Telecommunications Essentials, Second Edition The Complete Global Source

by Goleniewski, Lillian; Jarrett, Kitty Wilson, (editor)

• ISBN13: 9780321427618
• ISBN10: 0321427610
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-10-10
• Publisher: Addison-Wesley Professional

Summary

Provides a comprehensive, one-stop reference for anybody wanting to get up to speed on the telecommunications industry.

Author Biography

Lillian Goleniewski is Founder and President of the LIDO Organization, Inc., an internationally acclaimed provider of education, information, and advisory services in the area of telecommunications technologies, services and networks.

Ms. Goleniewski lectures extensively on telecommunications technology and management topics throughout the world. She is the author and creator of LIDO Telecommunications Essentials^® (www.telecomessentials.com). Ms. Goleniewski’s seminars and eLearning series have been conducted on an international basis since 1984, and are offered throughout Asia, Australia/New Zealand, Africa, Europe, the Middle East, North America and South America.

Prior to forming the LIDO Organization, Ms. Goleniewski held the position of telecommunications operations manager at the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), the research and development arm of the U.S. utility industry. Before joining EPRI, Ms. Goleniewski was vice-president of operations for a San Francisco-based telecommunications consulting firm.

Ms. Goleniewski graduated Phi Beta Kappa and Summa Cum Laude from Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan. She holds a B.A. in psychology and has completed numerous post-graduate studies in information technologies as well as psychology. Ms. Goleniewski was the recipient of a NSF Award to conduct research in the area of human perception and information processing.

Table of Contents

About the Author	xxi
About LIDO	xxiii
Acknowledgments	xxv
Introduction: Understanding the Broadband Evolution	xxix
Part I Communications Fundamentals	1	(142)
Telecommunications Technology Fundamentals	3	(38)
Transmission Lines	3	(8)
Circuits	4	(2)
Channels	6	(1)
Lines and Trunks	6	(3)
Virtual Circuits	9	(2)
Types of Network Connections	11	(1)
The Electromagnetic Spectrum and Bandwidth	11	(7)
The Electromagnetic Spectrum	11	(4)
Bandwidth	15	(3)
Analog and Digital Transmission	18	(5)
Analog Transmission	18	(1)
Digital Transmission	19	(1)
Analog Versus Digital Transmission	20	(1)
Conversion: Codecs and Modems	20	(3)
Multiplexing	23	(10)
FDM	26	(1)
TDM	26	(1)
STDM	27	(1)
Intelligent Multiplexing	28	(2)
Inverse Multiplexing	30	(1)
WDM, DWDM, and CWDM	30	(3)
Political and Regulatory Forces in Telecommunications	33	(8)
Regulatory Background	34	(1)
The Policy and Regulatory Players	34	(1)
The Main Regulatory Issues	35	(1)
Internet Governance	36	(1)
Standards Organizations	37	(4)
Traditional Transmission Media	41	(42)
Twisted-Pair	44	(7)
Characteristics of Twisted-Pair	44	(1)
Categories of Twisted-Pair	45	(2)
Applications of Twisted-Pair	47	(1)
Analog and Digital Twisted-Pair	47	(3)
Advantages and Disadvantages of Twisted-Pair	50	(1)
Coaxial Cable	51	(3)
Characteristics of Coaxial Cable	52	(1)
Applications of Coaxial Cable	53	(1)
Advantages and Disadvantages of Coaxial Cable	53	(1)
Microwave	54	(7)
Characteristics of Microwave	55	(1)
Traditional Applications of Microwave	56	(4)
Advantages and Disadvantages of Microwave	60	(1)
The New Era of Microwave: Wireless Broadband	60	(1)
Satellite	61	(12)
Frequency Allocations of Satellite	63	(2)
Satellite Network Segments	65	(1)
Satellite Orbits	66	(4)
Applications of Satellite	70	(2)
Advantages and Disadvantages of Satellite	72	(1)
Fiber Optics	73	(10)
Characteristics of Fiber Optics	73	(1)
Components of Fiber Optics	74	(2)
How Fiber-Optic Transmission Works	76	(1)
Innovations in Fiber Optics: EDFAs and WDM	77	(1)
Applications of Fiber Optics	78	(1)
Advantages and Disadvantages of Fiber Optics	79	(4)
Establishing Communications Channels	83	(20)
Establishing Connections: Networking Modes and Switching Modes	83	(17)
Networking Modes	84	(2)
Switching Modes	86	(14)
The PSTN Versus the Internet	100	(3)
PSTN Characteristics	100	(1)
Internet Characteristics	101	(1)
Converging Networks: Next-Generation Networks	101	(2)
The PSTN	103	(40)
The PSTN Infrastructure	103	(11)
Service Providers	105	(1)
Network Access	106	(1)
Access Services	107	(2)
Transport Services	109	(2)
PSTN Architecture	111	(3)
The Transport Network Infrastructure	114	(15)
The PDH Infrastructure	114	(9)
The SDH/SONET Infrastructure	123	(6)
Signaling Systems	129	(6)
SS7 Architecture	132	(3)
Intelligent Networks	135	(3)
AINs	136	(2)
SS7 and Next-Generation Networks	138	(5)
Next-Generation Networks and the PSTN	140	(3)
Part II Data Networking and the Internet	143	(166)
Data Communications Basics	145	(28)
The Evolution of Data Communications	145	(7)
Data Communications Architectures	145	(5)
Data Communications Traffic	150	(2)
Data Flow	152	(13)
The DTE, the DCE, the Transmission Channel, and the Physical Interface	152	(2)
Modems and Modulation	154	(5)
Simplex, Half-Duplex, and Full-Duplex Data Transmission	159	(1)
Coding Schemes: ASCII, EBCDIC, Unicode, and Beyond	160	(2)
Transmission Modes: Asynchronous and Synchronous Transmission	162	(2)
Error Control	164	(1)
The OSI Reference Model and the TCP/IP Reference Model	165	(8)
The OSI Seven-Layer Reference Model	166	(2)
The TCP/IP Four-Layer Reference Model	168	(2)
The TCP Stack Versus the OSI Model	170	(3)
Local Area Networking	173	(28)
LAN Basics	173	(3)
LAN Concepts and Benefits	174	(1)
LAN Components	175	(1)
LAN Characteristics	176	(11)
LAN Transmission Media	176	(1)
LAN Transport Techniques and Standards	177	(5)
LAN Access Methods	182	(3)
LAN Topologies	185	(2)
LAN Interconnection and Internetworking	187	(14)
Hubs	187	(2)
LAN Switches	189	(2)
VLANs	191	(1)
Bridges	192	(2)
Routers	194	(4)
IP Switches	198	(3)
Wide Area Networking	201	(44)
Circuit-Switched Networks	203	(12)
Networks Based on Leased Lines	203	(9)
Networks Based on ISDN	212	(3)
Packet-Switched Networks	215	(30)
X.25	219	(2)
Frame Relay	221	(8)
ATM	229	(9)
IP and ATM	238	(7)
The Internet and IP Infrastructures	245	(64)
Internet Basics	245	(23)
A Brief History of the Internet	247	(4)
What the Internet Is and How It Works	251	(3)
Internet Protocols	254	(10)
Internet Network Architectures	264	(4)
Internet Addressing and Address Resolution	268	(16)
Addressing and Routing Schemes	269	(2)
IPv4 Addressing	271	(4)
IPv6 Addressing	275	(5)
DNS	280	(4)
The Organization of the Internet	284	(11)
The Evolution of the POP Architecture	285	(4)
Internet Challenges and Changes	289	(2)
Service Providers and Interconnection	291	(4)
IP QoS	295	(8)
QoS Mechanisms	295	(1)
Queuing Mechanisms	296	(3)
The IP QoS Continuum	299	(4)
What's Next on the Internet	303	(6)
The Next-Generation Internet	303	(1)
The Interplanetary Internet	304	(1)
Internet-Enabled Devices	305	(1)
RFID Applications	305	(1)
SIP Telephony	306	(1)
Digital Objects and Libraries	306	(1)
The Semantic Web	306	(3)
Part III The New Generation of Networks	309	(238)
IP Services	311	(72)
The Evolution to IP Services	311	(2)
IPT	313	(29)
The IPT Evolution	314	(4)
The IPT Network	318	(6)
Standards for IP Voice	324	(6)
VoIP Call-Signaling Protocols	330	(9)
ENUM: Telephone Number Mapping	339	(3)
IPTV	342	(3)
IPTV Versus Streaming Media	343	(1)
The IPTV Architecture	344	(1)
VPNs	345	(38)
Key VPN Concepts	347	(12)
Types of IP VPNs	359	(15)
VPN Security	374	(9)
Next-Generation Networks	383	(68)
The Broadband Evolution	384	(5)
Communications Traffic Trends	384	(1)
Communications Backbone Trends	385	(1)
Communications Bandwidth Trends	386	(1)
Communications Application Trends	387	(1)
Broadband Applications	388	(1)
Multimedia Networking Requirements	389	(20)
Digital Video	390	(6)
Television Standards	396	(13)
The Broadband Infrastructure	409	(2)
Converging Public Infrastructures	410	(1)
Broadband Service Requirements	410	(1)
Next-Generation Networks and Convergence	411	(7)
Convergence in Different Industry Segments	412	(2)
Arguments for Convergence	414	(1)
Regulatory Effects on Convergence	414	(1)
Converging Public Infrastructures	415	(1)
Convergence in the Service Environment	416	(2)
The Next-Generation Network Infrastructure	418	(33)
The IP Multimedia Subsystem	420	(5)
The Next-Generation Network Architecture	425	(7)
The Multiservice Intelligent Edge	432	(5)
Quality of Service	437	(8)
The MPLS Architecture	445	(6)
Optical Networking	451	(38)
Optical Networking Today and Tomorrow	451	(5)
Drivers of Optical Networking	452	(1)
Network Reality Today	453	(3)
Bandwidth Abundance	456	(1)
End-to-End Optical Networking	456	(15)
Optical Line Amplifiers: EDFAs, Raman Amplifiers, and SOAs	457	(1)
WDM Equipment	458	(5)
OADMs	463	(1)
Optical Switches	464	(5)
Integrated Photonic Circuits	469	(1)
Optical Network Management	470	(1)
The Optical Edge	471	(2)
Next-Generation Digital Loop Carriers	471	(1)
PONs	472	(1)
MSPPs	472	(1)
The Optical Core: Overlay Versus Peer-to-Peer Networking Models	473	(10)
The Overlay Model	476	(2)
The Peer-to-Peer Model	478	(5)
The Overlay and Peer-to-Peer Models Compared	483	(1)
The IP+Optical Control Plane	483	(5)
GMPLS	485	(2)
UNI	487	(1)
ASON	487	(1)
The Migration to Optical Networking	488	(1)
Broadband Access Alternatives	489	(58)
Drivers of Broadband Access	489	(3)
DSL Technology	492	(17)
How DSL Works	493	(1)
Characteristics and Properties of DSL	494	(5)
HDSL	499	(1)
SDSL	500	(1)
G.SHDSL	501	(2)
ADSL	503	(2)
ADSL2	505	(1)
ADSL2+	506	(1)
ADSL2-RE	507	(1)
RADSL	507	(1)
VDSL	508	(1)
VDSL2	508	(1)
Cable TV Networks	509	(13)
HFC Architecture	510	(2)
Cable Modems and CMTSs	512	(1)
Cable Modem Standards	513	(8)
The Future of Cable TV Networks	521	(1)
Fiber Solutions	522	(7)
FTTx	523	(2)
PONs	525	(4)
Wireless Broadband	529	(1)
Broadband PLT	530	(4)
PLT Architecture	530	(2)
The Future of PLT	532	(2)
HANs	534	(13)
The HAN Market, Applications, and Elements	535	(1)
Types of HANs	536	(8)
HAN Gateways and Servers	544	(1)
Planning for the Future of HANs	544	(3)
Part IV Wireless Communications	547	(168)
Wireless Communications Basics	549	(30)
A Brief History of Wireless Telecommunications	550	(3)
Wireless Communications Regulations Issues	553	(1)
Wireless Impairments	554	(2)
Antennas	556	(4)
Phased-Array Antennas	557	(1)
Magnetic Polarization Antennas	558	(1)
MIMO Antennas	558	(2)
Wireless Bandwidth	560	(1)
Wireless Signal Modulation	560	(3)
Single-Carrier Modulation Techniques	561	(1)
Multicarrier Modulation Techniques	562	(1)
Spectrum Utilization	563	(16)
Using the Available Radio Spectrum	563	(12)
Duplexing Techniques	575	(1)
Compression Techniques	576	(3)
Wireless WANs	579	(38)
Analog Transmission	581	(5)
1G Analog Cellular Networks	581	(2)
1G Wireless Data Networks	583	(3)
Digital Cellular Radio	586	(6)
GSM	588	(2)
UWC	590	(1)
cdmaOne	590	(2)
PDC	592	(1)
Enhanced Data Services	592	(5)
HSCSD	593	(1)
GPRS	593	(2)
EDGE	595	(1)
GERAN	596	(1)
Messaging Services Standards	596	(1)
Moving Toward Broadband Wireless	597	(14)
3G Standards	599	(10)
3G Deployment Issues	609	(2)
Beyond 3G	611	(1)
Wireless Broadband	612	(2)
Intelligent Technologies	614	(3)
WMANs, WLANs, and WPANs	617	(70)
WMANs	618	(20)
BFWA	619	(2)
IEEE 802.16 (WiMax)	621	(5)
WiBro	626	(1)
IEEE 802.20 (Mobile-Fi)	627	(1)
ETSI BRAN	628	(2)
iBurst	630	(2)
Flash-OFDM	632	(2)
DMB	634	(2)
VF	636	(2)
WLANs	638	(22)
Wi-Fi	640	(2)
IEEE 802.11x Standards	642	(4)
WLAN Security	646	(2)
VoWLAN	648	(3)
The Integration of WLANs and Cellular Networks	651	(3)
Mesh Networks	654	(6)
WPANs	660	(27)
IEEE 802.15.1 (Bluetooth)	661	(3)
IEEE 802.15.3 (WPAN-HR and WPAN-AHR)	664	(1)
UWB	665	(5)
IEEE 802.15.4 (ZigBee)	670	(4)
RFID	674	(9)
NFC	683	(4)
Emerging Wireless Applications	687	(28)
The Handset Revolution	688	(5)
From Mobile Phones to Multimedia Handsets	689	(2)
Software-Defined Radio	691	(1)
Cognitive Radio	692	(1)
Mobile IP	693	(3)
The IP Multimedia Subsystem	696	(6)
Push-to-Talk	700	(1)
Presence-Based Services	701	(1)
Mobile Gaming	702	(4)
Mobile Game Categories	703	(1)
Mobile Game Platforms	704	(2)
Mobile Video	706	(1)
Mobile TV	707	(5)
DMB	708	(1)
DVB-H	709	(1)
ISDB	710	(1)
MediaFLO	710	(2)
Mobile Content	712	(3)
Glossary	715	(104)
Index	819

Excerpts

I love telecommunications. It is powerful and it empowers, with far-reaching consequences. It has demonstrated the potential to transform society and business, and the revolution has only just begun. With the invention of the telephone, human communications and commerce were forever changed: Time and distance began to melt away as barriers to doing business, keeping in touch with loved ones, and being able to immediately respond to major world events. Through the use of computers and telecommunications networks, humans have been able to extend their powers of thinking, influence, and productivity, just as those in the Industrial Age were able to extend the power of their muscles, or physical self, through the use of heavy machinery. Today, new inventions and developments are again poised to make telecommunications a force to be reckoned with, forever changing human communications and commerce, and introducing machines as members of the networked society. This is an exciting era, and we face a host of new telecommunications technologies and applications that bring breathtaking new opportunities, particularly in the industries of entertainment, education, health care, government, advertising, lifestyle, and, sadly, warfare. Although the information and communications technologies (ICT) industry has suffered greatly in recent years, exciting developments continue unabated in many areas that are key to the ongoing evolution of broadband devices, applications, and network infrastructures. These remarkable developments are propelling broadband evolution, creating good reasons to pursue next-generation networks. What This Book Covers The rapid progress in embedded devices, intelligent wearables, virtual reality, robotics, grid computing, and real-time communications is ushering in a new era of applicationsapplications that require enormous bandwidth, low latencies, minimal loss, guaranteed performance, wireless broadband, and converged infrastructures. This book provides a thorough foundation for understanding a wide range of telecommunications principles and technologies. It provides a concentrated, high-level overview of the terminology and issues that comprise telecommunications, and it discusses the major telecommunications infrastructures, including the PSTN, the Internet, cable TV, and wireless. It also examines the latest perspectives and developments governing next-generation networks, including next-generation architectures, infrastructures, IP telephony, VPNs, broadband access alternatives, and broadband wireless applications. Even though the ICT industry has gone through some hard times lately, logic dictates that we can only look forward to greater emphasis on the use of ICT. The book is divided into four parts: Part I, "Communications Fundamentals," explains the basics, the arts and sciences of telecommunications. It begins by explaining the factors that are contributing to the telecommunications revolution and talks about some of the exciting new technologies that are on the horizon. Part I gives you a good grounding in the basics of telecommunications technology and terminology, covering communications fundamentals, and including the characteristics and uses of the various transmission media. Part I also discusses the processes involved in establishing communications channels, examining the differences between circuit-switched and packet-switched networks, and it explores the nature of the traditional PSTN. Part II, "Data Networking and the Internet," introduces the basics of data communications and networking. It discusses today's local area and wide area networking alternatives, as well as how the public Internet is structured. It also explores next-generation network services, such as VPNs, VoIP, and IPTV. Part III, "Next-Generation Networks," explores the realm o