Teaching Science in Elementary & Middle School

by Buxton, Cory A.; Provenzo, Eugene F.

• ISBN13: 9781412924979
• ISBN10: 1412924979
• Edition: CD
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2007-02-26
• Publisher: Sage Pubns

Summary

Grounded in a social and historical context, this unique book encourages readers to think like scientists'¦Teaching Science in Elementary and Middle School: A Cognitive and Cultural Approach offers pre-service and in-service elementary and middle school teachers of science practical strategies for the classroom as well as a better understanding of the role of science in our day-to-day lives and culture.Key Features Prepares teachers with 100 key experiments that teach core, standards-based science concepts within a methods instruction model Provides an introduction to the historical, social, cultural, and linguistic construction of science in American culture-in particular, how it functions as a human endeavor Emphasizes the idea that science is connected to the world around us through reflection case studies Stresses the development of the basic principles underlying scientific methods of thought and inquiry Integrates standards in other content areas through 'œTheory Into Practice' boxes. Accompanied by High-Quality Ancillaries! Instructor's Resources CD: Available by contacting SAGE, this CD offers PowerPoint lecture slides, a teaching guide for the science standards-based lesson plan project, video clips of select experiments, Theory Into Practice resources, Reflections on Science assignments, Web resources, and a test bank. Student Resource CD: Bound into the back of the text, this CD provides students with video clips to illustrate select experiments from the text, as well as other key science concepts. A guide accompanies the video clips to assist student learning. Web-Based Student Study Site, http://www.sagepub.com/buxtonstudy: This site provides a variety of additional resources that will enhance students' understanding of the book content and take their learning one step further.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xx
Creating the Context for Science Education	p. 1
The Nature of Science	p. 5
What Is Science?	p. 6
Nature of Science Cards	p. 11
What Science Is Not	p. 13
How Science Is Done	p. 16
Hidden Shapes	p. 19
Patterns That Connect	p. 20
Qualities of Scientific Inquiry	p. 23
Replicability	p. 23
Control of Variables	p. 24
Systematicity	p. 24
Communication	p. 24
Creativity	p. 25
Informed Skepticism	p. 26
Combining the Qualities of Scientific Inquiry to Address Scientific Questions	p. 27
The Hypothesis Box	p. 29
Paradigms and Paradigm Shifts in the Nature of Science	p. 31
Summary	p. 34
Student Study Site	p. 34
Reflections on Science	p. 34
Internet Connections: Nature of Science Resources	p. 35
References	p. 35
Science Education in Social Context	p. 37
The Historical Role of Science Education in Our Society	p. 38
What Would Life Be Like Without Certain Inventions?	p. 48
Science Education Within Broader Educational Reforms	p. 49
Sputnik and Education	p. 49
Education Reform and You	p. 52
The Contemporary Role of Science Education in Our Society and the Current Wave of Science Education Reform	p. 52
Definitions of Scientific Literacy	p. 56
Learning to Speak the Language of Science	p. 58
Metaphors in Science	p. 60
Ethics in Science and the Concept of Human Progress	p. 61
Ethics and the Humane Treatment of Experimental Animals	p. 63
Summary	p. 64
Student Study Site	p. 64
Reflections on Science	p. 65
Internet Connections: Science Museums on the Internet	p. 65
References	p. 66
Toward a Philosophy of Hands-On Inquiry-Based Science Education	p. 69
Piagetian Constructivism and Learning Through Rediscovery	p. 70
Helping Students Make Meaning of Experience	p. 74
Designing Experiments and Learning Through Project-Based Science	p. 75
Learning by Design	p. 79
Sociocultural Theory and Learning Through Legitimate Peripheral Participation	p. 80
Learning Theories Textbook Review	p. 83
Summary	p. 84
Student Study Site	p. 84
Reflections on Science	p. 84
Internet Connections: Design-Based Learning	p. 85
References	p. 85
Diverse Learners in the Science Classroom	p. 87
History of Diverse Learners in the Science Classroom	p. 88
Draw a Scientist	p. 98
Current Science Education Reforms and Their Impact on Diverse Learners	p. 99
Science for All Americans: Setting the Agenda	p. 99
National Science Education Standards: Reform Into Practice	p. 100
Mapping the Increasing Diversity in American Classrooms	p. 102
Strategies for Working With Diverse Learners in the Science Classroom	p. 102
Strategies for Working With Girls in the Science Classroom	p. 102
Two-Column Girls and Scientists Activity	p. 104
Strategies for Working With Students From Diverse Racial, Ethnic, and Cultural Backgrounds in the Science Classroom	p. 104
Strategies for Working With Children From Low-Socioeconomic Backgrounds in the Science Classroom	p. 107
Strategies for Working With Students With Disabilities in the Science Classroom	p. 108
Modifying Lab Activities	p. 110
Strategies for Working With English Language Learners in the Science Classroom	p. 110
Sheltered Second-Language Activity	p. 112
Gifted and Talented Students in the Science Classroom	p. 112
Debating the "Fairness" of Gifted Education	p. 115
Summary	p. 116
Student Study Site	p. 116
Reflections on Science	p. 117
Internet Connections: Science for Diverse Learners	p. 117
References	p. 118
Observing as a Scientist and as a Science Teacher	p. 121
Scientific Observation	p. 122
Observation Experiment: Watching a Traffic Pattern	p. 123
Observation in the Classroom	p. 124
From Observation to Assessment of Science Learning	p. 126
Field Experiences, Peer Teaching, and Other Opportunities to Practice the Craft of Science Teaching	p. 128
Observational Forms	p. 129
Science Lesson Observation Form	p. 130
Observing in a Science Museum or Other Non-School Setting	p. 132
Interviewing a Teacher After Observing a Science Lesson	p. 134
Beyond Observation: Other Science Process Skills	p. 136
Creating a Science Educator's Portfolio	p. 137
Portfolio Content and Structure	p. 138
Looking at Electronic Portfolios	p. 140
Summary	p. 141
Student Study Site	p. 141
Reflections on Science	p. 141
Internet Connections: Scientific Observation	p. 142
Teaching and Learning the Science Disciplines	p. 143
Understanding and Teaching Earth and Space Sciences	p. 149
The Place of Earth and Space Science in Science Education	p. 150
Measuring and Estimating in Earth and Space Science	p. 152
Estimating Large Numbers of Objects	p. 152
Estimating the Number of Books in Your School Library	p. 153
Determining Direction Using a Compass	p. 152
Orienteering	p. 154
Measuring Deep Time: How Old Is the Earth?	p. 155
Geologic Time on a Football Field	p. 156
The Cosmos: The Sun, Planets, Solar System, Stars, and Beyond	p. 155
Scale of the Solar System	p. 155
Solar System Model	p. 158
The Expanding Universe	p. 155
Expanding Universe Model	p. 159
Star Power	p. 157
Hot Enough to Fry an Egg	p. 162
Astronomy: Observing the Heavens From Earth in the Past and Present	p. 161
Phases of the Moon	p. 161
Modeling Phases of the Moon	p. 163
Changes in the Seasons	p. 161
The Changing Seasons	p. 165
Exploring Shadows	p. 167
Changing Lengths of Shadows	p. 168
Restless Earth: Earth's Composition, Layers, Movements, and Impacts in Surface Features	p. 167
Convection Currents: Heat Within the Earth	p. 167
Convection Currents	p. 169
Plate Tectonics	p. 170
Mountain Building With Towels	p. 170
Earthquake Simulation	p. 171
Earthquake-Resistant Structures	p. 172
Rocks and Minerals: Formation, Identification, and Human Use of Common Rocks and Minerals	p. 173
Growing Crystals	p. 173
Crystals in Your Kitchen	p. 174
Mineral Identification Strategies	p. 175
Identifying Minerals	p. 176
What's in Soil?	p. 175
Determining Soil Type	p. 178
Earth Cycles: Many Processes on Earth Operate in Cycles	p. 175
Water Cycle	p. 175
Building an Aquifer Model	p. 180
Rock Cycle	p. 177
Edible Rock Cycle	p. 181
Atmospheric Cycle	p. 182
Cloud in a Bottle	p. 183
Weather and Climate: Weather Patterns, Climate Zones, and Climatic Change Over Time	p. 182
Tracking Rainfall	p. 184
Tracking Rainfall	p. 186
Measuring Wind	p. 185
Making an Anemometer	p. 187
Rainforest Terrarium	p. 185
Rainforest Terrarium	p. 190
Atmosphere: Atmospheric Movement, Layers, Pressure and Cloud Formation, Smog and Pollution	p. 189
Why Are Clouds White?	p. 189
Why Are Clouds White?	p. 192
Why Is the Sky Blue?	p. 191
Why Is the Sky Blue?	p. 193
Making Smog	p. 191
Smog in a Can	p. 194
Water and Oceans: Fresh Water/Salt Water Distribution, Interactions, and Contamination	p. 195
How Salty Is the Ocean?	p. 195
How Salty Is Too Salty?	p. 197
Probing the Ocean Floor	p. 196
Mapping the Ocean Floor	p. 198
Oil Spill Clean-Up Activity	p. 196
Oil Spill Clean-Up	p. 199
Student Study Site	p. 201
Reflections on Science	p. 201
Internet Connections: Earth and Space Science	p. 202
Understanding and Teaching Biology	p. 203
The Place of Biology in Science Education	p. 204
Measurement in Biology	p. 205
Measuring Peak Flow Rate of Breathing	p. 205
Measuring Peak Flow Rate	p. 206
Estimating Lengths of Very Small Objects	p. 205
Estimating Lengths of Very Small Objects	p. 207
Measuring Population Change	p. 208
Measuring Population Change	p. 208
Classification	p. 209
Classifying Using All of Your Senses	p. 209
Observation in the Bag	p. 212
Classification Systems	p. 209
Developing a System of Classification	p. 213
The Linnaean System of Classification	p. 209
Classifying Different Animals	p. 214
Plants	p. 211
Seed Germination	p. 215
Seed Germination	p. 216
Plant Cells	p. 215
Making a Plant Cell Model	p. 217
Variables in Plant Growth	p. 219
The Effect of Acid Rain on Plant Growth	p. 219
Animals	p. 221
Dissecting Owl Pellets	p. 221
Owl Pellet Dissection	p. 222
Animal Cells	p. 221
Making an Animal Cell Model	p. 223
Bird Census and Journal on Animal Behavior	p. 221
Conducting a Bird Census	p. 225
Neither Plant nor Animal: Protista, Monera, Viruses, Bacteria, Fungi	p. 224
Microscope Studies of Pond Water	p. 226
Exploring Pond Water	p. 227
The Action of Yeast in Dough	p. 226
The Power of Yeast	p. 228
Looking for Helpful Bacteria in Our Food	p. 226
Making Yogurt	p. 229
Ladder of Life: The Building Blocks of Organisms	p. 226
Cell Packing	p. 226
Cell Packing	p. 231
Photosynthesis-Transpiration Interactions	p. 232
Photosynthesis and Transpiration	p. 233
Cells as Natural Forms	p. 232
Minimal Surfaces in Natural and Biological Forms	p. 235
Code of Life: All Life Is Based on the Same Genetic Code	p. 232
Modeling the DNA Double Helix	p. 234
Making a Model of the DNA Double Helix	p. 236
DNA "Fingerprints" for Solving Mysteries	p. 237
Black Marker "Fingerprints"	p. 238
Genetic Defects	p. 237
Hearing Loss Simulation	p. 240
Evolution: Natural Selection and Evidence for Species Evolution	p. 237
Bird Beak Models	p. 239
Bird Beak Models	p. 241
Stereoscopic Vision	p. 242
Experimenting With Stereoscopic Vision	p. 244
Evolutionary Adaptations to Fill Ecological Niches	p. 242
Design-an-Organism	p. 245
Biomes and Ecosystems: Interactions Between Plants, Animals, and the Non-Living World	p. 243
What Is a Biome?	p. 243
Tracing Food Webs	p. 246
Tracing Food Webs	p. 247
Measuring the Greenhouse Effect	p. 246
Greenhouse Effect Model	p. 248
Unintended Consequences	p. 246
Unintended Consequences	p. 250
The Human Body and Human Health	p. 249
Tracking Food Choices	p. 249
You Are What You Eat	p. 251
Creating a Model of the Human Arm	p. 253
Modeling the Human Arm	p. 252
Spreading Infectious Illnesses	p. 255
Spreading Infectious Disease	p. 254
Student Study Site	p. 256
Reflections on Science	p. 256
Internet Connections: Biology	p. 256
References	p. 257
Understanding and Teaching Chemistry	p. 259
The Place of Chemistry in Science Education	p. 260
Measurement in Chemistry	p. 262
Estimating Volume	p. 262
Estimating Volume	p. 263
Measuring Temperature Using a Thermometer	p. 264
Making a Thermometer	p. 265
Counting Particles: Understanding Parts per Thousand	p. 264
Serial Dilution of Colored Liquid	p. 267
Atoms, Elements, and Molecules	p. 266
Building Simple Molecules	p. 268
Marshmallow Molecule Models	p. 270
Physical Properties of Molecules	p. 268
Evaporating Molecules	p. 271
Elements You Eat	p. 268
Elements You Eat	p. 272
Matter	p. 268
The States of Matter and the Organization of Matter: Physical and Chemical Changes	p. 268
Hot Air Rises	p. 273
Hot Air Rises	p. 274
Densities of Liquids	p. 273
Densities of Liquids	p. 275
Making Salt Crystals	p. 276
Making Salt Crystals	p. 277
Bonding	p. 276
Floating a Needle on Water	p. 278
Separating Mixtures	p. 276
Separating Mixtures	p. 279
Making Water "Wetter" With Soap	p. 280
Comparing Soaps	p. 281
Temperature	p. 280
Evaporation: Effects on Temperature	p. 280
Evaporation of Alcohol and Water	p. 282
Hot and Cold Water Interactions	p. 283
Hot and Cold Water Mixtures	p. 284
Making Ice Cream	p. 283
Making Ice Cream	p. 285
Pressure	p. 283
Burning Candles: A Temperature/Pressure Relationship	p. 286
Burning Candles	p. 286
Creating a Vacuum	p. 286
Creating a Simple Vacuum	p. 288
How Air Pressure Changes With Depth	p. 289
Cartesian Diver	p. 290
Fuels	p. 289
Measuring the Energy in Batteries	p. 289
Building a Voltaic Pile	p. 292
Harnessing Solar Energy	p. 291
Making a Solar Water Heater	p. 293
Energy in Fossil Fuels	p. 294
Peanut Power	p. 295
Student Study Site	p. 296
Reflections on Science	p. 296
Internet Connections: Chemistry	p. 296
References	p. 297
Understanding and Teaching Physics	p. 299
The Place of Physics in Science Education	p. 300
Measurement in Physics	p. 304
Standards for Measuring Length	p. 305
Using a Balance to Measure Mass	p. 308
Using a Stopwatch to Measure Time	p. 308
Using Standard and Nonstandard Units of Length	p. 307
Determining Relative and Absolute Weights Using a Pan Balance	p. 309
Using a Stopwatch to Measure Time	p. 311
Force: Gravity, Velocity, Acceleration, Newton's Laws	p. 310
Inertia	p. 312
Flipping a Card off Your Finger While Leaving a Quarter in Place	p. 312
Centrifugal Force	p. 313
Swinging a Bucket of Water in a Circle Without Getting Wet	p. 314
Air Flow: Creating Lift	p. 313
Demonstrating "Lift" with a Ping-Pong Ball and Straw	p. 316
Forms of Energy	p. 315
Trading Potential and Kinetic Energy With Superballs	p. 317
Bouncing Superballs	p. 318
Modeling Nuclear Decay and Half-Life	p. 317
Modeling Nuclear Half-Life	p. 319
Static Electricity	p. 317
Creating an Electroscope to Detect Static Electricity	p. 320
Simple Machines	p. 321
Pulleys	p. 321
Experimenting With Pulleys	p. 322
Ramps	p. 321
Experimenting With Ramps	p. 323
Levers	p. 324
Experimenting With Levers	p. 325
Sound	p. 324
Sound Conduction	p. 326
Demonstrating the Conduction of Sound	p. 327
Harmonics	p. 326
Experimenting With Harmonic Sound	p. 328
Resonance	p. 326
Experimenting With Resonance	p. 329
Light and Color	p. 326
Persistence of Vision	p. 330
Making a Thaumatrope	p. 331
Color Blending	p. 330
Color Blendmg	p. 332
Bending Light	p. 330
Bending Light	p. 333
Electricity and Magnetism	p. 330
Magnetic Fields	p. 334
Observing Magnetic Fields	p. 335
Electrical Circuits	p. 334
Making a Simple Circuit	p. 336
Electromagnets	p. 334
Making an Electromagnet	p. 337
Student Study Site	p. 339
Reflections on Science	p. 339
Design Your Own Experiment	p. 338
Internet Connections: Physics	p. 339
References	p. 340
Making the Transition From Preservice Teacher to Inservice Teacher	p. 341
Teacher Professional Development: Growing as a Teacher of Science	p. 341
History of Teacher Professional Development	p. 343
The Current State of Teacher Professional Development	p. 345
Recertification Requirements Across States	p. 347
Action Research: From Research "On" to Research "With"	p. 347
Japanese Lesson Study	p. 349
The TIMMS Video Project	p. 351
Video Study Groups	p. 351
Parental Involvement and Parental Engagement	p. 352
Parent Interview	p. 354
Professional Organizations: NSTA	p. 355
Advanced Study	p. 357
National Board Certification	p. 357
Interviewing an NBCT in Your School District	p. 358
Applying for Grants	p. 359
If I Had $500...	p. 361
Student Study Site	p. 362
Reflections on Science	p. 362
References	p. 362
The National Science Education Standards for Science Content	p. 363
Glossary	p. 365
Index	p. 373
About the Authors	p. 395
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