Television Production Handbook

by Zettl, Herbert

• ISBN13: 9780534647278
• ISBN10: 0534647278
• Edition: 9th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-07-12
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

This classic, best-selling text introduces students to the basic skills required in all aspects of television production, including camera and studio, field equipment and production, and multicamera directing, at the same time emphasizing the latest production techniques and technology, such as audio workstations, non-linear editing, and HDV (High Definition Video). TELEVISION PRODUCTION HANDBOOK introduces cutting-edge developments in the field, while maintaining its reputation as the standard for the Television Production course. Presented in full-color for the first time, this is the most current, technically accurate reference text available, and it offers the most extensive teaching and learning package for the course.

Table of Contents

Photo Credits	xxiii
About the Author	xxv
Preface	xxvi
The Television Production Process	2	(24)
What Television Production Is All About	4	(14)
Basic Television System	4	(1)
Expanded Studio and Electronic Field Production Systems	4	(1)
System Elements of Studio Production	4	(1)
Studio System in Action	5	(2)
System Elements of Field Production	7	(1)
Production Elements	8	(1)
Camera	8	(1)
Lighting	9	(1)
Audio	10	(2)
Switching	12	(1)
Videotape Recording	13	(1)
Tapeless Systems	14	(1)
Postproduction Editing	14	(2)
Special Effects	16	(2)
Studios, Master Control, and Support Areas	18	(8)
Television Studio	18	(1)
Physical Layout	18	(1)
Major Installations	19	(1)
Studio Control Room	20	(1)
Program Control	21	(1)
Switching	22	(1)
Audio Control	22	(1)
Lighting Control	22	(1)
Video Control	23	(1)
Master Control	23	(1)
Program Input	23	(1)
Program Storage	23	(1)
Program Retrieval	24	(1)
Studio Support Areas	24	(1)
Scenery and Properties	24	(1)
Makeup and Dressing Rooms	25	(1)
Analog and Digital Television	26	(14)
Analog and Digital Television	28	(8)
Basic Image Creation	28	(1)
Basic Colors of the Video Display	28	(1)
What Digital Is All About	28	(2)
Why Digital?	30	(1)
Difference Between Analog and Digital	30	(1)
Digitization Process	30	(2)
Benefits of Digital Television	32	(1)
Quality	32	(1)
Computer Compatibility and Flexibility	33	(1)
Signal Transport	33	(1)
Compression	34	(1)
Aspect Ratio	34	(2)
Scanning Systems	36	(4)
Interlaced and Progressive Scanning	36	(1)
Interlaced Scanning System	36	(1)
Progressive Scanning System	36	(1)
DTV Systems	37	(1)
480p System	37	(1)
720p System	37	(1)
1080i System	38	(1)
Flat-Panel Displays	38	(1)
Plasma Display Panel	38	(1)
Liquid Crystal Display	38	(2)
The Television Camera	40	(28)
How Television Cameras Work	42	(21)
Parts of the Camera	42	(1)
From Light to Video Signal	42	(1)
Beam Splitter	42	(1)
Imaging Device	43	(2)
Camera Chain	45	(1)
Camera Control Unit	45	(1)
Sync Generator and Power Supply	46	(1)
Types of Cameras	46	(1)
Analog Versus Digital Cameras	46	(1)
Studio Cameras	47	(1)
ENG/EFP Cameras and Camcorders	48	(1)
Consumer Camcorders	48	(2)
Prosumer Camcorders	50	(1)
Electronic Characteristics	50	(1)
Aspect Ratio	51	(1)
White Balance	51	(1)
Resolution	52	(3)
Operating Light Level	55	(1)
Gain	55	(1)
Video Noise and Signal-to-noise Ratio	56	(1)
Image Blur and Electronic Shutter	56	(1)
Smear and Moire	56	(1)
Contrast	57	(1)
Shading	57	(1)
Operational Characteristics	57	(1)
Operational Items and Controls: Studio Cameras	57	(2)
Operational Items: ENG/EFP Cameras and Camcorders	59	(3)
External Operational Controls: ENG/EFP Cameras and CamCorders	62	(1)
From Light to Video Image	63	(5)
CED Process	63	(1)
Nature of Color	64	(1)
Color Attributes	64	(1)
Color Mixing	64	(1)
Chrominance and Luminance Channels	65	(1)
Chrominance Channel	65	(1)
Luminance Channel	65	(1)
Encoder	66	(1)
Electronic Cinema	66	(2)
Lenses	68	(20)
What Lenses Are	70	(12)
Types of Zoom Lenses	70	(1)
Studio and Field Lenses	70	(1)
Zoom Range	70	(2)
Lens Format	72	(1)
Optical Characteristics of Lenses	72	(1)
Focal Length	73	(1)
Focus	74	(1)
Light Transmission: Iris, Aperture, and f-stop	75	(1)
Depth of Field	76	(2)
Operational Controls	78	(1)
Zoom Control	78	(2)
Digital Zoom Lens	80	(1)
Focus Control	80	(2)
What Lenses See	82	(6)
How Lenses See the World	82	(1)
Wide-angle Lens	82	(2)
Normal Lens	84	(1)
Narrow-angle, or Telephoto, Lens	85	(3)
Camera Mounting Equipment	88	(16)
Standard Camera Mounts and Movements	90	(8)
Basic Camera Mounts	90	(1)
Handheld and Shoulder-mounted Camera	90	(1)
Monopod and Tripod	90	(2)
Studio Pedestal	92	(2)
Camera Mounting (Pan-And-Tilt) Heads	94	(1)
Fluid Heads	94	(1)
Cam Heads	95	(1)
Plate and Wedge Mount	95	(1)
Camera Movements	95	(3)
Special Camera Mounts	98	(6)
Special Mounting Devices	98	(1)
High Hat	98	(1)
Beanbag and Other Car Mounts	98	(1)
Steadicam	98	(2)
Short and Long Jibs	100	(1)
Studio Crane	100	(1)
Robotic Camera Mounts	100	(1)
Robotic Pedestal	101	(1)
Stationary Robotic Camera Mount	102	(1)
Rail System	102	(2)
Camera Operation and Picture Composition	104	(22)
Working the Camera	106	(9)
Working the Camcorder and the EFP Camera	106	(1)
Some Basic Camera ``Dont's''	106	(1)
Before the Shoot	107	(1)
During the Shoot	108	(3)
After the Shoot	111	(1)
Working the Studio Camera	112	(1)
Before the Show	112	(1)
During the Show	113	(1)
After the Show	114	(1)
Framing Effective Shots	115	(11)
Screen Size and Field of View	115	(1)
Screen Size	115	(1)
Field of View	115	(1)
Framing a Shot: Standard TV and HDTV Aspect Ratios	116	(1)
Dealing with Height and Width	116	(1)
Framing Close-ups	117	(1)
Headroom	118	(1)
Noseroom and Leadroom	119	(1)
Closure	120	(3)
Depth	123	(1)
Screen Motion	123	(3)
Lighting	126	(30)
Lighting Instruments and Lighting Controls	128	(22)
Studio Lighting Instruments	128	(1)
Spotlights	128	(2)
Floodlights	130	(3)
Field Lighting Instruments	133	(1)
Portable Spotlights	133	(3)
Portable Floodlights	136	(2)
Diffusing Portable Spotlights	138	(1)
Camera Lights	139	(1)
Lighting Control Equipment	140	(1)
Mounting Devices	140	(4)
Directional Controls	144	(2)
Intensity Controls: Instrument Size, Distance, and Beam	146	(1)
Intensity Controls: Electronic Dimmers	147	(3)
Light Intensity, Lamps, and Color Media	150	(6)
Light Intensity	150	(1)
Foot-candles and Lux	150	(1)
Incident Light	150	(1)
Reflected Light	151	(1)
Calculating Light Intensity	151	(1)
Operating Light Level: Baselight	152	(1)
Baselight Levels	152	(1)
Types of Lamps	153	(1)
Incandescent	153	(1)
Fluorescent	153	(1)
HMI	153	(1)
Color Media	153	(1)
How to Use Color Media	154	(1)
Mixing Color Gels	154	(2)
Techniques of Television Lighting	156	(32)
Lighting in the Studio	158	(20)
Quality of Light	158	(1)
Directional Light and Diffused Light	158	(1)
Color Temperature	158	(1)
How to Control Color Temperature	159	(1)
Lighting Functions	160	(1)
Terminology	161	(1)
Specific Functions of Main Light Sources	161	(4)
Specific Lighting Techniques	165	(1)
Flat Lighting	165	(1)
Continuous-action Lighting	166	(1)
Large-area Lighting	167	(1)
High-contrast Lighting	167	(2)
Cameo Lighting	169	(1)
Silhouette Lighting	170	(1)
Chroma-key Area Lighting	170	(1)
Controlling Eye and Boom Shadows	171	(1)
Contrast	172	(1)
Contrast Ratio	173	(1)
Measuring Contrast	173	(1)
Controlling Contrast	173	(1)
Balancing Light Intensities	174	(1)
Key-to-back-light Ratio	174	(1)
Key-to-fill-light Ratio	174	(1)
Light Plot	175	(1)
Operation of Studio Lights	176	(1)
Safety	176	(1)
Preserving Lamps and Power	176	(1)
Using a Studio Monitor	176	(2)
Lighting in the Field	178	(10)
Safety	178	(1)
Electric Shock	178	(1)
Cables	178	(1)
Fire Hazard	178	(1)
ENG/EFP Lighting	178	(1)
Shooting in Bright Sunlight	179	(1)
Shooting in Overcast Daylight	180	(1)
Shooting in Indoor Light	180	(4)
Shooting at Night	184	(1)
Location Survey	184	(1)
Power Supply	185	(3)
Audio: Sound Pickup	188	(30)
How Microphones Hear	190	(19)
Electronic Characteristics of Microphones	190	(1)
Sound-generating Elements	190	(1)
Pickup Patterns	191	(1)
Microphone Features	192	(1)
Operational Characteristics of Microphones	193	(1)
Lavaliere Microphones	193	(2)
Hand Microphones	195	(2)
Boom Microphones	197	(4)
Headset Microphones	201	(1)
Wireless Microphones	202	(1)
Desk Microphones	203	(2)
Stand Microphones	205	(1)
Hanging Microphones	206	(1)
Hidden Microphones	207	(1)
Long-distance Microphones	208	(1)
How Microphones Work	209	(9)
Sound-Generating Elements	209	(1)
Dynamic Microphones	209	(1)
Condenser Microphones	209	(1)
Ribbon Microphones	209	(1)
Sound Quality	210	(1)
Specific Microphone Features	210	(1)
Impedance	210	(1)
Frequency Response	210	(1)
Balanced and Unbalanced Mics and Cables, and Audio Connectors	210	(4)
Mic Setups for Music Pickup	214	(1)
Microphone Setup for Singer and Acoustic Guitar	214	(1)
Microphone Setup for Singer and Piano	214	(1)
Microphone Setup for Small Rock Group and Direct Insertion	215	(1)
Microphone Use Specific to ENG/EFP	215	(3)
Audio: Sound Control	218	(24)
Sound Controls and Recording for Studio and Field Operations	220	(15)
Production Equipment for Studio Audio	220	(1)
Audio Console	220	(4)
Patchbay	224	(1)
Audio-recording Systems	225	(1)
Analog Recording Systems	225	(2)
Tape-based Digital Recording Systems	227	(1)
Tapeless Recording Systems	228	(1)
Audio Control in the Studio	229	(1)
Audio Control Booth	229	(1)
Basic Audio Operation	230	(2)
Production Equipment and Basic Operation for Field Audio	232	(1)
Keeping Sounds Separate	233	(1)
Audio Mixer	233	(1)
Audio Control in the Field	233	(1)
Using the AGC in ENG and EFP	233	(1)
EFP Mixing	233	(2)
Postproduction and Sound Aesthetics	235	(7)
Audio Postproduction Activities	235	(1)
Linear and Nonlinear Sound Editing	235	(1)
Correcting Audio Problems	236	(1)
Postproduction Mixing	236	(1)
Controlling Sound Quality	236	(1)
Audio Postproduction Room	237	(1)
Digital Audio Workstation	237	(1)
Analog Audio Synchronizer	238	(1)
Keyboards and Sampler	238	(1)
Automatic Dialogue Replacement	238	(1)
Sound Aesthetics	239	(1)
Environment	239	(1)
Figure/Ground	239	(1)
Perspective	239	(1)
Continuity	240	(1)
Energy	240	(1)
Stereo and Surround Sound	240	(1)
Stereo Sound	240	(1)
Surround Sound	241	(1)
Switching, or Instantaneous Editing	242	(18)
How Switchers Work	244	(10)
Basic Switcher Functions	244	(1)
Simple Switcher Layout	244	(1)
Program Bus	244	(1)
Mix Buses	245	(1)
Preview Bus	245	(1)
Effects Buses	246	(1)
Multifunction Switchers	246	(2)
Basic Switcher Operation	248	(1)
Cut or Take	248	(1)
Dissolve	249	(2)
Super	251	(1)
Fade	251	(1)
Additional Special-effects Controls	251	(3)
What Switchers Do	254	(6)
Switcher Types and Functions	254	(1)
Production Switchers	254	(1)
Postproduction Switchers	255	(1)
Master Control Switchers	256	(1)
Routing Switchers	256	(1)
Electronic Designs	256	(1)
Composite and Component Switchers	256	(2)
Analog and Digital Switchers	258	(1)
Audio-follow-video Switchers	258	(2)
Video-recording and Storage Systems	260	(24)
How Video Recording Works	262	(14)
Recording Systems and Technology	262	(1)
Analog and Digital Systems	262	(1)
Linear and Nonlinear Systems	263	(1)
Composite and Component Systems	263	(2)
Sampling	265	(1)
Compression	265	(1)
Tape-Based Recording and Storage Systems	266	(1)
How Videotape Recording Works	266	(1)
Operational VTR Controls	267	(2)
Electronic Features	269	(1)
Analog Videotape Recorders	269	(1)
Digital Videotape Recorders	270	(3)
Tapeless Recording and Storage Systems	273	(1)
Hard Disk Systems	273	(1)
Read/Write Optical Discs	274	(1)
Flash Memory Devices	274	(1)
Data Transfer	274	(2)
How Video Recording Is Done	276	(8)
Uses of Video Recording and Storage	276	(1)
Building a Show	276	(1)
Time Delay	276	(1)
Program Duplication and Distribution	276	(1)
Record Protection and Reference	276	(1)
Video-Recording Production Factors	276	(1)
Preproduction	277	(2)
Production	279	(5)
Postproduction Editing	284	(36)
How Postproduction Editing Works	286	(22)
Editing Modes: Off-and On-Line	286	(1)
Linear Off-and On-line Editing	286	(1)
Nonlinear Off- and On-line Editing	287	(1)
Basic Editing Systems	287	(1)
Linear Systems	287	(1)
Nonlinear Systems	287	(1)
Editing Principle	287	(1)
Linear Editing Systems	288	(1)
Single-source System	288	(1)
Expanded Single-source System	289	(1)
Multiple-source Systems	290	(1)
Control Track and Time Code Editing	291	(1)
Control Track, or Pulse-count, Editing	291	(2)
Time Code Editing	293	(1)
Linear Editing Features and Techniques	294	(1)
Assemble Editing	294	(1)
Insert Editing	295	(1)
AB Rolling and AB-Roll Editing	295	(1)
AB Rolling	295	(2)
AB-roll Editing	297	(1)
Nonlinear Editing Systems	297	(1)
Nonlinear Editing Features and Techniques	298	(1)
Capture	298	(1)
Compression	299	(1)
Storage	299	(1)
Juxtaposing and Rearranging Video and Audio Files	299	(1)
Pre-Editing Phase	300	(1)
Shooting Phase	301	(1)
Review Phase	301	(1)
Preparation Phase	301	(3)
Editing Procedures	304	(1)
Shot Selection	304	(1)
Shot Sequencing	305	(1)
Audio Sweetening	305	(1)
Creating the Final Edit Master Tape	306	(1)
Operational Hints	306	(2)
Making Editing Decisions	308	(12)
Editing Functions	308	(1)
Combine	308	(1)
Shorten	308	(1)
Correct	308	(1)
Build	309	(1)
Basic Transition Devices	309	(1)
Cut	309	(1)
Dissolve	309	(1)
Wipe	309	(1)
Fade	310	(1)
Major Editing Principles	310	(2)
Continuity Editing	312	(5)
Complexity Editing	317	(1)
Context	317	(1)
Ethics	318	(2)
Visual Effects	320	(22)
Electronic Effects and How to Use Them	322	(15)
Standard Analog Video Effects	322	(1)
Superimposition	322	(1)
Key	322	(2)
Chroma Key	324	(3)
Wipe	327	(2)
Digital Video Effects	329	(1)
Computer-manipulated Effects	330	(1)
Image Size, Shape, Light, and Color	330	(3)
Motion	333	(2)
Multi-images	335	(2)
Nonelectronic Effects and How to Use Them	337	(5)
Optical Effects	337	(1)
Television Gobos	337	(1)
Reflections	338	(1)
Star Filter	338	(1)
Diffusion Filters	338	(1)
Defocus	339	(1)
Mechanical Effects	339	(1)
Rain	340	(1)
Snow	340	(1)
Fog	340	(1)
Wind	340	(1)
Smoke	340	(1)
Fire	340	(1)
Lightning	341	(1)
Design	342	(24)
Designing and Using Television Graphics	344	(11)
Specifications of Television Graphics	344	(1)
Aspect Ratio	344	(1)
Scanning and Essential Areas	345	(1)
Out-of-aspect-ratio Graphics	346	(1)
Matching STV and HDTV Aspect Ratios	346	(2)
Information Density and Readability	348	(2)
Color	350	(2)
Style	352	(1)
Synthetic Images	353	(2)
Scenery and Props	355	(11)
Television Scenery	355	(1)
Standard Set Units	355	(2)
Hanging Units	357	(1)
Platforms and Wagons	358	(1)
Set Pieces	359	(1)
Properties and Set Dressings	360	(1)
Stage Props	360	(1)
Set Dressings	360	(1)
Hand Properties	360	(1)
Prop List	360	(1)
Elements of Scene Design	361	(1)
Floor Plan	361	(2)
Set Backgrounds and Platforms	363	(1)
Studio Floor Treatments	364	(2)
Production People	366	(24)
What Production People Do	368	(18)
Nontechnical Production Personnel	368	(2)
Technical Personnel and Crew	370	(1)
News Production Personnel	370	(1)
Television Talent	371	(2)
Performance Techniques	373	(1)
Performer and Camera	373	(2)
Performer and Audio	375	(1)
Performer and Timing	375	(1)
Performer and Postproduction	376	(1)
Floor Manager's Cues	376	(1)
Prompting Devices	376	(6)
Acting Techniques	382	(1)
Audience	383	(1)
Blocking	383	(1)
Memorizing Lines	383	(1)
Timing	384	(1)
Actor and Postproduction	384	(1)
Director/Actor Relationship	384	(1)
Auditions	384	(2)
How to Do Makeup and What to Wear	386	(4)
Makeup	386	(1)
Materials	386	(1)
Application	387	(1)
Technical Requirements	387	(1)
Clothing and Costuming	388	(1)
Clothing	388	(1)
Costuming	389	(1)
Producing	390	(22)
What Producing Is All About	392	(15)
Preproduction Planning: From Idea to Script	392	(1)
Generating Program Ideas	392	(1)
Using Production Models	393	(2)
Writing the Program Proposal	395	(2)
Preparing a Budget	397	(4)
Writing the Script	401	(1)
Preproduction Planning: Coordination	401	(1)
People	401	(1)
Facilities Request	402	(1)
Schedules	403	(1)
Permits and Clearances	403	(1)
Publicity and Promotion	404	(1)
Line Producer: Host and Watchdog	404	(1)
Playing Host	404	(1)
Watching the Production Flow	404	(1)
Evaluating the Production	404	(1)
Postproduction Activities	405	(1)
Postproduction Editing	405	(1)
Evaluation and Feedback	405	(1)
Recordkeeping	405	(2)
Dealing with Schedules, Legal Matters, and Ratings	407	(5)
Time Line	407	(1)
Information Resources	407	(2)
Unions and Legal Matters	409	(1)
Unions	409	(1)
Copyrights and Clearances	409	(1)
Other Legal Considerations	410	(1)
Audience and Ratings	410	(1)
Target Audience	410	(1)
Ratings and Share	410	(2)
The Director in Preproduction	412	(32)
How a Director Prepares	414	(17)
The Director's Roles	414	(1)
Director as Artist	414	(1)
Director as Psychologist	414	(1)
Director as Technical Adviser	415	(1)
Director as Coordinator	415	(1)
Preproduction Activities	415	(1)
Process Message	415	(1)
Production Method	415	(1)
Production Team and Communication	416	(1)
Scheduling	416	(1)
Script Formats	416	(3)
Script Marking	419	(8)
Floor Plan and Location Sketch	427	(1)
Facilities Request	428	(1)
Support Staff	429	(1)
Floor Manager	429	(1)
Associate, or Assistant, Director	430	(1)
Production Assistant	430	(1)
Moving from Script to Screen	431	(13)
Visualization and Sequencing	431	(4)
Formulating the Process Message	435	(1)
Medium Requirements	435	(2)
Interpreting the Floor Plan and the Location Sketch	437	(3)
Script Analysis	440	(1)
Locking-in Point and Translation	440	(1)
Storyboard	440	(4)
The Director in Production and Postproduction	444	(26)
Multicamera Control Room Directing	446	(18)
The Director's Terminology	446	(1)
Multicamera Directing Procedures	446	(1)
Directing from the Control Room	447	(1)
Control Room Intercom Systems	447	(8)
Directing Rehearsals	455	(1)
Script Reading	455	(1)
Dry Run, or Blocking Rehearsal	456	(1)
Walk-through	457	(1)
Camera and Dress Rehearsals	457	(1)
Walk-through/Camera Rehearsal Combination	458	(1)
Preparing a Time Line	459	(2)
Directing the Show	461	(1)
Standby Procedures	461	(1)
On-the-air Procedures	461	(3)
Single-camera Directing, Postproduction, and Timing	464	(6)
Single-Camera Directing Procedures	464	(1)
Visualization	464	(1)
Script Breakdown	464	(2)
Rehearsals	466	(1)
Videotaping	466	(1)
Postproduction Activities	466	(1)
Controlling Clock Time	467	(1)
Schedule Time and Running Time	467	(1)
Clock Back-timing and Front-timing	467	(1)
Converting Frames into Clock Time	468	(1)
Controlling Subjective Time	468	(2)
Field Production and Big Remotes	470	(35)
ENG, EFP, and Big Remotes	472	(15)
Electronic News Gathering	472	(1)
ENG Production Features	473	(1)
Satellite Uplink	473	(1)
Electronic Field Production	474	(1)
Preproduction	474	(1)
Production: Equipment Check	475	(1)
Production: Setup	476	(1)
Production: Rehearsals	477	(1)
Production: Videotaping	477	(1)
Production: Strike and Equipment Check	477	(1)
Postproduction	477	(1)
Big Remotes	477	(1)
Preproduction: The Remote Survey	478	(2)
Production: Equipment Setup and Operation	480	(5)
Production: Floor Manager and Talent Procedures	485	(2)
Covering Major Events	487	(18)
Sports Remotes	487	(1)
Location Sketch and Remote Setups	487	(1)
Reading Location Sketches	487	(8)
Production Requirements for Public Hearing (Indoor Remote)	495	(2)
Production Requirements for Parade (Outdoor Remote)	497	(2)
Communication Systems	499	(1)
ENG Communication Systems	499	(1)
EFP Communication Systems	499	(1)
Big-remote Communication Systems	499	(1)
Signal Transport	500	(1)
Microwave Transmission	500	(1)
Communication Satellites: Frequencies, Uplinks, and Downlinks	501	(2)
Cable Distribution	503	(2)
Epilogue	505	(1)
Glossary	506	(26)
Selected Reading	532	(2)
Index	534