Technology Forces at Work Profiles of Enviromental Research and Development at DuPont, Intel, Monsanto, and Xerox

by Resetar, Susan; Lachman, Beth; Lempert, Robert; Pinto, Monica

• ISBN13: 9780833027283
• ISBN10: 083302728X
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1999-05-11
• Publisher: RAND Corporation

Summary

This report features case studies of four industry leaders and discusses how these companies view enviromental technology investments.

Table of Contents

Preface	iii
Figures	ix
Tables	xi
Summary	xiii
Acknowledgments	xxiii
Abbreviations	xxv
Introduction	1	(8)
Background	1	(1)
Study Objectives	2	(1)
The Study Approach: Literature Reviews and Case Studies	3	(4)
Company Selection Criteria	4	(1)
Industries Selected	4	(2)
Companies Selected	6	(1)
Report Roadmap	7	(2)
What the Literature Says About Innovation, R&D, and Partnerships	9	(14)
Invention, Innovation, and Diffusion	9	(3)
Product and Process Innovation and Industry Cycles	11	(1)
Implications for Environmental Technology Policy	11	(1)
R&D Trends	12	(2)
R&D Investments Are More Closely Linked to Business Goals	12	(1)
Reducing Time-to-Market Has Become Paramount in Managing R&D	13	(1)
Markets and Technologies Are Global	13	(1)
Information on Environmental Technology Investments Is Sparse	14	(1)
Public-Private Research Partnerships	14	(9)
Why Does Industry Collaborate on Research?	15	(1)
An Overview of Select Environmental Technology Research Partnerships	16	(4)
How Much Industrial Research Can Be Leveraged with Public-Private Partnerships?	20	(3)
Case-Study Lessons	23	(12)
How the Firms View ``Environmental Technology''	23	(1)
Firms Emphasize Customer Priorities and Resource Efficiency	24	(2)
R&D Planning Links Environmental Technology to Business Objectives	26	(2)
Opportunities Are Linked to Changes Along the Value-Chain	28	(1)
In a Global Market, Many Policies Influence R & D	29	(1)
Heterogeneity in the Firms	30	(3)
DuPont Helps Solve Its Customers' Environmental Problems	31	(1)
Intel Practices Pollution Prevention to Enable Rapid Change	32	(1)
Monsanto Is Substituting Information for Material Resources	32	(1)
Xerox Is Closing Material and Energy Flows	33	(1)
Summary	33	(2)
Policy Recommendations from Dupont, Intel, Monsanto, and Xerox	35	(6)
Common Recommendations Emerged Despite the Diversity of Industrial Sectors	35	(4)
Support the Scientific Infrastructure	36	(1)
Provide Leadership and Information	37	(1)
Develop Markets	38	(1)
Protect Investment in R & D	39	(1)
Priorities for Public-Private Research Partnerships Varied	39	(1)
Other Recommendations Highlight the Heterogeneity	40	(1)
Concluding Remarks and Observations	41	(94)
Where Companies Are Investing in Environmental Technology R&D	41	(2)
The Case Studies Support What We Know About Innovation and R&D	43	(1)
Federal Policies Must Balance Many Interests and Firm Behaviors	44	(5)
Discussion of Select Policies Firms Would Like to See	44	(2)
Environmental Regulations Have Played a Role	46	(1)
A Collection of Policy Tools Will Likely Be Necessary	47	(1)
What We Did Not Hear	48	(1)
Additional Policy Research	49	(2)
Appendix
A. Environmental Technologies Definition	51	(2)
B. Data on Environmental and R&D Activities	53	(10)
C. DuPont: Better Things for Better Living	63	(18)
D. Intel: Survival of the Fastest in Semiconductor Innovation	81	(16)
E. Monsanto: Food, Health, Hope	97	(22)
F. Xerox: The Document Company	119	(16)
References	135