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The first book devoted to a critically important aspect of disaster planning, management, and mitigation
Technology and Emergency Management, Second Edition describes best practices for technology use in emergency planning, response, recovery, and mitigation. It also describes the key elements that must be in place for technology to enhance the emergency management process. The tools, resources, and strategies discussed have been applied by organizations worldwide tasked with planning for and managing every variety of natural and man-made hazard and disaster. Illustrative case studies based on their experiences appear throughout the book.
This new addition of the critically acclaimed guide has been fully updated and expanded to reflect significant developments occurring in the field over the past decade. It features in-depth coverage of major advances in GIS technologies, including the development of mapping tools and high-resolution remote sensing imaging. Also covered is the increase in computer processing power and mobility and enhanced analytical capabilities for assessing the present conditions of natural systems and extrapolating from them to create accurate models of potential crisis conditions. This second edition also features a new section on cybersecurity and a new chapter on social media and disaster preparedness, response, and recovery has been added.
Technology and Emergency Management, Second Edition is a valuable working resource for practicing emergency managers and an excellent supplementary text for undergraduate and graduate students in emergency management and disaster management programs, urban and regional planning, and related fields.
John C. Pine, Ed.D, is a professor in the Department of Geography and Planning at Appalachian State University, and formerly Director of the Research Institute for Environment, Energy & Economics at Appalachian. He joined the Appalachian faculty in 2009 after serving thirty years at Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge where he directed a graduate and undergraduate Disaster Science and Management Program and served as a Professor with the Department of Environmental Science in the School of the Coast and Environment.
Concept xiii
About the Author xiv
List of Contributors xv
About the Companion Website xvi
1 The Need for Technology in Emergency Management 1
Introduction 2
11 Technology and Disaster Management 2
111 Focus on Current and Emerging Technology 3
12 Technology as a Management Tool 4
121 Response to Complex Disaster Events 5
122 Ease of Use of Technology 5
13 Using Technologies 6
131 Technology in a Changing Environment 8
132 Examples of Technology 8
133 Communicate Quickly 8
134 Develop a Better Understanding of Hazards 9
135 Improve Response 9
136 Increase Coordination 9
137 Improve Efficiency 9
138 Training 9
14 Completing a Needs Assessment 10
141 Nature of a Needs Assessment 10
142 Steps to Complete a Needs Assessment 11
143 Implementing the Needs Assessment 12
144 Impacts of Implementing Innovation 12
Summary 14
Key Terms 14
Assess Your Understanding 14
References 15
2 Computer Networks and Emergency Management 17
Introduction 18
21 What Is a Network? 19
22 Types of Networks 19
221 Local Area Network 19
222 Metropolitan Area Network 20
223 Wide Area Network 20
224 Personal Area Network 21
23 The Internet 21
24 Communication Technologies 24
241 Wired Network Technologies 24
242 Long]Range Wireless Network Technologies 27
243 Short]Range Wireless Network Technologies 30
25 The Internet and Emergency Management 32
26 IoT and Emergency Management 35
Summary 38
Key Terms 38
Assess Your Understanding 40
References 40
3 Cyber Security 42
Introduction 43
31 Sources of Attacks 45
32 Attack Vectors 46
321 Vulnerabilities 46
322 Phishing 46
323 Stolen Credentials 47
324 Web Applications 47
325 Point of Sale Intrusions 48
326 Payment Card Skimmers 49
327 Insider and Privilege Misuse 49
328 Physical Theft and Loss 49
329 Denial of Service Attacks 49
33 Overview of Malware 49
331 Malware Propagation 50
332 Malware Payload 51
34 Securing Cyber Systems 52
35 Securing Data 54
36 Cyber Security Attack Recovery 56
Summary 57
Key Terms 57
Assess Your Understanding 59
References 59
4 Social Media and Emergency Management 61
Introduction 62
41 Situational Awareness, Emergency Communications, and the Public Realm 62
42 What Is Social Media? 64
421 The Birth of Web 20 64
43 Types of Social Media Used in Disasters 65
44 Mass Alert Systems 67
45 Mass Media and Social Media Use in Virginia Tech Shooting Response 67
451 Information Communication Technologies 69
46 What Is a Disaster? 69
47 Usage Patterns of Social Media Over Time 70
48 Social Media’s Growth and the Role of Traditional Sources 73
481 Role of Social Media in Disasters 74
482 Use of Social Media by People Affected by Crisis 74
49 Use of Social Media for Preparedness and Planning 74
491 Expansion of Communication Networks 75
410 Use of Social Media Before and During Mass Emergencies 75
4101 Emergency Managers’ Use of Social Media in Response 76
4102 Emergency Managers in Listening Mode 76
4103 Managing the Use of Twitter or Facebook 76
4104 Information]Vetting Dynamics 76
4105 Building Resiliency 77
4106 Changing Nature of Social Behaviors 78
411 Issues Arising from the Use of Social Media by Emergency Managers During Events 81
4111 Changing Role of PIO 81
412 Using Social Media to Establish Information on Damages and Recovery 81
4121 Evolving Networks 82
4122 Expanding Information Relevant to a Specific Event 82
4123 Expanded Communication Benefits 83
413 The Advantages and Fallbacks of Geotargeting 83
414 Social Media Companies’ Contribution to Emergency Response 84
4141 Information Dissemination and Feedback 84
415 Concerns About and Limitations of Social Media Usage in Disasters 85
4151 Misleading Information 85
4152 Dependable Networks 85
4153 Reliable Information Sources 86
4154 Communicating with a Broad Audience 86
4155 Managing a Large Quantity of Data 86
416 The Future of Social Media in Disasters 87
4161 New Role for the Public in a Crisis 87
4162 Dynamic Nature of Social Media 87
4163 Social Media as a Valuable Resource 88
4164 Self]correcting Nature of Social Media 88
4165 Accuracy of Information 88
4166 Threats of Technology Failure 88
4167 Case Example: Crowdfunding and Remote Emergency Response: 2010 Haitian Earthquake as a Case Study 89
4168 Examining the Use of Social Media in Haiti 90
417 Looking Forward 91
Key Terms 91
Assess Your Understanding 93
References 94
5 Geospatial Technologies and Emergency Management 97
Introduction 98
51 Geospatial Technologies and Emergency Management 99
511 Elements of GT 99
512 Use of GT to Answer Questions in Emergency Management 100
52 GT Across the Human–Hazard Interface 100
521 Our People 100
522 Limitations of Census Data 101
53 Our Resources 104
531 Understanding Critical Infrastructure 104
532 Understanding Critical Social Infrastructure 105
533 Resources of Social Importance 106
534 Spatial Video Geonarrative 107
54 Understanding Our Hazards 108
541 Natural Hazards Casualties in the United States 108
542 Hazard Zonation 109
543 Our Human–Hazard Interface 110
544 Understanding Overlays and Buffers 110
55 Dissemination and Hazard Communication 112
551 Contribution of Google Earth 113
56 Summary 113
57 Conclusions 115
Key Terms 116
Assess Your Understanding 117
References 117
6 Direct and Remote Sensing Systems: Describing and Detecting Hazards 120
Introduction 121
61 Data Collection 121
62 Weather Stations 124
621 Weather Station Data 125
622 Weather Station Networks 126
623 Geospatial Multi]agency Coordination Wildfire Application 127
63 Water Data Sensors 128
631 Flood Warning Systems for Local Communities 128
632 Rain and Stream Gauges 130
633 How a USGS Stream Gauge Works 130
634 The USGS Stream Gaging Program 131
635 Using USGS Stream]flow Data for Emergency Management 131
64 Air Sensors 132
641 Outdoor Air Quality Sensors 132
642 Chemical Sensors 133
65 Evaluating the Technology 133
66 Remote Sensing 134
661 An Overview of Remote Sensing 135
662 Optical Satellite Remote Sensing 136
663 Satellite Remote Sensing of Weather 145
664 Radar Imaging 147
665 Manned and Unmanned Airborne Remote Sensing 147
67 Using and Assessing Data 150
68 Trends in Remote and Direct Sensing
Technology 151
Summary 151
Key Terms 152
Online Resources 154
Assess Your Understanding 155
References 155
7 Emergency Management Decision Support Systems: Using Data to Manage Disasters 157
Introduction 158
71 Emergency Management Information Systems and Networks 158
72 Evaluating Information Systems 161
721 Quality 161
722 Timeliness 161
723 Completeness 162
724 Performance 162
73 Federal, State, and Local Information Systems 163
731 Management Information Systems 163
732 The National Emergency Management Information System 163
733 Computer Aided Management of Emergency Operations 164
74 Using Data 165
741 Databases 166
742 Data Dictionary (Meta]data) 166
75 Evaluating Databases 168
76 Using Emergency Management Databases 169
761 HAZUS]MH Datasets 171
77 Management Roles in Decision Support Systems 171
78 Obtaining Data from Public Federal Data Sources 172
79 The Future of Decision Support Systems: The Intelligent Community 173
Summary 174
Key Terms 174
Assess Your Understanding 174
References 175
8 Warning Systems: Alerting the Public to Danger 177
Introduction 178
81 Warning Systems 178
811 Key Information 178
812 Key Components of Warning Systems 178
813 Warning Subsystems 179
82 Detection and Management 180
821 Case Study: Detection at a Local Level 180
822 National Weather Service 182
823 Case Study: Detection at a National Level 184
83 Issuing Warnings 185
831 Technical Issues 185
832 Organizational Issues 185
833 Societal Issues 187
84 Types of Warning Systems 187
841 Sirens 188
842 The Emergency Alert System 188
843 Phone Alert Systems: Reverse 911 190
844 Disadvantages of Phone Notification Systems 190
845 Communicating with Those with Disabilities 190
846 Barriers to Warnings 191
847 Case Example: A Nuclear Disaster 191
85 Response 193
851 Case Study: Response to Hurricane Katrina 194
Summary 194
Key Terms 195
Assess Your Understanding 195
References 195
9 Hazards Analysis and Modeling: Predicting the Impact of Disasters197
Introduction 198
91 Modeling and Emergency Management 198
911 The Technology behind Modeling 199
912 Mathematical Models 201
913 Understanding the Results of Modeling 202
914 Fast Exchange of Model Results to Users 203
92 Using a Hurricane Model (SLOSH) 203
921 SLOSH for Planning, Response, Recovery, and Mitigation 205
922 SLOSH Display Program 206
923 Strengths of SLOSH 206
924 Limitations of SLOSH 206
925 Saffir–Simpson Scale 208
93 Using the ALOHA Chemical Dispersion Model 209
931 How ALOHA Works 210
932 Model Outputs 210
933 Threat Zone Estimates and Threat at a Point 210
934 Strengths of ALOHA 211
935 Limitations of ALOHA 212
936 Terms Used in ALOHA 213
937 Concentration Patchiness, Particularly Near the Source 215
94 Hazards United States—Multi Hazard Model 216
941 Strengths of HAZUS]MH 219
942 Limitations of HAZUS]MH 220
943 Multirisk Assessment 220
95 Evacuation Modeling 220
96 Centralized Hazard Modeling Initiatives 221
961 Fire Potential Modeling 221
962 Drought Modeling 223
97 Evaluating Hazard Models 224
Summary 225
Key Terms 225
Assess Your Understanding 226
References 226
10 Operational Problems and Technology: Making Technology Work for You228
Introduction 229
101 Barriers in Implementing Technology in Emergency Management 229
102 The Role of the Emergency Manager in Using
Technology 231
1021 Managing an Organization 233
103 Using Technology to Overcome Organizational Boundaries 234
104 Pitfalls of Technology 235
1041 Reliance on Technology 235
1042 Obsolescence 236
1043 Information Overload 236
1044 Data Integration 236
1045 Real]Time Response Data 237
1046 Security 237
105 Managing the Technology 237
Summary 240
Key Terms 240
Assess Your Understanding 240
References 240
11 Trends in Technology: New Tools for Challenges to Emergency Management242
Introduction 243
111 Using Technology for Information Exchange 243
1111 Emergency Preparedness Information
Exchange 244
1112 Television and Internet Information 244
1113 Digital Libraries and Publications 244
112 Distance Learning 246
1121 Using Remote Technology 246
1122 Disaster Situational Maps 247
1123 Federal Agency Situational Mapping Programs 249
1124 Innovative Visualization Efforts 252
1125 Updating Outputs 252
113 Managing the Technology 253
1131 Organizational Coordination and Collaboration Strategies 254
1132 Technology Life Cycles 254
1133 Engaging Stakeholders 255
1134 Information Exchange 255
1135 Dealing with Information Overload 256
Summary 257
Key Terms 257
Assess Your Understanding 257
References 257
Figure Credits260
Index 261
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