Teaching Elementary Physical Education Strategies for the Classroom Teacher

by Hastie, Peter; Martin, Ellen

• ISBN13: 9780805328349
• ISBN10: 0805328343
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-03-18
• Publisher: Pearson

Summary

Teaching Elementary Physical Education: Strategies for the Classroom Teachergives elementary education teachers the tools and strategies they need to teach physical education using a skills-based approach. Designed for the non-physical education teacher, the book provides a shorter, more focused presentation of how and what to teach in physical education.Introduction to Elementary Physical Education, Creating an Inclusive Learning Environment, Motor Skills to Children, The Daily Physical Education Lesson Plan, Strategies for Instruction, Strategies for Assessing Student Work, Managing a Physical Education Class: Protocols, Rules, and Accountability Systems, Managing Equipment, Space, and Time, Strategies for Managing Behavior During a Physical Education Lesson, Creating a Physically Safe Learning Environment, Strategies for Teaching Locomotor and Nonlocomotor Skills, Strategies for Teaching Manipulative Skills, Strategies for Teaching Games, Strategies for Teaching Rhythmic Movement, Strategies for Promoting Physical Activity and Fitness, Strategies for Complementing Classroom Work.For all readers interested in teaching elementary physical education.

Author Biography

Ellen H. Martin is an assistant professor at Columbus State University in the Department of Teacher Education. Peter Hastie is currently a professor at Auburn University in the Department of Health and Human Performance.

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
About the Authors	1	(1)
UNIT I THE WORLD OF CHILDHOOD PHYSICAL EDUCATION	2	(56)
Introduction to Elementary Physical Education	5	(22)
What Are the Benefits of Physical Activity?	6	(5)
Health Benefits	7	(2)
Cognitive Benefits	9	(1)
Social Benefits	10	(1)
Emotional Benefits	10	(1)
The Shared Mission of All Teachers	11	(1)
The Unique Mission of Physical Educators	11	(4)
The Role of the Physical Education Teacher in the Elementary School	15	(1)
The Teacher's Impact on Children's Perceptions of Physical Education	16	(2)
How Physical Education Is Changing	18	(1)
Effective Teaching in the Physical Education Setting	19	(5)
Creating a Positive Learning Environment	19	(1)
Being a Good Communicator	20	(1)
Being a Knowledgeable Practitioner	21	(1)
Providing Meaningful Feedback	22	(1)
Creating Stimulating Learning Tasks	22	(1)
Being Concerned with Student Achievement	23	(1)
What Classroom Teachers Bring to Physical Education	24	(1)
Final Words	24	(3)
Creating an Inclusive Learning Environment	27	(14)
What Inclusion Means in Physical Education	28	(1)
Noninclusion Causes Feelings of Social Isolation	29	(1)
The Four S's: Safe, Successful, Satisfying, and Skill-Appropriate	30	(2)
Including Children's Religious and Cultural Values	32	(2)
Including Children Who Are Severely Overweight	34	(1)
Including Girls and Boys Equally	35	(1)
Including Students with Disabilities	36	(4)
Final Words	40	(1)
Teaching Motor Skills to Children	41	(17)
Expect Wide Variations in Childhood Motor Skills	42	(1)
Children Develop Motor Skills Progressively	43	(3)
Physical and Psychological Readiness	43	(1)
Sequential Development	44	(1)
Cumulative Development	44	(1)
Directional Development	45	(1)
Teaching Motor Skills in Physical Education	46	(8)
Classifying Motor Skills	46	(3)
Developing Logical Skill Progressions	49	(1)
Progression Trees as Logical Progressions	50	(4)
Appropriate Content for Elementary Physical Education	54	(2)
Movement Concepts	54	(1)
Fundamental Motor Skills (Skill Themes)	54	(2)
Final Words	56	(2)
UNIT II INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGIES FOR TEACHING PHYSICAL EDUCATION	58	(82)
The Daily Physical Education Lesson Plan	61	(20)
Qualities of Effective Planners	62	(2)
Patience	62	(1)
Flexibility	63	(1)
Persistence	63	(1)
Self-Knowledge	64	(1)
Physical Education Lesson Plans Are Valuable Documents	64	(1)
Addressing State Requirements or National Standards	64	(2)
The Daily Physical Education Lesson Plan	66	(9)
The Lesson's Focus	66	(2)
Preparations for the Lesson	68	(1)
Content Progression	69	(3)
Ending the Lesson	72	(3)
Lesson Plan Formats	75	(4)
Scripted Formats	75	(1)
Column Lesson Plans	75	(4)
Final Words	79	(2)
Strategies for Instruction	81	(24)
The Importance of Effective Communication	82	(1)
Strategies for Structuring a Lesson	83	(1)
Begin Class with an Instant Activity	84	(2)
Presenting the Instant Activity	84	(1)
The Benefits of Instant Activities	84	(2)
Creating Your Own Instant Activities	86	(1)
Beginning a Lesson	86	(3)
How to Introduce the Day's Lesson	87	(1)
Scaffolding: Building a Foundation for Present and Future Skills	87	(1)
Designing a Set Induction	88	(1)
The Body of the Lesson	89	(1)
Visual Demonstration	90	(1)
Questioning and Problem Solving	90	(5)
Framing Questions	91	(1)
Effective Strategies for Receiving Responses	92	(2)
Wait Time	94	(1)
Types of Questions	95	(2)
Know-Want-Learn (K-W-L)	95	(1)
Convergent Problem Solving	95	(1)
Divergent Problem Solving	96	(1)
Checking for Understanding	97	(2)
Strategies for Checking for Understanding	97	(2)
Lack of Response to Checks for Understanding	99	(1)
Monitoring Student Work	99	(4)
Move around the Gymnasium	100	(1)
Provide Students with Feedback	100	(1)
Individualizing Instruction	101	(2)
Wrapping Up the Lesson	103	(1)
Final Words	103	(2)
Strategies for Assessing Student Work	105	(35)
A Case for Assessment in Physical Education	106	(2)
Types of Assessment	108	(1)
Alternative Assessment	109	(1)
The Assessment Road Map	110	(1)
Step One: Determining Student Outcomes	111	(5)
Step Two: Assessment Tools	116	(13)
Observational Assessments	116	(8)
Other Forms of Assessment	124	(5)
Step Three: Evaluating Student Progress	129	(5)
Rubrics	129	(3)
Student Portfolios	132	(2)
Step Four: Grading	134	(4)
The Right Time to Assess	138	(1)
Final Words	138	(2)
UNIT III MANAGING THE DELIVERY OF THE PHYSICAL EDUCATION LESSON	140	(58)
Managing a Physical Education Class: Protocols, Rules, and Accountability Systems	143	(11)
Tasks as Objects of Management	144	(1)
Protocols as Management Tools	145	(1)
Applying Rules	146	(1)
Accountability in Physical Education	146	(6)
Accountability Systems	147	(1)
Levels of Accountability	147	(2)
Formal and Informal Accountability	149	(1)
Active Supervision	149	(3)
Final Words	152	(2)
Managing Equipment, Space, and Time	154	(17)
Managing Equipment	156	(3)
Transporting Equipment	156	(2)
Distributing Equipment to Children	158	(1)
Returning Equipment	159	(1)
Managing Space	159	(2)
Personal Space	159	(1)
General Space	160	(1)
Managing Time	161	(2)
Stopping Work, Gaining Attention, and Dealing with Equipment	161	(2)
Protocols for Resuming Work	163	(1)
Signal for Gathering	163	(1)
Using Stations as a Way of Managing Space, Equipment, and Time	163	(6)
Advantages of Stations	164	(1)
Designing Stations	165	(2)
Rotating Students among Stations	167	(1)
The Teacher's Role during Station Work	168	(1)
When to Avoid Using Stations	168	(1)
Final Words	169	(2)
Strategies for Managing Behavior during the Physical Education Lesson	171	(15)
General Rules for Physical Education Settings	172	(7)
Rule 1: Listen and Follow Directions	173	(1)
Rule 2: Be Respectful of Others	174	(4)
Rule 3: Take Care of Equipment	178	(1)
Rule 4: Work Safely in Your Environment	179	(1)
Protocols for Ending Physical Education Lessons	179	(2)
Lining Up	180	(1)
Consequences of Breaking Behavioral Rules and Protocols	181	(3)
A Cardinal Rule of Behavior for Teachers: Never Use Exercise as Punishment	184	(1)
Final Words	184	(2)
Creating a Physically Safe Learning Environment	186	(12)
Guiding Principles of Physical Education Safety	187	(6)
Facility Safety	187	(1)
Equipment Safety	188	(1)
Instructional Practices That Promote Safety	189	(2)
Supervision	191	(1)
Footwear	191	(2)
Responding to Accidents and Injuries	193	(1)
Learning a Child's Medical History	194	(1)
Responsible Playground Supervision	194	(2)
Final Words	196	(2)
UNIT IV SELECTING PHYSICAL EDUCATION CONTENT	198	(196)
Locomotor and Nonlocomotor Skills	201	(46)
What Are Locomotor Skills?	202	(1)
What Are Nonlocomotor Skills?	203	(1)
Motor Skill Progression Trees	203	(2)
Chasing, Fleeing, and Dodging	205	(8)
Teaching Chasing, Fleeing, and Dodging	205	(1)
Sample Learning Tasks for Chasing, Fleeing, and Dodging	206	(7)
Jumping and Landing	213	(8)
Teaching Jumping and Landing	213	(1)
Sample Learning Tasks for Jumping and Landing	214	(7)
How to Teach Nonlocomotor Skills	221	(3)
Balancing	224	(13)
Teaching Balancing	224	(1)
Sample Learning Tasks for Balancing	225	(12)
Combining Locomotor and Nonlocomotor Skills---Gymnastics	237	(1)
Is Equipment Necessary to Teach Gymnastics?	238	(1)
Equipment Safety Issues during Gymnastics Lessons	238	(1)
How to Teach Educational Gymnastics	239	(4)
Designing Movement Problems	239	(2)
The Necessity of Spotting	241	(1)
Sequences as Advanced Movement Problems	241	(1)
Peer Evaluation	242	(1)
Progression through the Grade Levels	243	(2)
Final Words	245	(2)
Manipulative Skills	247	(84)
Throwing and Catching	249	(17)
Sample Learning Tasks for Throwing	249	(9)
Sample Learning Tasks for Catching	258	(8)
Kicking and Punting	266	(18)
Sample Learning Tasks for Kicking	267	(9)
Sample Learning Tasks for Punting	276	(8)
Dribbling with the Hands and Feet	284	(19)
Sample Learning Tasks for Dribbling with the Hand	285	(8)
Sample Learning Tasks for Dribbling with the Feet	293	(10)
Volleying	303	(8)
Sample Learning Tasks for Volleying	303	(8)
Striking with Rackets and Paddles	311	(9)
Sample Learning Tasks for Striking with Rackets and Paddles	311	(9)
Striking with Long-Handled Implements	320	(9)
Sample Learning Tasks for Striking with Long-Handled Implements	320	(9)
Final Words	329	(2)
Strategies for Teaching Games	331	(33)
The Place of Games in the Physical Education Curriculum	333	(1)
Criteria for Selecting Suitable Games for Elementary School Children	333	(5)
Criterion 1: The Game Should Contribute to Motor Skill Development	334	(1)
Criterion 2: The Game Must Be Physically and Emotionally Safe	334	(1)
Criterion 3: The Game Should Not Be Based on Player Elimination	335	(1)
Criterion 4: The Game Should Give Students Frequent Turns to Play	335	(1)
Criterion 5: Structure the Games so Children Feel Challenged	336	(1)
Modifying Games to Make Them Appropriate for Children	336	(1)
An ``Obvious'' Conclusion: Adult Games Are Not Suitable for Children	337	(1)
When Are Elementary School Children Ready to Play Games?	338	(1)
Child-Designed Games	339	(3)
Getting the Game-Design Process Started	339	(1)
Game Focus	340	(1)
The OKs of Child-Designed Games	341	(1)
Getting Organized for Teaching Games	342	(8)
Presenting a Game to Students	343	(7)
Minitournaments	350	(10)
Phase 1: Getting Ready to Play	352	(4)
Phase 2: Practice Competition	356	(3)
Phase 3: Competition Games	359	(1)
Final Words	360	(4)
Strategies for Teaching Rhythmic Movement	364	(30)
The Place of Rhythmic Movement in the Physical Education Curriculum	365	(1)
The Progression Tree for Teaching Rhythmic Movement to Students	366	(2)
Developing Basic Rhythm Skills	368	(6)
Establishing a Four-Count Beat for Children to Follow	368	(1)
Adding an Accent	369	(1)
Actions in Self-Space to Rhythm	370	(1)
Locomotor Movements to a Rhythm	370	(2)
Adding Props	372	(1)
Repeat the Above Steps with Music	373	(1)
Expanding Rhythm Skills	374	(2)
Moving Rhythmically to a Three-Count Beat	374	(1)
Moving to One-Half Counts	374	(1)
Revisiting Expanding Rhythms with Music	375	(1)
Mastering Rhythm Skills	376	(15)
Line Dancing	376	(7)
Tinikling	383	(1)
Folk Dancing	384	(4)
Creating Student-Designed Rhythmic Movement Dances	388	(1)
Rhythmic Dance Scripts	389	(1)
Performing in Front of Others	390	(1)
Final Words	391	(3)
UNIT V PROMOTING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY THROUGHOUT THE SCHOOL DAY	394	(61)
Strategies for Promoting Physical Activity and Fitness	397	(34)
How Do We Define Physical Activity and Fitness?	399	(1)
Physical Activity: How Much Do Children Get and How Much Do They Need?	400	(2)
The Physical Activity Pyramid	401	(1)
Fostering High Activity Levels during the Physical Education Class	402	(3)
Incorporate Instant Activities	403	(1)
Provide Activities for Students Who Are Waiting Their Turn	403	(1)
Intersperse Activity-Oriented Tasks between Skill-Development Tasks	403	(1)
Use Pedometers to Promote Awareness of Activity Levels	404	(1)
Exercise for Students with Special Needs	405	(1)
Project Positive Messages about Physical Activity and Fitness	405	(1)
Stick to Your Physical Education Schedule	405	(1)
Present Physical Education Lessons with Enthusiasm and Praise	406	(1)
Promoting Cardiovascular Fitness	406	(6)
Jump Rope	406	(3)
Running	409	(1)
Games That Promote Cardiovascular Fitness	410	(1)
Cardiovascular Fitness Ideas for Students with Special Needs	411	(1)
Promoting Muscular Strength and Endurance	412	(9)
Developing Arm Strength and Endurance	412	(5)
Developing Leg Strength and Endurance	417	(1)
Developing Abdominal Strength and Endurance	418	(1)
Muscle of the Week	418	(1)
Muscular Strength and Endurance Ideas for Students with Special Needs	419	(2)
Promoting Flexibility Through Stretching	421	(4)
Stretching as the Key to Developing Flexibility	422	(1)
Appropriate and Inappropriate Stretches for Children	422	(2)
Games and Other Activities That Promote Flexibility	424	(1)
Flexibility Ideas for Children with Special Needs	425	(1)
Prompt Children to be Active Out-of-School and during Recess	425	(1)
Fitness Testing and Its Role in Physical Education	425	(4)
The Role of Fitness Testing	426	(1)
Fitness Tests and Health Standards	427	(1)
Administration of Fitness Tests	427	(2)
Final Words	429	(2)
Interdisciplinary Strategies for Physical Education	431	(24)
Levels of Curriculum Integration	433	(1)
Devising Your Own Cross-Disciplinary Topics	434	(1)
Interdisciplinary Examples: Linking Physical Education Content to Other Subjects	434	(11)
Linking Physical Education Content to Math Lessons	436	(2)
Linking Physical Education Content to the Language Arts	438	(3)
Linking Physical Education Content to the Study of Science	441	(1)
Linking Physical Education Content to Social Studies	442	(3)
Applying Classroom Study Topics to Physical Education Lessons	445	(8)
Math Content in a Physical Education Lesson	446	(1)
Language Arts Content in a Physical Education Lesson	447	(2)
Science Content in a Physical Education Lesson	449	(2)
Social Studies Content in a Physical Education Lesson	451	(2)
Final Words	453	(2)
Glossary	455	(3)
Index	458	(9)
Credits	467