Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP)	450	(5)
The Real-Time Control Protocol	455	(2)
RTCP packet format	457	(2)
RTP Translators and mixers	459	(3)
Real-time applications	462	(1)
IP telephony	463	(16)
Introduction	463	(1)
The IP telephony protocol stack	464	(1)
ITU-T recommendation H.323	465	(5)
Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)	470	(2)
Media Gateway Control Protocol (MGCP)	472	(1)
Media Gateway Controller (Megaco)	473	(1)
Signaling protocol functional comparison	474	(2)
Voice encoding and compression	476	(3)
Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)	479	(46)
The WAP environment	479	(1)
Key elements of the WAP specifications	480	(6)
Overview of the WAP programming model	480	(3)
WAP network configurations	483	(3)
Wireless Markup Language (WML) and WMLScript	486	(3)
WML	486	(2)
WMLScript	488	(1)
Push architecture	489	(6)
Push framework	490	(1)
Push proxy gateway (PPG)	491	(1)
Push access control protocol (PAP)	492	(1)
Service indication	493	(1)
Push over-the-air protocol (OTA)	494	(1)
Client-side infrastructure	494	(1)
Security	494	(1)
Overview of the WAP protocol stack	495	(26)
Wireless application environment (WAE)	496	(2)
Wireless Telephony Application (WTA)	498	(1)
Wireless Session Protocol (WSP)	498	(13)
Wireless Transaction Protocol (WTP)	511	(3)
Wireless Transport Layer Security (WTLS)	514	(5)
Wireless Datagram Protocol (WDP)	519	(2)
Protocol summary	521	(4)
Network management	525	(22)
Simple Network Management Protocol and MIB overview	525	(1)
Structure and identification of management information (SMI)	526	(2)
Management information Base (MIB)	528	(4)
IBM-specific MIB part	531	(1)
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)	532	(3)
Simple Network Management Protocol Version 2 (SNMPv2)	535	(4)
SNMPv2 entity	536	(1)
SNMPv2 party	536	(1)
GetBulkRequest	537	(2)
InformRequest	539	(1)
MIB for SNMPv2	539	(1)
The new administrative model	540	(2)
Simple Network Management Protocol Version 3 (SNMPv3)	542	(2)
Single authentication and privacy protocol	543	(1)
References	544	(3)
Utilities	547	(10)
Remote printing (LPR and LPD)	547	(1)
X Window system	547	(6)
Functional concept	548	(5)
Protocol	553	(1)
Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP)	553	(1)
Finger protocol	554	(1)
Netstat	554	(3)
Part 3. Advanced concepts and new technologies	557	(332)
IP Version 6	559	(54)
IPv6 overview	560	(1)
The IPv6 header format	561	(18)
Packet sizes	564	(1)
Extension headers	565	(7)
IPv6 addressing	572	(6)
Traffic class	578	(1)
Flow labels	579	(1)
Internet Control Message Protocol Version 6 (ICMPv6)	579	(16)
Neighbor discovery	581	(9)
Stateless address autoconfiguration	590	(2)
Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD)	592	(3)
DNS in IPv6	595	(3)
Format of IPv6 resource records	595	(3)
DHCP in IPv6	598	(2)
Differences between DHCPv6 and DHPv4	599	(1)
DHCPv6 messages	599	(1)
Mobility support in IPv6	600	(1)
Internet transition - Migrating from IPv4 to IPv6	601	(10)
Dual IP stack implementation - the IPv6/IPv4 node	601	(2)
Tunneling	603	(7)
Header translation	610	(1)
Interoperability summary	610	(1)
The drive towards IPv6	611	(1)
References	612	(1)
Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS)	613	(16)
MPLS overview	613	(2)
Conventional routing model	613	(1)
MPLS forwarding model	613	(1)
Additional benefits	614	(1)
Components of an MPLS network	615	(9)
Terminology	616	(2)
Label swapping	618	(2)
Label switched path (LSP)	620	(1)
Label stack and label hierarchies	620	(2)
MPLS stacks in a BGP environment	622	(2)
Label distribution protocols	624	(1)
Types of label distribution protocols	624	(1)
Label distribution methods	625	(1)
Stream merge	625	(2)
Merging in a frame-based environment	625	(1)
Merging in an ATM environment	626	(1)
Multiprotocol Lambda Switching	627	(2)
Mobile IP	629	(12)
Mobile IP overview	629	(1)
Mobile IP operation	630	(2)
Mobility agent advertisement extensions	632	(2)
Mobile IP registration process	634	(3)
Tunneling	637	(1)
Broadcast datagrams	638	(1)
Move detection	638	(1)
Returning home	639	(1)
ARP considerations	639	(1)
Mobile IP security considerations	639	(2)
Integrating other protocols with TCP/IP	641	(14)
Enterprise Extender	641	(1)
Performance and recovery	642	(1)
Data Link Switching	642	(3)
Introduction	642	(1)
Functional description	643	(2)
Multiprotocol Transport Network (MPTN)	645	(4)
Requirements for mixed-protocol networking	645	(1)
MPTN architecture	646	(1)
MPTN methodology	646	(1)
MPTN major components	647	(2)
NetBIOS over TCP/IP	649	(6)
NetBIOS Name Server (NBNS) implementations	652	(3)
TCP/IP security	655	(126)
Security exposures and solutions	655	(5)
Common attacks against security	655	(1)
Solutions to network security problems	656	(1)
Implementations of security solutions	657	(2)
Network security policy	659	(1)
A short introduction to cryptography	660	(18)
Terminology	660	(3)
Symmetric or secret-key algorithms	663	(1)
Asymmetric or public-key algorithms	664	(5)
Hash functions	669	(6)
Digital certificates and certification authorities	675	(1)
Random-number generators	676	(1)
Export/import restrictions on cryptography	677	(1)
Firewalls	678	(16)
Firewall concept	679	(1)
Components of a firewall system	680	(1)
Packet-filtering router	680	(2)
Application level gateway (proxy)	682	(5)
Circuit level gateway	687	(2)
Types of firewall	689	(5)
Network Address Translation (NAT)	694	(4)
NAT concept	694	(1)
Translation mechanism	695	(2)
NAT limitations	697	(1)
The IP security architecture (IPsec)	698	(41)
Concepts	698	(4)
Authentication Header (AH)	702	(6)
Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)	708	(7)
Combining IPsec protocols	715	(6)
The Internet Key Exchange protocol (IKE)	721	(18)
SOCKS	739	(7)
SOCKS Version 5 (SOCKSv5)	741	(5)
Secure Shell (I)	746	(1)
SSH overview	747	(1)
Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)	747	(8)
SSL overview	747	(2)
SSL protocol	749	(6)
Transport Layer Security (TLS)	755	(1)
Secure Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension (S-MIME)	755	(1)
Virtual private networks (VPN) overview	755	(2)
VPN Introduction and benefits	755	(2)
Kerberos authentication and authorization system	757	(8)
Assumptions	758	(1)
Naming	758	(1)
Kerberos authentication process	759	(4)
Kerberos database management	763	(1)
Kerberos Authorization Model	764	(1)
Kerberos Version 5 enhancements	764	(1)
Remote access authentication protocols	765	(3)
Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP)	768	(5)
Terminology	768	(1)
Protocol overview	769	(3)
L2TP security issues	772	(1)
Secure electronic transactions (SET)	773	(5)
SET roles	773	(1)
SET transactions	774	(3)
The SET certificate scheme	777	(1)
References	778	(3)
Quality of Service	781	(42)
Why QoS?	781	(1)
Integrated Services	782	(22)
Service classes	786	(4)
The Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP)	790	(13)
Integrated Services outlook	803	(1)
Differentiated Services	804	(16)
Differentiated Services architecture	806	(9)
Integrated Services (Intserv) over Diffserv networks	815	(3)
Configuration and administration of DS with LDAP	818	(1)
Using Differentiated Services with IPSec	819	(1)
References	820	(3)
Availability, scalability, and load balancing	823	(66)
Availability	823	(2)
Scalability	825	(1)
Load balancing	825	(1)
Terms used in this chapter	826	(6)
Sysplex	826	(1)
Workload Manager (WLM)	826	(1)
Virtual IP-address (VIPA)	827	(1)
Dynamic XCF	828	(1)
Dynamic IP addressing in a sysplex	828	(2)
Takeover/takeback of DVIPA addresses	830	(2)
Introduction of available solutions	832	(1)
Network Dispatcher	833	(14)
Network Dispatcher components	833	(4)
Load balancing with weights	837	(1)
High availability	838	(2)
Server affinity	840	(1)
Rules-based balancing	840	(1)
Wide Area Network dispatcher	841	(1)
Combining ISS and Dispatcher	842	(1)
Advisors and custom advisors	843	(1)
SNMP support	843	(1)
Co-location option	843	(1)
ISP configuration	844	(1)
OS/390 Parallel Sysplex support	845	(2)
Cisco LocalDirector	847	(2)
Overview	847	(1)
Connection and datagram flow	848	(1)
IBM Sysplex Distributor	849	(5)
Sysplex Distributor elements	849	(1)
Sysplex Distributor initialization and takeover/takeback	850	(1)
Sysplex Distributor load balancing rules	851	(1)
Handling connection requests	851	(1)
Data path after connection establishment	851	(1)
Takeover/takeback	852	(1)
Attaining availability, scalability, and load balancing	853	(1)
Cisco MultiNode Load Balancing (MNLB)	854	(7)
Overview of the MultiNode Load Balancing functions	855	(1)
Connection establishment and subsequent data flow	856	(3)
Client-server connection restart	859	(1)
Attaining availability, scalability, and load balancing	859	(2)
IBM Sysplex Distributor and Cisco MNLB	861	(9)
What does this mean?	862	(1)
Overview of IBM Sysplex Distributor with Service Manager	863	(1)
Cisco Forwarding Agent: overview and functions	864	(1)
Cisco Workload Agent	864	(1)
Connection establishment process	864	(3)
Stack, Server, or LPAR failure	867	(1)
Failure of the Sysplex Distributor	867	(1)
Routing packets	867	(1)
Additional tasks of the MNLB components	868	(2)
OS/390 DNS/WLM	870	(5)
DNS in a sysplex environment	870	(4)
DNS/WLM with remote name server	874	(1)
Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP)	875	(8)
Introduction	876	(1)
VRRP Definitions	877	(1)
VRRP overview	877	(2)
Sample configuration	879	(1)
VRRP packet format	880	(3)
Round-robin DNS	883	(1)
Alternative solutions to load balancing	884	(5)
Network address translation	884	(3)
Encapsulation	887	(2)
Appendix A. Platform implementations	889	(24)
A.1 IBM Communications Server for OS/390 V2R10	889	(8)
A.1.1 Supported connectivity protocols and devices	889	(3)
A.1.2 Supported routing applications	892	(1)
A.1.3 Enterprise Extender	893	(1)
A.1.4 Virtual IP Addressing (VIPA)	893	(1)
A.1.5 Sysplex Distributor	894	(2)
A.1.6 Quality of Service (QoS)	896	(1)
A.2 IBM OS/400 V5R1	897	(12)
A.2.1 GUI configuration support	897	(1)
A.2.2 TCP/IP Connectivity Utilities for IBM e-server iSeries	898	(1)
A.2.3 Dynamic IP routing (RIP and RIP2)	898	(1)
A.2.4 Advanced functions	899	(1)
A.2.5 Proxy Address Resolution Protocol (Proxy ARP)	900	(1)
A.2.6 Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)	901	(1)
A.2.7 Security features	901	(2)
A.2.8 Virtual IP Addressing (VIPA)	903	(1)
A.2.9 Application programming interfaces (APIs)	903	(2)
A.2.10 Supported applications	905	(4)
A.3 Linux	909	(1)
A.3.1 Linux firewall	909	(1)
A.4 The network computer	910	(3)
Appendix B. Special notices	913	(4)
Appendix C. Related publications	917	(4)
C.1 IBM Redbooks	917	(1)
C.2 IBM Redbooks collections	918	(1)
C.3 Other resources	918	(2)
C.4 Referenced Web sites	920	(1)
How to get IBM Redbooks	921	(2)
IBM Redbooks fax order form	922	(1)
Abbreviations and acronyms	923	(8)
Index	931	(26)
IBM Redbooks review	957

Excerpts

PrefaceThe TCP/IP protocol suite has become the de facto standard for computer communications in today's networked world. The ubiquitous implementation of a specific networking standard has led to an incredible dependence on the applications enabled by it. Today, we use the TCP/IP protocols and the Internet not only for entertainment and information, but to conduct our business by performing transactions, buying and selling products, and delivering services to customers. We are continually extending the set of applications that leverage TCP/IP, thereby driving the need for further infrastructural support.In TCP/IP Tutorial and Technical Overview, we take an in-depth look into the TCP/IP protocol suite. In Part I, we introduce TCP/IP, providing a basic understanding of the underlying concepts essential to the protocols. We continue our discussion in Part II with a survey of today's most popular TCP/IP application protocols, including emerging wireless and multimedia applications.Finally, in Part III, we cover advanced concepts and the latest infrastructural trends in networking, including IPv6, security, Quality of Service, IP mobility, and MPLS. We address the challenges that TCP/IP is currently facing and the technology being developed to overcome them. The team that wrote this redbookThis redbook was produced by a team of specialists from around the world working at the International Technical Support Organization Raleigh Center.Adolfo Rodriguezis an Advisory I/T Specialist at the International Technical Support Organization, Raleigh Center. He writes extensively and teaches IBM classes worldwide on all areas of TCP/IP. Before joining the ITSO, Adolfo worked in the design and development of Communications Server for OS/390, in RTP, NC. He holds a B.A. degree in Mathematics and B.S. and M.S. degrees in Computer Science from Duke University, Durham, NC. He is currently pursuing a Ph.D. degree in Computer Science at Duke University, with a concentration on Networking Systems.John Gatrellworks for IBM in the UK. He has 15 years experience in communications customer support, and a further seven years in programming. He holds a B.A. Honours degree in Physics from Oxford University. His specialized areas include UNIX and communications.John Karasis a network architect in IBM Global Services in the United States. He has 14 years of experience in the data networking field. He holds a Masters of Science degree in Telecommunications from Pace University. His areas of expertise include IP routing algorithms, complex network design, capacity planning, and application performance testing. He has written extensively on supporting OSPF and BGP networks, as well as performance monitoring in SAP environments.Roland Peschkeis a Senior IT Networking Specialist working for IBM customers requesting consulting and education services for the OS/390 TCP/IP and SNA environment. His comprehensive experiences in these areas come from working at IBM Germany and ITSO Raleigh for more than three decades. He worked intensively on several SNA- and TCP/IP Redbooks. Comments welcomeYour comments are important to us!We want our Redbooks to be as helpful as possible. Please send us your comments about this or other Redbooks in one of the following ways: Fax the evaluation form found in "IBM Redbooks review" on page 957 to the fax number shown on the form. Use the online evaluation form found at ibm.com/redbooks Send your comments in an Internet note to [e-mail]