The Technololy-energy-environment-health Teeh Chain in China

by Polenske, Karen R.

• ISBN13: 9781402034336
• ISBN10: 1402034334
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-07-01
• Publisher: Springer Verlag

Summary

The overall goal in this book is to explain key economic, environmental, technology, and transportation factors that are affecting the provincial and industrial energy intensities and environmental pollution in the People's Republic of China (China). The author defines energy intensity as the energy consumption per unit of output. She concentrates on China, because it is the second largest energy user and pollution generator in the world. In this book, the focus is on the cokemaking sector in the Shanxi Province. Cokemaking is the largest consumer of coal in the region, using more than one-half of the coal consumed there.Throughout the book, the author stresses the important role of the Shanxi Province in encouraging improvements in energy efficiency and pollution by (1) introducing new coke-oven technologies and (2) encouraging pollution-abatement measures for the older ovens. Economic, environmental, technology, transportation, and social aspects of cokemaking are discussed and the author examines how these factors are affecting the energy intensities and pollution in the Shanxi Province.

Table of Contents

PREFACE	xi
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS	xiii
FIGURES	xxiii
TABLES	xxv
ABOUT THE AUTHORS	xxvii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION	1	(8)
1.0 Coke	1	(1)
1.1 Background: The Cokemaking Sector	2	(1)
1.2 The TEEH Chain	3	(1)
1.3 Research Methods	4	(2)
1.4 Book Overview	6	(1)
References	7	(2)
CHAPTER 2: THE COKE INDUSTRY IN CHINA	9	(14)
2.0 Introduction	9	(1)
2.1 Survey Preparation	10	(1)
2.2 General Survey Data	11	(2)
2.3 Evolution of Shanxi Province Cokemaking	13	(9)
2.3.1 Shanxi Cokemaking TVEs	13	(7)
2.3.2 Comparison Between Shanxi Cokemaking SOEs and TVEs	20	(2)
References	22	(1)
CHAPTER 3: ALTERNATIVE COKEMAKING TECHNOLOGIES IN SHANXI PROVINCE	23	(18)
3.0 Introduction	23	(1)
3.1 Characteristics of Major Cokemaking Technologies	24	(9)
3.1.1 Indigenous Cokemaking Ovens	25	(2)
3.1.2 Modified-Indigenous Cokemaking Ovens	27	(1)
3.1.3 Machinery By-Product Cokemaking Ovens	28	(2)
3.1.4 Clean (Nonrecovery) Cokemaking Ovens	30	(3)
3.2 Internal Supply Chain of Alternative Cokemaking Technologies	33	(6)
3.2.1 Coal Preparation	33	(3)
3.2.2 Coking	36	(2)
3.2.3 By-Product Processing	38	(1)
3.2.4 Coke Screening	39	(1)
3.3 Conclusion	39	(1)
References	39	(2)
CHAPTER 4: ENERGY-INTENSITY STRUCTURAL DECOMPOSITION ANALYSIS: CHINA AND SHANXI PROVINCE	41	(30)
4.0 Background	41	(4)
4.1 Methodology	45	(3)
4.2 SDA Results: Shanxi Province, 1992 and 1999	48	(10)
4.2.1 Level and Distribution of Final Demand	49	(3)
4.2.2 Change in the Direct Energy-Input Coefficients	52	(1)
4.2.3 Differences in Energy Direct-and-Indirect (Total) Input Coefficients	53	(2)
4.2.4 Source of the Energy-Use Change	55	(3)
4.3 SSDA Results: Shanxi Province and China in 1995	58	(9)
4.3.1 Distribution and Pattern of Final Demand	58	(3)
4.3.2 Importance of Energy Direct Inputs	61	(1)
4.3.3 Differences in Direct-and-Indirect (Total) Energy Input Coefficients	62	(2)
4.3.4 Importance of Production Technology Changes	64	(1)
4.3.5 Factors Influencing Production Technologies	64	(3)
4.4 Conclusion	67	(1)
Appendix A-4. A Note on Data	67	(1)
References	68	(3)
CHAPTER 5: ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND PROFITABILITY DIFFERENCES: STATE-OWNED VERSUS TOWNSHIP-AND-VILLAGE ENTERPRISES	71	(20)
5.0 Introduction	71	(2)
5.0.1 State-Owned Enterprises versus Township-and-Village Enterprises	71	(1)
5.0.2 Energy and Profitability	72	(1)
5.1 Direct and Indirect Input Differences Between SOEs and TVEs, Shanxi Province, 1995	73	(5)
5.2 Direct and Indirect Inputs: SOEs and TVEs, China, 1995	78	(3)
5.3 Profitability Differences Between SOEs and TVEs in China, 1995	81	(4)
5.4 Theories and Explanations	85	(3)
5.5 Conclusion	88	(1)
References	88	(3)
CHAPTER 6: MODELING COST AND POLLUTION OF COAL AND COKE TRANSPORTATION IN SHANXI PROVINCE	91	(18)
6.0 Introduction	91	(2)
6.1 Hypothesis	93	(1)
6.2 Background	93	(2)
6.2.1 GIS-based Planning-Support Systems	93	(1)
6.2.2 Industrial-Location Theories	93	(2)
6.3 Methods and Project Design	95	(3)
6.3.1 Database–Core of SPGPSS	96	(1)
6.3.2 Map Viewer–Graphic User Interface (GUI) of SPGPSS	96	(1)
6.3.3 Scripts and Models	96	(2)
6.3.4 Three Location Scenarios	98	(1)
6.4 Analyses	98	(8)
6.4.1 Minimization of Total Cost	98	(3)
6.4.2 Minimization of Total Pollution Emissions and Energy Consumption	101	(1)
6.4.3 Coke-Oven-Technology Impact Analysis	102	(2)
6.4.4 New-Highway-Construction and Speed-Improvement Impact Analyses	104	(1)
6.4.5 Industrial-Park Location-Choice Analysis	105	(1)
6.5 Conclusion	106	(1)
References	107	(2)
CHAPTER 7: HUMAN EXPOSURE TO ULTRAFINE PARTICULATES IN THE COKEMAKING INDUSTRY IN SHANXI PROVINCE	109	(24)
7.0 Introduction and Scope	109	(2)
7.1 Experimental Technique	111	(6)
7.2 Results: Cokemaking Plants	117	(6)
7.2.1 Modified-Indigenous Coke Ovens	118	(2)
7.2.2 Small-Machinery Coke Ovens	120	(1)
7.2.3 Large-Machinery Coke Ovens	120	(3)
7.2.4 Clean (Non-recovery) Coke Ovens	123	(1)
7.3 Results: Coke-Worker Homes	123	(5)
7.4 Conclusion	128	(2)
References	130	(3)
CHAPTER 8: A SOCIOECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE ON COKEMAKING IN SHANXI PROVINCE	133	(16)
8.0 Introduction	133	(1)
8.1 Data and Methodology	133	(1)
8.2 Enterprise Ownership Structure: Background	134	(1)
8.3 Socioeconomic Impacts of Enterprise Ownership Structure	135	(10)
8.3.1 Employment	135	(2)
8.3.2 Education and Work Experience	137	(3)
8.3.3 Wages and Benefits	140	(1)
8.3.4 Health and Safety	140	(1)
8.3.5 Labor Implications of Organizational Structure and Technology Changes	141	(4)
8.4 Conclusion	145	(2)
References	147	(2)
CHAPTER 9: CONCLUSION	149	(10)
9.0 Summary	149	(1)
9.1 Key Cokemaking Issues	149	(4)
9.1.1 Technology	150	(1)
9.1.2 Energy Consumption	151	(1)
9.1.3 Environment	152	(1)
9.1.4 Health	152	(1)
9.1.5 Final Remarks on the TEEH Chain	153	(1)
9.2 Major Achievements of the China Cokemaking Team	153	(2)
9.2.1 Plant and Local-Official Surveys	153	(1)
9.2.2 Case Studies of Individual Plants	154	(1)
9.2.3 GIS-based Planning Support System (GPSS)	154	(1)
9.2.4 Extended National and Provincial Input-Output Tables	154	(1)
9.2.5 Particulate Air-Pollution Sensors	154	(1)
9.3 Potential Future Studies	155	(2)
9.3.1 Health Studies	155	(1)
9.3.2 Comparative Studies	156	(1)
9.3.3 Recycling Land	156	(1)
9.4 Conclusion	157	(1)
References	158	(1)
APPENDIX A: PHOTOS AND DESCRIPTIONS	159	(20)
A.0 Photo History of Cokemaking in Shanxi Province, 1998-2004	159	(1)
A.1 Coke-Oven Technologies	160	(1)
A.2 Energy: Coal, Its Mining, Transport, and Processing	160	(1)
A.3 Environmental Pollution Measures and Health	161	(18)
APPENDIX B: ACRONYMS	179	(4)
INDEX	183