Recent years have witnessed the most substantial changes in the world system of states and their boundaries since World War II. The key division between the states in the world system the former deep ideological divide between East and West has disappeared. The border between Finland and Russia was a frontier between East and West and had a long history as a fundamental dividing line between contrasting cultural and political systems. Territories, Boundaries and Consciousness is the first geographical analysis of how this critical border evolved. This original and well-illustrated book is much more than a local study. It presents both a theoretically informed analysis of the construction of territories and their boundaries and a richly detailed geohistory of the changing geography of Finland. It traces the nature of the nation-building process, the rise of the nation state and the changing position of this emerging new state in the world geopolitical landscape. The history of the construction of the Finnish Russian border is analyzed on the basis of modern geopolitical and social theory, leading to an interpretation of the changing role of the boundary in the socio-spatial consciousness of the Finnish people. This important theoretical analysis is a key reformulation of boundary studies as well as a fascinating experienced examination of a critical geographical fault-line in world history. It is essential reading for postgraduates of political and cultural geography, history, international relations, Russian studies, as well as for those with an interest in international politics.

Anssi Paasi is the author of Territories, Boundaries and Consciousness: The Changing Geographies of the Finnish-Russian Border, published by Wiley.

FOREWORD

xi

(4)

EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION

xv

(2)

PREFACE

xvii

(4)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

xxi

PART ONE TERRITORIES AND BOUNDARIES IN REGIONAL TRANSFORMATION

1

(76)

1 REGIONAL TRANSFORMATION AND THE OTHER

3

(14)

1.1 Introduction

3

(4)

1.2 Regional transformation, the social construction of `we' and the `Other'

7

(8)

1.3 Aims of the book

15

(2)

2 TERRITORIES, BOUNDARIES AND THE DISCOURSE ON POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY

17

(22)

2.1 Changing spaces and geographies

17

(6)

2.2 The question of boundaries in geographical thought

23

(4)

2.3 Boundaries in the production of territories

27

(4)

2.4 The institutionalization of regions

31

(8)

3 TIME, SPACE AND CONSCIOUSNESS: CONSTRUCTING NATIONALISM AND COMMUNICATING BOUNDARIES

39

(23)

3.1 The national ideal

39

(3)

3.2 Social integration and spatial scales

42

(5)

3.3 The changing roles of nationalism

47

(7)

3.4 National socialization

54

(5)

3.5 National stereotypes and the Other

59

(3)

4 METHODOLOGICAL CONTEXTS

62

(15)

4.1 Socio-spatial consciousness

65

(5)

4.2 Towards local life

70

(4)

4.3 A methodological comment

74

(3)

PART TWO THE INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF THE FINNISH TERRITORY

77

(124)

5 NATIONALISM, GEOPOLITICS AND CHANGING TERRITORIES: THE CASE OF FINLAND

79

(58)

5.1 The rise of the Finnish state and nation

79

(11)

5.2 Economic and cultural integration

90

(5)

5.3 Towards independence

95

(2)

5.4 Territory and the ideological context between the World Wars

97

(5)

5.5 The Winter War (1939-40) as a territorial conflict

102

(5)

5.6 The Continuation War and the ideology of territorial expansion

107

(6)

5.7 The territorial, economic and socio-political consequences of World War II in Finland

113

(7)

5.8 Location on the ideological boundary of the Cold War: four discourses

120

(17)

6 THE CHANGING SOCIO-SPATIAL CONSCIOUSNESS

137

(30)

6.1 Representations of Finnishness and its `systemic' basis

137

(30)

7 SIGNIFYING TERRITORIALITY: THE CHANGING ROLES OF THE FINNISH-RUSSIAN BOUNDARY

167

(34)

7.1 The Finnish-Russian boundary and civil society

167

(13)

7.2 Finnish geographers and the representation of the boundary

180

(11)

7.3 The Finnish-Russian boundary in geographical textbooks

191

(2)

7.4 Boundaries, religion and metaphors: an excursion

193

(8)

PART THREE TOWARDS LOCAL EXPERIENCE

201

(110)

8 PLACE, BOUNDARY AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF LOCAL EXPERIENCE

203

(11)

8.1 The local scale

203

(11)

9 REGIONAL TRANSFORMATION ON THE LOCAL SCALE: THE INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF VARTSILA

214

(62)

9.1 Rising spatial divisions of labour

216

(10)

9.2 The factory community and its social texture

226

(13)

9.3 Evacuation and ceding of the area

239

(14)

9.4 The territorial identification of the inhabitants

253

(10)

9.5 Territorial transformation and human generations

263

(4)

9.6 Living in the landscape of war and peace

267

(3)

9.7 Prisoners of space? Living in the frontier zone

270

(3)

9.8 Between the Eastern and Western worlds?

273

(3)

10 BACK TO KARELIA

276

(24)

10.1 The forms of utopia

276

(5)

10.2 The fulfilment and disappearance of the utopia

281

(8)

10.3 Back to Karelia: travelling into the past or into the present?

289

(11)

11 EPILOGUE: TOWARDS A GLOBAL SENSE OF PLACE

300

(11)

APPENDIX

311

(6)

REFERENCES

317

(26)

NAME INDEX

343

(6)

SUBJECT INDEX

349

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