Teaching Special Students In General Education Classrooms

by Lewis, Rena B.; Doorlag, Donald H.

• ISBN13: 9780131486355
• ISBN10: 0131486357
• Edition: 7th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-01-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Summary

The seventh edition of Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms improves upon its success by meaningfully integrating technology throughout the book.This successful and comprehensive methods-based book examines how to teach all students with varying abilities in the same classroom. More examples, strategies, and applications showing general education students how to accommodate, adapt and modify instruction have been included in this edition. The reauthorization of IDEA has been included, showing why this law is important and how it impacts educators and professionals.New K-12 Special Education and General Education Teachers.

Table of Contents

PART I Introduction
Success for All Students in the General Education Classroom	2	(22)
Inclusion in Today's Classrooms	4	(1)
Students with Special Needs	5	(2)
Historical Perspectives and Current Practices	7	(3)
The Past	8	(2)
The Present	10	(1)
Benefits of Including Special Students	10	(1)
The Role of Special Education	11	(3)
Current Issues and Trends	14	(6)
General Education Teachers and Special Students	20	(2)
Activities	22	(2)
Collaboration and the Team Approach	24	(32)
Teams Serving Students with Special Needs	27	(3)
Roles of Team Members	30	(4)
Building Principals	30	(1)
Special Education Administrators	31	(1)
General Education Teachers	31	(1)
Special Educators	32	(1)
Parents and Students	32	(1)
School Psychologists	32	(1)
School Social Workers	33	(1)
School Counselors	33	(1)
School Nurses	33	(1)
Other Team Members	33	(1)
Collaboration in the Identification and Prereferral Stages	34	(5)
Identification	34	(1)
Prereferral Interventions	35	(4)
Collaboration in Referral and Assessment	39	(3)
Referral	39	(3)
Assessment	42	(1)
Collaboration in Designing the Individualized Education Program	42	(5)
Types of Services for Students with Disabilities	47	(7)
Special Education Program Options	48	(2)
General Education Class Options	50	(2)
Special Class Options	52	(1)
More Restrictive Options	52	(1)
Programs for Infants and Preschoolers with Disabilities	53	(1)
Activities	54	(2)
Special Students, Special Needs	56	(22)
Special Students	58	(11)
Students with Learning Disabilities	58	(2)
Students with Behavioral Disorders	60	(2)
Students with Mild Mental Retardation	62	(2)
Students with Other Disabilities	64	(2)
Other Special Students	66	(3)
Special Needs	69	(2)
Causes of Learning Problems	71	(1)
Assessment of Special Learning Needs	71	(1)
Classroom Assessment	71	(1)
Assessment for Program Eligibility	72	(1)
Skills for the General Education Teacher	72	(2)
Activities	74	(4)
PART II Skills for the General Education Teacher
Adapting Instruction	78	(28)
Academic Problems in the Classroom	80	(1)
Principles of Instruction	81	(14)
Select Appropriate Learning Tasks	84	(1)
Break the Learning Task into Teachable Subcomponents	85	(1)
Use Systematic Instructional Procedures	86	(3)
Consider Both Speed and Accuracy	89	(1)
Maximize Engaged Time	90	(1)
Give Clear Task Directions	90	(1)
Provide Consequences for Successful Task Performance	91	(2)
Check for Maintenance and Generalization	93	(1)
If Change Is Needed, Try the Least Intrusive Intervention First	94	(1)
Methods for Gathering Data	95	(3)
Determine the Student's Current Levels of Performance	95	(2)
Evaluate Progress	97	(1)
Analyze Reasons for Task Failure	98	(1)
Strategies for Adapting Instruction	98	(4)
Modify Materials and Activities	100	(1)
Change Teaching Procedures	100	(1)
Alter Task Requirements	101	(1)
Select an Alternate Task	102	(1)
Making Test Accommodations	102	(2)
Activities	104	(2)
Managing Classroom Behavior	106	(28)
Behavior Problems in the Classroom	108	(1)
Principles of Managing Behavior	108	(6)
Remember That Behavior Is Learned	109	(1)
Consider Both the Antecedents and the Consequences of Behavior	109	(1)
Reduce Behavior Management Problems with Careful Organization of the Classroom	110	(1)
Increase the Occurrence of Behaviors by Reinforcement	110	(2)
Decrease the Occurrence of Behaviors by Removing Reinforcers or Introducing Aversive Events	112	(1)
Identify Consequences That Are Meaningful to Students	113	(1)
Beware of Noneducational Interventions	113	(1)
Methods for Gathering Data	114	(6)
Direct Observation of Behavior	115	(5)
Positive Strategies for Managing and Improving Behavior	120	(11)
Establish Behavioral Expectations and Communicate Them to Students	120	(2)
Prevent Inappropriate Conduct by Monitoring Behavior and Providing Feedback	122	(1)
Reinforce Appropriate Behavior	122	(1)
Provide Reinforcers That Are Valued by Students	123	(1)
Use Token Economies to Deliver Reinforcers	124	(2)
With Older Students, Use Contingency Contracts	126	(1)
Teach Behaviors by Shaping	127	(1)
Use Modeling to Improve Student Behavior	127	(1)
Consider Involving Peers in Behavioral Programs	127	(1)
Involve Students in Managing Their Own Behavior	128	(1)
Involve Parents in Behavior Management Programs	129	(2)
Activities	131	(3)
Promoting Social Acceptance	134	(22)
Social Problems in the Classroom	136	(1)
Principles for Enhancing Social Acceptance	137	(3)
Change Attitudes with Information	137	(1)
Recognize the Similarities Between Special and General Education Students	138	(1)
Prepare Students in the General Education Class for the Inclusion of Students with Disabilities	139	(1)
Prepare Students with Disabilities for Inclusion	139	(1)
Prepare Parents for the Inclusion of Students with Disabilities	140	(1)
Methods for Gathering Data	140	(2)
Strategies for Promoting Acceptance of Special Students	142	(12)
Inform General Education Students About Disabilities	142	(2)
Provide General Education Students with Experiences with Individuals with Disabilities	144	(1)
Structure Interactions Between Typical Students and Students with Disabilities	144	(5)
Improve the Social Skills of Students with Disabilities	149	(1)
Introduce Students with Disabilities to the General Education Program According to Their Individual Needs	150	(1)
Upgrade the Teacher's Information and Skills	150	(1)
Communicate with and Involve Parents	150	(4)
Activities	154	(2)
Coordinating the Classroom Learning Environment	156	(24)
Coordination Skills for the Teacher	158	(1)
Arranging the Physical Environment	158	(6)
Ensure a Safe and Barrier-Free Environment	158	(2)
Make the Working Conditions Pleasant	160	(1)
Obtain Appropriate Furniture and Special Equipment	160	(1)
Arrange Space Functionally	161	(3)
Consider Educational Goals in Making Seating Arrangements	164	(1)
Organizing the Instructional Environment	164	(6)
Organize Curricular Skills and Information	166	(1)
Group Students for Instruction	166	(1)
Set Up Systems for Monitoring Practice	167	(2)
Provide Guidelines for Student Behavior	169	(1)
Use Systematic Record-Keeping Procedures	170	(1)
Using Educational Technologies	170	(2)
Be Aware of Available Technologies	171	(1)
Match Technologies with Educational Goals	172	(1)
Managing Time and Other Resources	172	(5)
Manage Instructional Time Effectively	173	(1)
Select Learning Materials Wisely	173	(2)
Recruit, Train, and Supervise Instructional Personnel	175	(2)
Activities	177	(3)
Teaching with Classroom Technologies	180	(24)
Types of Technology	182	(2)
Advantages and Disadvantages of Technology	183	(1)
Universal Design and Accessibility for All	183	(1)
Using Computers for Instruction	184	(4)
Instructional Software	185	(3)
Technology Tools for Students and Teachers	188	(1)
The Internet as an Instructional Tool	188	(6)
Browsing the Web	189	(1)
Navigation Techniques	189	(1)
Search Strategies	190	(1)
Evaluating Websites	190	(1)
E-Mail and Other Resources	190	(4)
Assistive Technologies for Students with Disabilities	194	(5)
Computer Adaptations	194	(1)
Assistive Technologies for Students with Physical Impairments	195	(1)
Communication Aids	196	(1)
Assistive Technologies for Students with Visual Impairments	197	(1)
Assistive Technologies for Students with Hearing Impairments	197	(2)
Web Accessibility	199	(1)
Teaching with Technology	199	(2)
Activities	201	(3)
PART III Methods for Teaching Students with Disabilities
Teaching Students with Learning Disabilities and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorders	204	(30)
Indicators of Learning Disabilities	206	(1)
Assessment Procedures	207	(6)
Special Services	213	(1)
Classroom Adaptations	213	(1)
Teaching Basic Skills	213	(13)
Reading	214	(7)
Handwriting, Spelling, and Written Expression	221	(4)
Math	225	(1)
Modifying Content-Area Instruction	226	(2)
Reading Assignments	226	(1)
Written Assignments and Exams	227	(1)
Math Skills	228	(1)
Adapting Instruction for Students with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorders	228	(5)
Activities	233	(1)
Teaching Students with Mild Retardation and Severe Disabilities	234	(26)
Indicators of Mental Retardation	236	(1)
Assessment Procedures	237	(3)
Special Services	240	(1)
Classroom Adaptations	240	(4)
Teaching Functional Academics	244	(4)
The Unit Approach	244	(1)
Functional Practice Activities	245	(3)
Improving General Work Habits	248	(2)
Attendance and Punctuality	249	(1)
Work Completion	250	(1)
Working with Others	250	(1)
Strategies for Working with Students with Severe Disabilities	250	(2)
Full Inclusion	252	(5)
Activities	257	(3)
Teaching Students with Behavioral Disorders	260	(20)
Indicators of Behavioral Disorders	262	(3)
Assessment Procedures	265	(1)
Special Services	266	(1)
Classroom Adaptations	267	(2)
Controlling Disruptive Behaviors	269	(4)
Tardiness	269	(1)
Verbal Outbursts	270	(1)
Excess Activity: Moving About the Classroom	271	(1)
Social Relationships	271	(2)
Teaching Study Skills	273	(6)
Maintaining Attention	273	(2)
Organizational Skills	275	(1)
Increasing Accuracy	276	(3)
Activities	279	(1)
Teaching Students with Communication Disorders	280	(16)
Indicators of Communication Disorders	282	(1)
Assessment Procedures	283	(2)
Special Services	285	(2)
Classroom Adaptations	287	(1)
Encouraging Oral Communication	287	(2)
Teaching Language Skills	289	(5)
Activities	294	(2)
Teaching Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder	296	(14)
Indicators of Autism Spectrum Disorder	298	(1)
Assessment Procedures	299	(1)
Special Services	300	(2)
Classroom Adaptations	302	(3)
Teaching Communication and Language	305	(2)
Promoting Social Skills	307	(2)
Activities	309	(1)
Teaching Students with Physical and Health Impairments	310	(22)
Indicators of Physical and Health Impairments	312	(3)
Assessment Procedures	315	(3)
Special Services	318	(2)
Classroom Adaptations	320	(1)
Meeting Physical and Health Needs	320	(3)
Modifying the Physical Environment	323	(1)
Adapting Instructional Activities	324	(5)
Activities	329	(3)
Teaching Students with Visual and Hearing Impairments	332	(24)
Indicators of Visual and Hearing Impairments	335	(3)
Assessment Procedures	338	(1)
Special Services	339	(1)
Classroom Adaptations	340	(2)
Arranging the Learning Environment	342	(1)
Modifying Instructional Procedures	342	(10)
Activities	352	(4)
PART IV Methods for Teaching Students with Other Needs in General Education
Teaching Students Who Are Gifted and Talented	356	(22)
Definitions	358	(1)
Indicators of Talent and Giftedness	359	(6)
Assessment Procedures	365	(1)
Classroom Adaptations	366	(1)
Educational Options for Students Who Are Gifted and Talented	367	(4)
Differentiated Program Models	367	(1)
Differentiating Instructional Models	367	(2)
Differentiated Curriculum Models	369	(2)
Promoting Creativity and Problem Solving	371	(3)
Assisting Students Who Are Underachieving	374	(3)
Activities	377	(1)
Teaching Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Students	378	(16)
Diversity in the General Education Classroom	383	(1)
Cultural Diversity	383	(2)
Linguistic Diversity	385	(2)
Assessment and Special Services	387	(2)
Classroom Adaptations	389	(2)
Promoting Acceptance of Diversity	391	(2)
Activities	393	(1)
Teaching Students at Risk for School Failure	394	(22)
Dropouts	397	(1)
Bill's Story	397	(3)
Suicide	400	(1)
The Stories of Jimmy and Jeanine	400	(4)
Drug and Alcohol Abuse	404	(1)
Students' Stories from Phoenix House	404	(2)
Teenage Pregnancy and Sexually Transmitted Diseases	406	(1)
The Stories of Barbara and Joshua	406	(2)
Child Abuse and Neglect	408	(1)
Kara's Story	408	(4)
Eating Disorders	412	(1)
Julie's Story	412	(1)
Delinquency	413	(1)
The Story of ``Scarface''	413	(2)
Activities	415	(1)
Epilogue Inclusion Today . . . and Tomorrow	416	(7)
Past Mistakes	417	(1)
Is Inclusion Working?	418	(3)
Critical Issues for the Future	421	(2)
Glossary	423	(6)
References	429	(26)
Author Index	455	(10)
Subject Index	465