Techniques in Speech Acoustics

by Harrington, Jonathan; Cassidy, Steven

• ISBN13: 9780792357315
• ISBN10: 0792357310
• Edition: CD
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1999-07-01
• Publisher: Springer Verlag

Summary

Techniques in Speech Acoustics provides an introduction to the acoustic analysis and characteristics of speech sounds. The first part of the book covers aspects of the source-filter decomposition of speech, spectrographic analysis, the acoustic theory of speech production and acoustic phonetic cues. The second part is based on computational techniques for analysing the acoustic speech signal including digital time and frequency analyses, formant synthesis, and the linear predictive coding of speech. There is also an introductory chapter on the classification of acoustic speech signals which is relevant to aspects of automatic speech and talker recognition. Included with the book is a CD-ROM containing extensive speech corpora, the EMU speech analysis tools, extensions to the X-LISP-STAT programming language that are adapted to speech analysis, and numerous exercises that are linked to the major themes of the book and which can be run on Windows-95 and UNIX platforms. The book and CD-ROM are intended for use as teaching materials on undergraduate and postgraduate speech acoustics and experimental phonetics courses; they are also aimed at researchers from phonetics, linguistics, computer science, psychology and engineering who wish to gain an understanding of the basis of speech acoustics and its application to fields such as speech synthesis and automatic speech recognition.

Table of Contents

Preface	ix	(2)
Vowel and Consonant Transcriptions	xi	(2)
Contents of the CD-ROM	xiii
1 The Scope of Speech Acoustics	1	(8)
1.1 What is speech acoustics?	1	(1)
1.2 The variable nature of speech	2	(2)
1.3 Experimental designs in speech acoustics	4	(1)
1.4 Some key areas of research in speech acoustics	5	(4)
2 The Physics of Speech	9	(20)
2.1 Speech waveforms	9	(3)
2.2 Frequency analysis	12	(17)
3 The Acoustic Theory of Speech Production	29	(28)
3.1 The source-filter decomposition of speech	30	(4)
3.2 The acoustic source in speech production	34	(4)
3.3 The acoustic filter in speech production	38	(14)
3.4 Vocal tract losses	52	(1)
3.5 Radiated sound pressure	53	(2)
3.6 The composite model	55	(2)
4 Segmental and Prosodic Cues	57	(74)
4.1 Vowels	57	(21)
4.2 Oral stops	78	(17)
4.3 Nasal consonants	95	(4)
4.4 Fricatives	99	(6)
4.5 Approximants	105	(6)
4.6 Prosody and juncture	111	(20)
5 Time-Domain Analysis	131	(26)
5.1 Sampling and quantisation	132	(4)
5.2 Definition of a digital signal	136	(2)
5.3 Simple operations on signals	138	(2)
5.4 Windowing signals	140	(2)
5.5 Some common time-domain parameters	142	(6)
5.6 Convolution and time-domain filtering	148	(9)
6 Frequency-Domain Analysis	157	(38)
6.1 Digital sinusoids	157	(5)
6.2 The discrete Fourier transform	162	(2)
6.3 Spectra derived from the DFT	164	(1)
6.4 Some points of procedure in applying a DFT	164	(6)
6.5 Spectral parameterisations	170	(8)
6.6 Frequency-domain filtering	178	(17)
7 Digital Formant Synthesis	195	(16)
7.1 Core structure of a formant synthesiser	197	(2)
7.2 Digital considerations	199	(1)
7.3 Periodic excitation	199	(3)
7.4 Formant filter	202	(4)
7.5 Combining the source with the filter	206	(2)
7.6 Parallel structure	208	(3)
8 Linear Prediction of Speech	211	(28)
8.1 LPC and its relationship to digital speech	212	(3)
8.2 Techniques for calculating the LPC coefficients	215	(2)
8.3 Analysis of the error signal	217	(2)
8.4 LPC-smoothed spectra and formants	219	(7)
8.5 Area functions and reflection coeffcients	226	(7)
8.6 Speech synthesis from LPC-parameters	233	(6)
9 Classification of Speech Data	239	(40)
9.1 Speech spaces and distance measures	240	(4)
9.2 Distributions of speech sounds	244	(6)
9.3 Discriminant functions and classification	250	(4)
9.4 Classification experiments	254	(7)
9.5 Classifying signals in time	261	(1)
9.6 Data reduction	262	(17)
References	279