Test Anxiety Applied Research, Assessment, and Treatment Interventions

by Sapp, Marty

• ISBN13: 9780761813866
• ISBN10: 0761813861
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1999-04-22
• Publisher: UPA

Summary

Test Anxiety adapts the previous edition to the influence of structural equations modeling that has taken hold of test anxiety research, while maintaining the applied research, assessment, and treatment interventions. This book integrates statistical methodology and research design with actual research situations that occur within the test anxiety area. It brings together more than 100 studies that have been published on test anxiety since 1993. Marty Sapp introduces the logics of structural equations and shows how the EQS structural equations program can easily perform structural equations modeling. He presents two statistical packages, SPSSX and SAS, for use in conducting test anxiety research and developing actual empirically based treatment interventions. This allows an easy analysis using common factors such as Sarason's four-factor model or Spielberger's two-factor model. Test Anxiety provides a practical, cutting edge resource for conducting and assessing test anxiety research.

Table of Contents

Preface to First Edition	p. iv
Preface to Second Edition	p. v
Preface to Students and Social Scientists	p. vi
Applied Research	p. 1
Variables Employed in Test Anxiety Research	p. 3
Variables	p. 5
Confounding Variables	p. 5
Independent Variables	p. 5
Dependent Variables	p. 5
Moderator Variables	p. 6
Control Variables	p. 6
Intervening Variables	p. 7
Suppressor Variables	p. 7
Exercises	p. 7
Summary	p. 8
Internal Validity	p. 9
Threats to Internal Validity	p. 11
History	p. 11
Maturation	p. 12
Pretest Sensitization	p. 12
Selection	p. 12
Statistical Regression	p. 12
Experimental Mortality or Attrition	p. 13
Instrumentation	p. 13
Statistical Error	p. 13
Expectation Effects	p. 14
Double- and Single-Blind Controls for Expectation Effects	p. 14
Exercises	p. 14
Summary	p. 15
Difficulties that Occur with Test Anxiety Research	p. 17
External Validity	p. 19
Difficulties that Occur with Test Anxiety Research	p. 19
Hawthorne Effect	p. 19
Demand Characteristics	p. 19
Evaluation Apprehension	p. 20
Social Desirability	p. 20
Placebo Effect	p. 20
Controlling the Hawthorne Effect	p. 20
Reactivity	p. 21
Pretest and Posttest Sensitization	p. 21
Generalization of Results	p. 21
Summary	p. 21
Common Research Designs	p. 23
One-Group Designs	p. 25
Independent Two-Group Designs	p. 26
Related Two-Group Designs	p. 27
Multiple Treatment Designs	p. 28
Factorial Designs	p. 28
Solomon Design	p. 29
Quasi-Experimental Designs	p. 31
Time-Series Designs	p. 31
Nonequivalent Control Group Designs	p. 33
Equivalent Time-Samples	p. 34
Counterbalanced Designs	p. 35
Nested Designs	p. 37
Exercises	p. 40
Summary	p. 40
Measures of Central Tendency and Measures of Variabilibility	p. 43
Measures of Central Tendency	p. 45
Averages	p. 45
Mean	p. 45
Mode	p. 45
Median	p. 45
Characteristics of the Mean	p. 46
When to Use the Mode	p. 48
When to Use the Median	p. 49
Skewed Distributions	p. 49
When to Use the Mean	p. 52
Measures	p. 52
Standard Deviation	p. 52
Variance	p. 52
Computer Examples for Measures of Central Tendency and Measures of Variability	p. 55
SPSSX Release 4.0	p. 56
Applications of the Mean and Standard Deviation to the Normal Curve	p. 63
Moments: Measures of Skewness and Kurtosis	p. 64
Summary	p. 67
Exercises	p. 68
Common Univariate Statistics	p. 71
Hypothesis Testing	p. 73
t-test for Independent Groups	p. 78
t-test for Related or Correlated Groups	p. 89
t-test a Special Case of Correlation or Regression	p. 93
One-way Analysis of Variance	p. 94
SPSSX Power Estimate and Effect Size Measures	p. 103
Two-way ANOVA	p. 105
Disporportional Cell Size or Unbalanced Factorial Designs	p. 118
Planned Comparisons and the Tukey Post Hoc Procedure	p. 123
One-Way Analysis of Covariance	p. 141
Post Hoc Procedures for ANCOVA	p. 149
SPSSX Control Lines for Factorial Analysis of Covariance	p. 150
Nested Designs	p. 151
Summary	p. 155
Multivariate Research Statistical Methodology Using SPSSX and SAS	p. 161
One-Group Repeated Measures ANOVA	p. 162
Assumptions of Repeated Measures	p. 162
Violations of Sphericity Assumption	p. 163
Controversy in Calculations of Greenhouse Epsilon Statistic	p. 164
Tukey Post Hoc Procedure for One-Group Repeated Measures Design	p. 170
Tukey Confidence Intervals for One-Group Repeated Measures ANOVA	p. 171
One-Group Repeated Measures ANOVA Exercises	p. 172
Multiple Regression	p. 178
Steps for Cross-Validating Regression Equations	p. 176
Number of Recommended Subjects Per Predictor for Regression Equations	p. 177
Relationship Among R[superscript 2], Y, and F	p. 178
Assumptions of Multiple Regression	p. 178
When Regression Assumptions Appear to Be Violated	p. 184
Six Methods of Selecting Predictors and Regression Models	p. 184
SPSSX Control Lines for Running the Backward Elimination Process	p. 187
Multiple Regression Exercises	p. 197
K Group MANOVA	p. 197
Assumptions of MANOVA	p. 198
SPSSX for K Group MANOVA	p. 199
K Group MANOVA Exercises	p. 202
Factorial Multivariate Analysis of Variance	p. 202
Factorial MANOVA Exercises	p. 205
Multivariate Analysis of Covariance: Three Covariates and Three Dependent Variables	p. 205
Factorial MANCOVA: One Covariate and Two Dependent Variables	p. 208
One-Way MANCOVA Exercises	p. 209
Post Hoc Procedures for MANCOVA	p. 209
Nested MANOVA	p. 210
Summary	p. 215
Choosing a Statistical Procedure	p. 216
Statistical Application Exercises	p. 218
Measurement Issues	p. 225
Measurement Issues	p. 227
Measurement Issues	p. 229
Testing the Dimensionality of the Worry Component or the Test Anxiety Inventory with Economically and Educationally At-Risk High School Students: Employing Item Response Theory Analysis and Principal Components Analysis	p. 230
Introduction to Structural Equation Modeling Using EQS	p. 251
Overview of Structural Equation Models	p. 253
Elements of the EQS Control Language	p. 256
EQS Path Analysis	p. 257
Selected Output from EQS path Analysis	p. 258
EQS Confirmatory Factor Analysis	p. 258
Selected Output from Confirmatory Factor Analysis	p. 259
Confirmatory Factor Analysis Exercise	p. 261
Identification	p. 263
Model Modification	p. 263
Summary	p. 264
Assessment	p. 267
Assessment	p. 269
Constructs of Test Anxiety	p. 271
Defining Test Anxiety	p. 272
Parent-Child Interactions and the Development of Test Anxiety	p. 272
Measuring Test Anxiety in Children	p. 273
The School Environment, Motivation, Learned Helplessness, and Test Anxiety	p. 275
Self-Efficacy and Test Anxiety	p. 276
Measuring Test-Wiseness	p. 278
The Components of Test Anxiety	p. 279
Recommendations for Parents	p. 284
Test Anxiety and Performance	p. 286
Test Anxiety Measures for Adolescents and Adults	p. 287
The Development of Mathematical Test Anxiety	p. 293
Test Anxiety in the Academically At-Risk	p. 294
Summary	p. 296
Treatment Interventions	p. 319
Treatment Interventions	p. 321
Psychotherapy Efficacy	p. 323
Research to Support Treatment Scripts for Test Anxiety	p. 325
Appropriate Clientele and Qualifications for Treatment Scripts	p. 327
Introduction to Study Skills Counseling Script	p. 328
Study Skills Counseling Session 1	p. 328
Study Skills counseling Session 2	p. 329
Study Skills Counseling Session 3	p. 330
Study Skills Counseling Session 4	p. 332
Supportive Counseling Script	p. 334
Introduction to Relaxation Therapy Script	p. 338
Relaxation Therapy Session 1	p. 340
Relaxation Therapy Session 2	p. 344
Relaxation Therapy Session 3	p. 347
Relaxation Therapy Session 4	p. 349
Systematic Desensitization	p. 351
Summary of Cognitive-Behavioral Hypnosis Therapy Script	p. 356
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy	p. 366
Appendix	p. 375
Percent Area Under the Normal Curve Between the Mean and Z	p. 377
Critical Values of t	p. 378
Critical Values of F	p. 380
Percentage Points of the Studentized Range	p. 385
Critical Values for Bryant-Paulson Procedure	p. 389
The Hartley F-MAX Test for Homogeneity of Variances	p. 392
Critical Values for Dunnett's Test	p. 394
Critical Values of Pearson r	p. 395
Critical Values of r[subscript s] (Spearman Rank-Order Correlation Coefficient)	p. 397
Critical Value of Chi-Square	p. 398
A Table of Random Numbers	p. 400
Author Index	p. 403
Subject Index	p. 411
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