Teaching and Learning at a Distance: Foundations of Distance Education

by Simonson, Michael; Smaldino, Sharon E.; Albright, Michael; Zvacek, Susan

• ISBN13: 9780130946294
• ISBN10: 013094629X
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2009-01-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Summary

The second edition of this leading book offers everything readers need to know in order to make the experience of the distance learner as complete and satisfying as that of the local learner. Here is concise, to-the-point coverage of the foundations of the field and how it came to be dominated by the World Wide Web and the Internet. And here is expansive, practical, hands-on instruction in exactly how to do distance teaching through computer technology, videotape, or simple audio techniques. Increased coverage of online learning provides specifics on designing, delivering, and evaluating online learning in every chapter. Moreover, the authors cover such hard-to-address topics as copyright protection and plagiarism; and offer treatment of multiple instructional models suitable for distance education. For distance teachers and learners.

Table of Contents

PART I FOUNDATIONS	1	(116)
Foundations of Distance Education	3	(24)
Chemistry at a Distance? A True Story	4	(1)
Distance Education Today and Tomorrow	5	(3)
What Is Distance Education?	8	(1)
Facts About Distance Education	8	(1)
Media in Education: Earlier Debates	9	(2)
Status of Distance Education	11	(8)
Worldwide Examples	11	(2)
United States	13	(6)
Characteristics of Distance Education: A Vision	19	(3)
Summary	22	(1)
Self-Test Questions	23	(1)
Answers to Self-Test Questions	23	(1)
References	24	(1)
Additional Readings	25	(2)
Definitions, History, and Theories of Distance Education	27	(34)
Defining Distance Education	28	(3)
Emerging Definitions	31	(1)
A Brief History of Distance Education	32	(4)
Correspondence Study	32	(2)
Electronic Communications	34	(1)
Distance Teaching Universities	35	(1)
Theory and Distance Education	36	(13)
The Need for Theory	36	(2)
Theory of Independent Study-Charles Wedemeyer	38	(1)
Theory of Independent Study-Michael Moore	39	(1)
Theory of Industrialization of Teaching-Otto Peters	40	(2)
Theory of Interaction and Communication-Borje Holmberg	42	(2)
Andragogy-Malcolm Knowles	44	(1)
A Synthesis of Existing Theories-Hilary Perraton	45	(1)
Equivalency Theory: An Emerging American Theory of Distance Education	46	(1)
A Theoretical Framework for Distance Education-Desmond Keegan	47	(2)
Fordism, Neo-Fordism, Post-Fordism: A Theoretical Debate	49	(3)
Summary	52	(2)
Self-Test Questions	54	(1)
Answers to Self Test Questions	55	(1)
References	56	(2)
Additional Readings	58	(3)
Research and Distance Education	61	(24)
The Focus of Distance Education Research	62	(1)
Learning Outcomes	62	(2)
Learner Perceptions	64	(3)
Learner Attributes	67	(4)
Interaction	71	(3)
Barriers to Distance Education	74	(1)
Distance Education Technology	75	(2)
Myths Regarding Distance Education Research	77	(2)
Summary	79	(1)
Self-Test Questions	80	(1)
Answers to Self-Test Questions	80	(1)
References	81	(3)
Additional Readings	84	(1)
Distance Education Technologies	85	(32)
A True Story	86	(1)
A Model of Communication	86	(2)
The Cone of Experience	88	(2)
A Taxonomy of Distance Education Technologies	90	(1)
Correspondence Study	90	(4)
Prerecorded Media	92	(1)
Two-Way Audio	92	(1)
Two-Way Audio With Graphics	93	(1)
One-Way Live Video	94	(10)
Two-Way Audio, One-Way Video	95	(1)
Two-Way Audio/Video	96	(3)
An Example: Two-Way Audio/Video in Iowa	99	(2)
Desktop Two-Way Audio/Video	101	(3)
Distance Education Classrooms	104	(9)
Two-Way Video/Audio Classrooms	104	(3)
Classroom Technologies for Online Instruction	107	(6)
Summary	113	(1)
Self-Test Questions	113	(1)
Answers to Self Test Questions	114	(1)
References	114	(1)
Additional Readings	114	(1)
URL for Information About Distance Education Classrooms	115	(2)
PART II APPLICATIONS	117	(182)
Copyright and Distance Education	119	(24)
Copyright Myths	120	(1)
Copyright Essentials	121	(1)
Exclusive Rights of Copyright Holders	122	(1)
Fair Use	123	(1)
Public Performance and Display	124	(1)
Duration of Copyright	124	(1)
Public Domain	125	(1)
Guidelines	126	(1)
Recent Copyright-Related Legislation	127	(4)
Digital Millennium Copyright Act	127	(3)
Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act (UCITA)	130	(1)
Copyright Applications in Distance Education	131	(4)
Printed Materials	131	(1)
Audiovisual Materials	132	(2)
Computer-Based Distance Education	134	(1)
Obtaining Permission	135	(2)
Intellectual Property Rights	137	(1)
Summary	138	(1)
Self-Test Questions	138	(1)
Answers to Self-Test Questions	139	(1)
References	139	(1)
Additional Readings	140	(1)
Sources of Information	140	(3)
Instructional Design for Distance Education	143	(22)
``Signal Fires''?	144	(1)
Why Plan for Teaching at a Distance?	144	(1)
Principles of Instructional Design Systems	145	(2)
Systematic Process	145	(1)
Planning for Instruction at a Distance	146	(1)
Issues to Address in the Planning Process	147	(10)
Who Are the Learners?	147	(3)
What Is the Essential Content?	150	(1)
What Teaching Strategies and Media Should Be Used?	151	(3)
What Is the Learning Environment?	154	(1)
Planning to Teach on the World Wide Web	155	(1)
How Do You Determine the Quality of the Instruction?	156	(1)
Other Issues to Be Considered	157	(1)
Student Handouts	157	(1)
Distribution of Materials	157	(1)
Site Coordinators and Facilitators	158	(1)
Models for Designing World Wide Web Courses	158	(5)
Summary	163	(1)
Self-Test Questions	163	(1)
Answers to Self Test Questions	163	(1)
References	164	(1)
The Distance Education Student	165	(24)
An Emphasis on the Student	166	(3)
Attitude	167	(1)
Experience	168	(1)
Cognition	168	(1)
Learning Styles	168	(1)
Learner Responsibilities	169	(4)
Microphones and Other Equipment	170	(1)
Attendance and Class Participation	171	(1)
Tone of Responses	172	(1)
Time for Class	172	(1)
Equipment Requirements	173	(1)
Technical Know-How	173	(1)
Technical Difficulties	173	(1)
Assignments	173	(1)
Sixty Frequently Asked Student Questions About Distance Education	173	(13)
Summary	186	(1)
Self-Test Questions	186	(1)
Answers to Self-Test Questions	186	(1)
References	187	(2)
Teaching at a Distance	189	(20)
Aspects of Distance Education	190	(1)
Role of the Teacher	190	(8)
Lesson Organization	190	(1)
Instructional Methods	191	(1)
Teaching at a Distance	191	(7)
Policy Issues Related to Distance Education	198	(6)
Importance of Policy	198	(1)
Policy Categories	199	(5)
Summary	204	(1)
Self-Test Questions	205	(1)
Answers to Self-Test Questions	206	(1)
References	206	(2)
Additional Readings	208	(1)
Handouts, Study Guides, and Visuals	209	(22)
Printed Media	210	(1)
Distance Education Syllabus	210	(1)
The Interactive Study Guide	211	(3)
Graphic Design Principles	214	(7)
Elements of Design	216	(1)
Principles of Design	217	(4)
Word Pictures	221	(3)
Visual Analogies	224	(3)
Summary	227	(1)
Self-Test Questions	227	(1)
Answers to Self-Test Questions	228	(2)
References	230	(1)
Additional Readings	230	(1)
Distance Education, the World Wide Web, and the Internet	231	(32)
The Implications of the Internet for Education and Training	232	(4)
The Internet and K-12 Education	232	(1)
Higher Education	233	(1)
Training and Development	234	(2)
What Is the Internet?	236	(4)
Internet Management	236	(1)
Evolution of the Internet and Its Services	237	(2)
Structure of the Internet	239	(1)
Further Internet Discussion	240	(1)
Overview of Web/Internet-Based Distance Education	240	(3)
Clarification of Terminology	241	(2)
Advantages of Internet-Based Courses	243	(5)
Limitations of Internet-Based Courses	244	(1)
Components of Web/Internet-Based Courses	244	(4)
Internet Communication Tools	248	(3)
Computer Conferencing (Non-Web)	248	(3)
Computer Conferencing (Web)	251	(1)
Teaching With the World Wide Web	251	(6)
The Web as a Learning Resource	251	(2)
The Web as a Course Delivery Vehicle	253	(4)
Summary: Thoughts on the Future of Online Learning	257	(1)
Self-Test Questions	257	(1)
Answers to Self Test Questions	258	(1)
References	259	(2)
Sources of Information About the Internet	261	(2)
Assessment for Distance Education	263	(22)
Assessing Learning Gains	264	(1)
What Is Assessment?	264	(4)
Assessment and Evaluation	265	(1)
Assessment and Instructional Design	266	(1)
Characteristics of Good Assessments	266	(2)
Norm-Referenced and Criterion-Referenced Scoring	268	(1)
Traditional Assessment Tools	268	(4)
Using Traditional Assessments in Nontraditional Environments	271	(1)
Alternative Assessment	272	(5)
Advantages and Disadvantages of Alternative Assessment	275	(2)
Assessment and Distance Education	277	(3)
Cheating and Plagiarism	280	(1)
Summary	281	(1)
Self-Test Questions	282	(1)
Answers to Self-Test Questions	283	(1)
References	283	(2)
Evaluating Teaching and Learning at a Distance	285	(14)
Research and Evaluation	286	(1)
Evaluation and the Open University	286	(2)
The AEIOU Approach	288	(4)
Program Evaluation: Examples	292	(3)
South Dakota	292	(1)
Iowa	293	(2)
Summary	295	(1)
Self-Test Questions	295	(1)
Answers to Self-Test Questions	296	(1)
References	296	(1)
Additional Readings	297	(2)
Index	299