Teaching and Learning at a Distance : Foundations of Distance Education

by Simonson, Michael; Smaldino, Sharon E.; Albright, Michael; Zvacek, Susan

• ISBN13: 9780131196308
• ISBN10: 0131196308
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-01-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Summary

This book provides a research-based exploration of distance education which covers both foundations and applications.The third edition of Teaching and Learning at a Distance: Foundations of Distance Education now emphasizes the importance of Internet-based instruction in providing you with the basics you need to become a knowledgeable distance educator, including theory and research that inform distance learning, practical skills and knowledge needed to function immediately in a distance learning environment, and managerial and administrative issues that arise in the distance learning environment.Inservice Teachers and Instructional Designers/Trainers.

Table of Contents

PART I FOUNDATIONS	1	(118)
Foundations of Distance Education	3	(28)
Chemistry at a Distance? A True Story	4	(1)
Distance Education Today and Tomorrow	5	(2)
The Effectiveness of Distance Education--In Case You Wonder	7	(3)
What Is Distance Education?	10	(1)
Facts About Distance Education	10	(1)
Media in Education: Earlier Debates	11	(2)
Status of Distance Education	13	(5)
Worldwide Examples	13	(2)
United States	15	(3)
Telemedicine	18	(4)
Background	19	(1)
Applications	20	(1)
Impediments to Telemedicine	20	(2)
Characteristics of Distance Education: Two Visions	22	(4)
The First Scenario---Distance Education in Schools	22	(2)
The Second Scenario---Distance Education in the Corporation	24	(2)
Summary	26	(1)
Self-Test Questions	27	(1)
Answers to Self-Test Questions	27	(1)
References	28	(1)
Additional Readings	29	(2)
Definitions, History, and Theories of Distance Education	31	(32)
Defining Distance Education	32	(3)
Emerging Definitions	35	(1)
A Brief History of Distance Education	35	(5)
Correspondence Study	36	(1)
Electronic Communications	37	(2)
Distance Teaching Universities	39	(1)
Theory and Distance Education	40	(16)
The Need for Theory	40	(1)
Theory of Independent Study---Charles Wedemeyer	41	(1)
Theory of Independent Study---Michael Moore	42	(1)
Theory of Industrialization of Teaching---Otto Peters	43	(3)
Theory of Interaction and Communication---Borje Holmberg	46	(2)
Andragogy---Malcolm Knowles	48	(1)
A Synthesis of Existing Theories---Hilary Perraton	49	(1)
Equivalency Theory: An Emerging American Theory of Distance Education	50	(1)
A Theoretical Framework for Distance Education---Desmond Keegan	51	(1)
Fordism, Neo-Fordism, Post-Fordism: A Theoretical Debate	52	(4)
Summary	56	(2)
Self-Test Questions	58	(1)
Answers to Self-Test Questions	58	(2)
References	60	(1)
Additional Readings	61	(2)
Research and Distance Education	63	(24)
The Focus of Distance Education Research	64	(1)
Learning Outcomes	64	(3)
Learner Perceptions	67	(2)
Learner Attributes	69	(4)
Interaction	73	(3)
Barriers to Distance Education	76	(1)
Distance Education Technology	77	(2)
Myths Regarding Distance Education Research	79	(2)
Summary	81	(1)
Self-Test Questions	82	(1)
Answers to Self-Test Questions	82	(1)
References	83	(2)
Additional Readings	85	(2)
Technologies for Distance Education	87	(32)
A True Story	88	(1)
A Model of Communication	88	(2)
The Cone of Experience	90	(2)
A Taxonomy of Distance Education Technologies	92	(16)
Correspondence Study	92	(2)
Prerecorded Media	94	(1)
Two-Way Audio	95	(1)
Two-Way Audio with Graphics	96	(1)
One-Way Live Video	96	(1)
Two-Way Audio, One-Way Video	97	(2)
Two-Way Audio/Video	99	(4)
An Example: Two-Way Audio/Video in Iowa	103	(2)
Desktop Two-Way Audio/Video	105	(3)
Distance Education Classrooms	108	(7)
Two-Way Video/Audio Classrooms	108	(2)
Classroom Technologies for Online Instruction	110	(5)
Summary	115	(1)
Self-Test Questions	115	(1)
Answers to Self-Test Questions	116	(1)
References	117	(1)
Additional Readings	117	(1)
Additional Web Sites Referenced in This Chapter	117	(2)
PART II TEACHING AND LEARNING AT A DISTANCE	119	(172)
Instructional Design for Distance Education	121	(34)
``Signal Fires''?	122	(1)
Why Plan for Teaching at a Distance?	122	(1)
Principles of Instructional Design Systems	123	(2)
Systematic Process	123	(1)
Planning for Instruction at a Distance	124	(1)
Issues to Address in the Planning Process	125	(10)
Who Are the Learners?	125	(3)
What Is the Essential Content?	128	(1)
What Teaching Strategies and Media Should Be Used?	129	(2)
What Is the Learning Environment?	131	(2)
Planning to Teach on the World Wide Web	133	(1)
How Do You Determine the Quality of the Instruction?	134	(1)
Other Issues to Be Considered	135	(1)
Student Handouts	135	(1)
Distribution of Materials	135	(1)
Site Coordinators and Facilitators	135	(1)
Models for Designing World Wide Web Courses	136	(4)
Best Practices in Course Design for Distance Education	140	(9)
Recommendations for Distance Delivered Instruction---The Unit-Module-Topic Model	149	(3)
Organizational Guidelines	149	(1)
Assessment Guidelines	150	(1)
Content Guidelines	151	(1)
Instruction/Teaching Guidelines	152	(1)
Summary	152	(1)
Self-Test Questions	152	(1)
Answers to Self-Test Questions	153	(1)
References	153	(2)
The Student and Distance Education	155	(28)
An Emphasis on the Student	156	(2)
Traits of the Distant Learner	158	(1)
Adult Learners	158	(1)
P12 Learners	158	(1)
Attitude Factors	159	(1)
Classroom Culture	159	(1)
Etiquette	159	(1)
Experience Issues	160	(1)
Learning Experiences	160	(1)
Distance Learning Experiences	161	(1)
Elements for Success	161	(2)
General Ability	161	(1)
Prior Knowledge	162	(1)
Learning Styles	162	(1)
Learner Responsibilities	163	(6)
Television-and Audio-Based Settings	164	(1)
Online Settings	165	(1)
Time for Class	165	(1)
Attendance and Class Participation	166	(1)
Completing Assignments	167	(1)
Equipment Requirements and Use	168	(1)
Sixty Frequently Asked Student Questions About Distance Education	169	(11)
Summary	180	(1)
Self-Test Questions	181	(1)
Answers to Self-Test Questions	181	(1)
References	181	(2)
Teaching and Distance Education	183	(20)
Quality Instruction at a Distance: Coal Slurry Ponds	184	(1)
Teaching the Distant Learner	184	(8)
Aspects of Instruction	185	(1)
Instructional Methods	186	(1)
Structuring the Course	187	(5)
Policy Issues Related to Teaching at a Distance	192	(8)
Academic	192	(1)
Intellectual Freedom and Ownership/Property Rights	193	(1)
Course Integrity	193	(1)
Student Support	194	(2)
Institutional	196	(1)
Legal Issues	197	(1)
Technical Policies	197	(1)
Sample Policies	198	(2)
Summary	200	(1)
Self-Test Questions	201	(1)
Answers to Self-Test Questions	201	(1)
References	202	(1)
Handouts, Study Guides, and Visuals	203	(22)
Printed Media	204	(1)
Distance Education Syllabus	204	(1)
The Interactive Study Guide	205	(3)
Graphic Design Principles	208	(7)
Elements of Design	210	(1)
Principles of Design	211	(4)
Word Pictures	215	(3)
Visual Analogies	218	(3)
Summary	221	(1)
Self-Test Questions	222	(1)
Answers to Self-Test Questions	223	(1)
References	224	(1)
Additional Readings	224	(1)
Internet-Based Distance Education	225	(36)
The Evolution of Distance Education	226	(1)
What Is the Internet, and Why Does It Matter?	226	(4)
Architecture of the Internet	227	(1)
Are the Terms ``Internet'' and ``World Wide Web'' Interchangeable?	228	(1)
Growth of the Internet	229	(1)
Foundations of Internet-Based Distance Education	230	(6)
Student-Centered Learning	230	(1)
Distance Learning versus Distributed Learning	231	(1)
E-Learning	232	(1)
Advantages and Limitations of Online Learning	233	(1)
Characteristics of Successful Online Students and Teachers	234	(2)
Technologies of Internet-Based Distance Education	236	(12)
Synchronous Technologies	237	(3)
Asynchronous Technologies	240	(4)
Other Tools for Enhancing Internet-Based Distance Education	244	(2)
Selection Criteria for a Course Management System	246	(2)
Pedagogies of Internet-Based Distance Education	248	(4)
E-Learning Adoption Cycles	248	(1)
Fundamentals of Teaching Online	249	(3)
Future of Internet-Based Distance Education	252	(5)
Growth of Virtual Schools and Universities	253	(1)
Advances in High-Speed Networking	254	(1)
Development of Standards and Learning Objects	255	(2)
Potential Impact of Open Source	257	(1)
Summary	257	(1)
Self-Test Questions	258	(1)
Answers to Self-Test Questions	258	(1)
References	259	(2)
Assessment for Distance Education	261	(30)
Assessing Learning Gains	262	(1)
Purposes for Assessment	262	(2)
Assessment and Evaluation	264	(1)
Assessment and Instructional Design	264	(2)
Assessments and Grading	266	(1)
Characteristics of Useful Assessments	266	(2)
Objective and Subjective Assessment Measures	268	(3)
Assessment Strategies	271	(6)
Online Quizzes and Tests	271	(1)
Asynchronous Communication	272	(1)
Real-Time Communication	272	(1)
Portfolios	273	(1)
Papers and Essays	274	(1)
Presentations	274	(1)
Problem-Based Activities	275	(1)
Journal Writing	275	(1)
Concept Maps	276	(1)
Simulations and Games	276	(1)
Implementation Strategies	277	(4)
Ongoing and Nongraded Assessment Measures	277	(1)
Balancing Flexibility and Structure	278	(1)
Using Scoring Rubrics	278	(2)
Facilitating Student Collaboration	280	(1)
Technical Difficulties	281	(1)
Selecting Appropriate Assessment Measures	281	(1)
Academic Misconduct	282	(3)
Plagiarism	282	(1)
Cheating	283	(1)
Deterring Academic Misconduct	284	(1)
What's Ahead for Assessment?	285	(2)
Evidence-Centered Design	285	(1)
Automated Essay Scoring	286	(1)
Accessibility	286	(1)
Improved Collaborative Tools	287	(1)
Summary	287	(1)
Self-Test Questions	288	(1)
Answers to Self-Test Questions	288	(1)
References	289	(2)
PART III MANAGING AND EVALUATING DISTANCE EDUCATION	291	(62)
Copyright and Distance Education	293	(24)
Copyright Myths	294	(1)
Copyright Essentials	295	(5)
Exclusive Rights of Copyright Holders	296	(1)
Fair Use	296	(1)
Public Performance and Display	297	(1)
Duration of Copyright	298	(2)
Public Domain	300	(1)
Guidelines	300	(2)
Recent Copyright-Related Legislation	302	(3)
Digital Millennium Copyright Act	302	(2)
Technology, Education, and Copyright Harmonization (TEACH) Act	304	(1)
Copyright Applications in Distance Education	305	(6)
Printed Materials	306	(1)
Video	307	(1)
Photographs and Digital Images	308	(1)
Multimedia	309	(1)
Electronic Mail and Other Internet Resources	309	(2)
Obtaining Permission	311	(1)
Intellectual Property Rights	311	(2)
Summary	313	(1)
Self-Test Questions	313	(1)
Answers to Self-Test Questions	314	(1)
References	314	(1)
Additional Web Sites Referenced in This Chapter	315	(2)
Managing and Leading a Distance Education Organization	317	(22)
The Distance Learning Leader	318	(1)
Functions and Roles of a Distance Education Administrator	318	(5)
Regulatory Subsystem	319	(1)
Course Subsystem	319	(1)
Student Subsystem	320	(1)
Logistical Subsystem	321	(2)
Current Issues in the Administration of Distance Education	323	(11)
Distance Education Policy	323	(1)
Regulation of Distance Education	323	(5)
Access and the Digital Divide	328	(1)
Accessibility for the Disabled	328	(1)
Intellectual Property Rights	329	(3)
Other Faculty Issues	332	(1)
The Costs of Distance Education	333	(1)
Summary	334	(1)
Self-Test Questions	334	(1)
Answers to Self-Test Questions	335	(1)
References	335	(2)
Additional Web Sites Referenced in This Chapter	337	(2)
Evaluating Teaching and Learning at a Distance	339	(14)
Research and Evaluation	340	(1)
Evaluation and the Open University	340	(2)
The AEIOU Approach	342	(4)
Program Evaluation: Examples	346	(3)
South Dakota	346	(1)
Iowa	347	(2)
Student Evaluation of Distance Education Courses	349	(1)
Summary	350	(1)
Self-Test Questions	351	(1)
Answers to Self-Test Questions	351	(1)
References	351	(1)
Additional Reading	352	(1)
Index	353