Textbook of Laparoscopic Urology

by Gill; Inderbir S.

• ISBN13: 9780849339943
• ISBN10: 0849339944
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-10-03
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

Divided into eleven detailed sections, this reference displays the expertise and research of specialists from leading urology centers around the world and offers authoritative chapters on the entire spectrum of urologic laparoscopy. The chapters cover methods in patient selection, peri-operative management, and complication avoidance; step-by-step descriptions of specific techniques; and the pros and cons of each procedure for a clear grasp of the many principles and practices currently utilized in the field.

Table of Contents

Preface	v
Acknowledgments	vii
Contributors	xxvii
SECTION I: BASIC CONSIDERATIONS
History of Laparoscopy: An Odyssey of Innovations	3	(10)
Sergio G. Moreira, Jr.
Raul C. Ordorica
Sakti Das
References	11	(2)
Laparoscopic Anatomy: Upper Abdomen	13	(6)
Dinesh Singh
Introduction	13	(1)
Right Kidney	13	(1)
Left Kidney	14	(1)
Right Adrenal Gland	15	(1)
Left Adrenal Gland	16	(3)
Laparoscopic Anatomy of the Male Pelvis	19	(10)
Bertrand Guillonneau
Karim A. Touijer
Jeffery W. Saranchuk
Introduction	19	(1)
Intra-Abdominal Anatomy of the Pelvis	19	(3)
The Retropubic Space	22	(2)
Prostatic Fascia and Prostatic Pedicles	24	(2)
Sphincteric Complex	26	(1)
Conclusion	27	(1)
References	27	(2)
Physiologic Aspects of Laparoscopy	29	(18)
J. Stuart Wolf, Jr.
Introduction	29	(1)
Physiologic Factors	29	(3)
Physiologic Responses	32	(3)
Physiologic Complications	35	(6)
References	41	(6)
Modern Abdominal Imaging: Implications for Laparoscopic Surgery	47	(20)
Erick M. Remer
Joseph C. Veniero
Brian R. Herts
Introduction	47	(1)
Computed Tomography	48	(1)
Computed Tomography Protocol for Laparoscopic Surgical Planning	48	(1)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging	49	(2)
Magnetic Resonance Protocol for Laparoscopic Surgical Planning	51	(1)
Image Interpretation and Three-Dimensional Volume Rendering	52	(3)
Radiologic Guidance During Laparoscopic Surgery	55	(4)
Postoperative Imaging	59	(3)
Conclusion	62	(1)
References	63	(4)
SECTION II: EQUIPMENT
Laparoscopic Instrumentation	67	(10)
Mihir M. Desai
Introduction	67	(1)
Laparoscopic Instrumentation	67	(6)
Operating Room Setup	73	(1)
Conclusion	74	(1)
References	75	(2)
Audiovisual Equipment and the Operating Room of the Future	77	(14)
James O. L'Esperance
Glenn M. Preminger
Introduction	77	(1)
Digital Imaging	77	(2)
Video Endoscopy (AKA ``Chip on A Stick'')	79	(1)
Digital Imaging, Video Documentation, and Editing	80	(1)
Illumination	81	(1)
Image Display Systems and High-Definition Video Systems	82	(1)
Three-Dimensional Video Endoscopic/Laparoscopic Systems	83	(1)
Virtual Reality Endoscopic/Laparoscopic Simulation	84	(1)
Internet and Telemedicine	85	(1)
The Operating Rooms of the Future---Today	86	(2)
Conclusion	88	(1)
References	88	(3)
Bioadhesive Technology	91	(14)
Andrew B. Joel
Marshall L. Stoller
Introduction	91	(1)
Hemostasis	92	(1)
Topical Biologic Agents: Pharmacologic	93	(3)
Topical Biologic Agents: Physical	96	(1)
Urologic Laparoscopic Applications	97	(3)
Potential Complications	100	(1)
Topical Synthetic Agents	101	(1)
Conclusion	101	(1)
References	102	(3)
Surgical Robotics	105	(14)
Akshay Bhandari
Lee Richstone
Ashutosh Tewari
Introduction	105	(1)
History of Robotics	105	(1)
Robotics in Surgery	106	(1)
Robotics in Urology	107	(4)
Telesurgery	111	(1)
Virtual Reality	112	(1)
Limitations of Robotic Surgery	113	(1)
Future Robotic Surgery Systems	113	(1)
References	114	(5)
SECTION III: LAPAROSCOPY: GENERAL TECHNIQUES
Basics of Retroperitoneal Laparoscopy	119	(10)
Monish Aron
Benjamin Chung
Inderbir S. Gill
Introduction	119	(1)
Indications	119	(1)
Contraindications	119	(1)
Preoperative Workup	120	(1)
Surgical Technique	120	(6)
Intraoperative Troubleshooting	126	(1)
Time Management	126	(1)
Complications	127	(1)
Conclusion	127	(1)
References	127	(2)
Laparoscopic Suturing Techniques: General Considerations	129	(30)
Louis J. Giorgi, Jr.
Michael E. Moran
Introduction	129	(1)
Laparoscopic Suturing Time Line	130	(1)
Essentials of Laparoscopic Suturing	131	(8)
Laparoscopic Extracorporeal Knotting	139	(3)
Laparoscopic Intracorporeal Suturing and Knotting	142	(11)
References	153	(6)
Laparoscopic Suturing: Procedure-Specific	159	(26)
Louis J. Giorgi, Jr.
Michael E. Moran
Laparoscopic Urologic Sutured Reconstruction	159	(11)
Robotic Reconstruction	170	(5)
Conclusion	175	(2)
Practical Skills Acquisition Exercises	177	(1)
References	177	(8)
SECTION IV: ADULT LAPAROSCOPY: BENIGN DISEASE
Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy: Technique	185	(22)
T. R. J. Gianduzzo
C. G. Eden
Introduction and Background	185	(1)
Patient Selection: Indications and Contraindications	186	(2)
Preoperative Preparation	188	(1)
Technique	189	(4)
Lateral Transperitoneal Technique	193	(5)
General Technical Modifications	198	(1)
Anterior Transperitoneal Technique	199	(1)
Lateral Retroperitoneal Technique	199	(1)
Posterior Retroperitoneal Technique	200	(1)
Other Techniques and Modifications	200	(2)
Conclusion	202	(1)
References	203	(4)
Laparoscopic Partial Adrenalectomy	207	(10)
Gunter Janetschek
Introduction	207	(1)
Relevant Anatomic Details	207	(1)
Indications and Contraindications	208	(1)
Therapeutic Concepts	208	(2)
Preoperative Investigation	210	(1)
Preoperative Optimization	210	(1)
Pheochromocytoma: Potential Surgical Risks	210	(1)
Anesthetic Management	211	(1)
Surgical Technique	211	(2)
Results	213	(1)
Laparoscopic Partial Adrenalectomy for Recurrent Pheochromocytomas	214	(1)
References	215	(2)
Laparoscopic Surgical Management of Extra-Adrenal Pheochromocytoma	217	(6)
Ashish Behari
McClellan M. Walther
Introduction	217	(1)
Embryology	217	(1)
Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis	217	(1)
Surgical Technique	218	(2)
Discussion	220	(1)
Conclusion	221	(1)
References	221	(2)
Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy for Benign Disease: Current Status	223	(8)
David S. Wang
Howard N. Winfield
Introduction	223	(1)
Diagnosis	223	(2)
Aldosteronomas	225	(1)
Cushing's Syndrome	225	(1)
Pheochromocytoma	225	(1)
Indications for Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy	226	(1)
Results of Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy for Benign Disease	226	(2)
References	228	(3)
Laparoscopic Simple Nephrectomy: Technique	231	(10)
Simon V. Bariol
David A. Tolley
Introduction	231	(1)
Patient Selection	231	(1)
Preoperative Preparation	231	(1)
Technique	232	(4)
Postoperative Care	236	(1)
Complications	237	(1)
References	238	(1)
Bibliography	239	(2)
Laparoscopic Simple Nephrectomy: Current Status	241	(6)
Moses Kim
Debora K. Moore
Robert G. Moore
Introduction	241	(1)
Indications	241	(1)
Special Considerations	242	(2)
References	244	(3)
Laparoscopic Renal Biopsy: Technique and Results	247	(6)
Christopher A. Warlick
David Y. Chan
Introduction	247	(1)
Surgical Technique	247	(3)
Results	250	(1)
Discussion	250	(1)
References	251	(2)
Laparoscopic Nephropexy	253	(6)
Lewis CH. Liew
Adrian D. Joyce
Introduction	253	(1)
Patient Selection and Diagnosis	254	(1)
Surgical Technique	254	(2)
Results	256	(2)
References	258	(1)
Laparoscopic Renal Cyst Ablation: Technique and Results	259	(20)
Li-Ming Su
Introduction	259	(1)
Patient Selection	260	(3)
Preoperative Preparation	263	(2)
Surgical Technique	265	(8)
Postoperative Care	273	(1)
Measures to Avoid Complications	274	(1)
Results	275	(3)
References	278	(1)
Laparoscopic Surgery for Calculous Disease: Technique and Results	279	(16)
Ashok K. Hemal
Introduction/Background	279	(1)
Patient Selection: Indications and Contraindications	280	(1)
Preoperative Preparation and Patient Position	281	(1)
Technique	281	(1)
Pyelolithotomy	281	(2)
Pyelolithotomy with Concomitant Pyeloplasty	283	(1)
Robot-Assisted Pyelolithotomy and Pyeloplasty	283	(1)
Anatrophic Nephrolithotomy	283	(1)
Removal of Urachovesical Calculus	284	(1)
Ureterolithotomy	284	(2)
Retroperitoneal vs. Transperitoneal Nephrectomy for Nonfunctioning Kidneys Due to Calculous Disease	286	(1)
Retroperitoneoscopic Nephrectomy for Hydronephrotic Kidney Due to Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction with Stones	286	(1)
Laparoscopic Nephrectomy for Xanthogranulomatous Kidneys	286	(1)
Laparoscopic Nephrectomy for Patients with History of Previous Stone Surgery or Percutaneous Nephrostomy	286	(1)
Retroperitoneoscopic Nephroureterectomy for Nonfunctioning Kidneys Due to Calculous Disease	287	(1)
Partial Nephrectomy	287	(1)
Bladder Diverticulectomy with Stone Removal	287	(1)
Results	287	(2)
Complications	289	(2)
References	291	(1)
Commentary	292	(3)
D. Assimos
Laparoscopic Pyeloplasty: Technique	295	(8)
George K. Chow
Introduction	295	(1)
Patient Selection and Diagnosis	296	(1)
Preoperative Preparation	296	(1)
Surgical Technique	296	(3)
Postpyeloplasty Procedure	299	(1)
Postoperative Management	300	(1)
Postoperative Complications	300	(1)
References	301	(2)
Robotic-Assisted Adult and Pediatric Pyeloplasty	303	(10)
Joseph J. Del Pizzo
Michael A. Palese
Ravi Munver
Dix P. Poppas
Introduction	303	(1)
Patient Selection: Indications and Contraindications	304	(1)
Preoperative Preparation	305	(1)
Robotic-Assisted Technique	306	(5)
Specific Measures to Avoid Complications	311	(1)
References	311	(2)
Laparoscopic Pyeloplasty: Current Status	313	(12)
Ioannis M. Varkarakis
Thomas W. Jarrett
Introduction	313	(1)
Current Management of Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction and Indications for Laparoscopic Pyeloplasty	313	(1)
Results: Transperitoneal Laparoscopic Pyeloplasty	314	(1)
Results: Retroperitoneal Laparoscopic Pyeloplasty	315	(1)
Laparoscopic Pyeloplasty in Children	316	(1)
Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Pyeloplasty	316	(1)
Laparoscopic Pyeloplasty for Secondary Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction	317	(1)
Laparoscopic Pyeloplasty with Concomitant Pyelolithotomy	317	(1)
Laparoscopic Pyeloplasty in the Presence of Upper Urinary Tract Abnormalities	318	(1)
Management of Failed Primary Laparoscopic Pyeloplasty	318	(1)
References	319	(1)
Commentary	320	(5)
Michael C. Ost
Arthur Smith
Laparoscopy for the Calyceal Diverticulum: Technique and Results	325	(12)
Christopher S. Ng
Background	325	(1)
Indications for Urologic Intervention	326	(1)
Imaging	326	(1)
Urologic Treatment Modalities	326	(1)
Patient and Treatment Selection	327	(1)
Preoperative Preparation	328	(1)
Technique: Laparoscopic Calyceal Diverticulectomy	329	(6)
Postoperative Management	335	(1)
Results	335	(1)
References	336	(1)
Laparoscopic Live Donor Nephrectomy: Technique	337	(16)
Joseph J. Del Pizzo
Introduction	337	(1)
Patient Selection	338	(1)
Preoperative Preparation	339	(1)
Operative Preparation	339	(2)
Laparoscopic Donor Nephrectomy: Basic Instrumentation	341	(1)
Operative Technique	341	(10)
References	351	(2)
Laparoscopic Donor Nephrectomy: Current Status	353	(16)
Michael W. Phelan
Stephen C. Jacobs
Initial Experience and Motivation	353	(1)
Early Controversies	354	(3)
Unsolved Controversies	357	(1)
Surgical Technical Issues	358	(1)
Donor Evaluation	359	(1)
Expansion of Live Renal Donation	359	(2)
Current Status of Laparoscopic Approach	361	(1)
References	362	(4)
Commentary	366	(3)
John M. Barry
Laparoscopic Ureteral Surgery: Noncalculous Applications	369	(6)
Thomas H. S. Hsu
Keith L. Lee
Introduction	369	(1)
Retrocaval Ureter	369	(1)
Idiopathic Retroperitoneal Fibrosis	370	(1)
Transureteroureterostomy	371	(1)
Cutaneous Ureterostomy	372	(1)
Ureteroneocystostomy	372	(1)
References	373	(2)
Laparoscopic Marsupialization of Lymphocele	375	(6)
W. Patrick Springhart
Charles D. Scales, Jr.
David M. Albala
Introduction	375	(1)
Patient Selection: Indications and Contraindications	375	(1)
Preoperative Preparation	376	(1)
Laparoscopic Technique	376	(2)
Avoiding Complications	378	(1)
References	378	(3)
Laparoscopic Bladder Augmentation: With and Without Urinary Diversion	381	(12)
Raymond R. Rackley
Joseph B. Abdelmalak
Introduction	381	(1)
Patient Selection: Indications and Contraindications	381	(1)
Preoperative Preparation	382	(1)
Surgical Technical Steps	382	(8)
Results	390	(1)
References	391	(2)
Laparoscopic Bladder Neck Suspension: Technique and Results	393	(18)
Jim Ross
Mark Preston
Introduction	393	(1)
Selection, Evaluation, and Anatomy	393	(2)
Set-Up, Instrumentation, and Surgical Procedure	395	(2)
Entry into the Space of Retzius	397	(1)
Outcomes, Comparative Studies, Complications, and Costs	398	(7)
Paravaginal Repair	405	(1)
References	406	(5)
Laparoscopic Management of Vesicovaginal Fistula	411	(6)
Ali Mahdavi
Farr Nezhat
Bulent Berker
Ceana Nezhat
Camran Nezhat
Introduction	411	(1)
Etiology	411	(1)
Diagnosis	412	(1)
Surgical Technique	412	(2)
Prevention	414	(1)
Results	414	(1)
References	414	(3)
Laparoscopic Surgery of the Seminal Vesicles	417	(6)
Robert B. Nadler
Scott E. Eggener
Introduction	417	(1)
Anatomy, Embryology, and Function	417	(1)
Indications	417	(1)
Imaging	418	(1)
Surgical Technique	419	(2)
References	421	(2)
Laparoscopic Varicocelectomy	423	(8)
James F. Donovan
Marlou B. Heiland
Introduction	423	(1)
Diagnosis	423	(1)
Indications for Treatment	424	(1)
Treatment Options	424	(1)
Contraindications to Laparoscopic Varix Ligation	425	(1)
Surgical Technique	425	(2)
Results	427	(1)
References	428	(3)
Laparoscopic Placement of Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter	431	(16)
Wisoot Konchareonsombat
Arif Asif
Raymond J. Leveillee
Introduction	431	(1)
Anatomy of the Abdominal Wall and Peritoneum	432	(1)
Factors Affecting Peritoneal Dialysis Efficiency	433	(1)
The Indication for Dialysis	433	(1)
Peritoneal Access Devices	434	(1)
Contraindications to Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter Placement	434	(1)
Surgical Techniques	434	(4)
Laparoscopic Implantation of Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter	438	(1)
Videolaparoscopy-Assisted Implantation of Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter	439	(1)
Minilaparoscopic Placement of Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter	439	(1)
Burying the Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter	440	(1)
Postoperative Care	441	(1)
Complications of Laparoscopic Placement of Chronic Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter	441	(2)
Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter Removal	443	(1)
References	444	(3)
Laparoscopic Surgery for Chyluria	447	(8)
N. P. Gupta
M. S. Ansari
Introduction	447	(1)
Etiopathogenesis	447	(2)
Clinical Presentation and Evaluation	449	(1)
Conservative Treatment	449	(1)
Patient Selection for Laparoscopic Lymphatic Disconnection	450	(1)
Technique of Retroperitoneoscopic Laparoscopic Lymphatic Disconnection	450	(2)
Technical Tips to Aid Laparoscopic Lymphatic Disconnection	452	(1)
Postoperative Care and Follow-Up	453	(1)
Advantages of Laparoscopy	453	(1)
Retroperitoneal vs. Transperitoneal Lympholysis	454	(1)
References	454	(1)
Laparoscopic Inguinal Hernia Surgery	455	(10)
Bipan Chand
Jeffrey Ponsky
Introduction	455	(1)
Indications and Contraindications	455	(1)
Anatomy	456	(1)
Surgical Techniques	457	(1)
Postoperative Care	458	(1)
Technical Pearls	458	(2)
References	460	(5)
SECTION V: LAPAROSCOPIC UROLOGIC ONCOLOGY
Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy for Malignancy	465	(8)
Alireza Moinzadeh
Introduction	465	(1)
Adrenalectomy for Solitary Metastasis	465	(1)
Adrenalectomy for Adrenocortical Carcinoma	466	(1)
Controversy About the Role of Laparoscopy for Malignancy	467	(1)
Laparoscopy for Malignant Adrenal Lesions	468	(1)
General Guidelines for Surgery	469	(1)
Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy for Malignancy: Caveats	469	(1)
References	470	(3)
Laparoscopic Radical Nephrectomy: Transperitoneal Approach	473	(10)
Michael Grasso III
Introduction	473	(1)
Indications for Surgical Intervention Using a Transperitoneal Laparoscopic Approach	473	(1)
Contraindications to Laparoscopic Radical Nephrectomy	474	(1)
Preoperative Evaluation	474	(1)
Surgical Technique	475	(4)
Results	479	(1)
References	480	(3)
Laparoscopic Radical Nephrectomy: Retroperitoneal Technique	483	(10)
Howard Evans
Michael G. Hobart
Introduction	483	(1)
Indications and Contraindications	484	(1)
Preoperative Preparation	484	(1)
Procedure	484	(6)
Specific Measures Taken to Avoid Complications	490	(1)
References	491	(2)
Laparoscopic Radical Nephrectomy: Current Status	493	(8)
Isaac Yi Kim
Ralph V. Clayman
Introduction	493	(1)
Surgical Approaches	493	(1)
Intraoperative and Perioperative Results	494	(1)
Oncologic Outcome	495	(1)
Complications	496	(1)
Futures	497	(1)
References	497	(2)
Commentary	499	(2)
R. C. Flanigan
Small Renal Tumors: Overview and Management by Active Surveillance	501	(10)
Alessandro Volpe
Michael A. S. Jewett
Natural History of Small Renal Tumors	502	(1)
Active Surveillance of Small Renal Tumors	503	(2)
References	505	(2)
Commentary	507	(4)
Morton A. Bosniak
Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomy: Technique	511	(8)
Jihad H. Kaouk
Introduction	511	(1)
Indications and Contraindications	511	(1)
Perioperative Patient Preparation	511	(1)
Surgical Techniques	512	(4)
Alternative Techniques	516	(1)
References	517	(2)
Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomy: Current Status	519	(24)
Massimiliano Spaliviero
Inderbir S. Gill
Introduction	519	(1)
Nephron-Sparing Surgery: Current Concepts	519	(2)
Nephron-Sparing Surgery: Current Indications	521	(1)
Open Partial Nephrectomy vs. Laparoscopic Radical Nephrectomy	522	(1)
Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomy	522	(1)
Results	523	(1)
Multiple Tumors	524	(2)
Concomitant Adrenalectomy	526	(1)
Complications	526	(1)
Hemostatic Aids and Impact of Floseal	527	(3)
Impact of Warm Ischemia	530	(1)
Laparoscopic Renal Hypothermia	530	(1)
Oncologic Outcomes	531	(1)
Impact of Pelvicalyceal Suture Repair	532	(1)
Laparoscopic Heminephrectomy	532	(1)
Central vs. Peripheral Tumor	533	(1)
Hilar Clamping vs. Non-Clamping	533	(1)
Effect of Tumor Size	533	(1)
Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomy for Cystic Masses	534	(1)
Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomy for Hilar Tumors	534	(1)
Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomy in the Solitary Kidney	535	(1)
Transperitoneal vs. Retroperitoneal Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomy	535	(1)
Financial Analysis	536	(1)
Hand-Assisted Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomy	536	(1)
Follow-Up	537	(1)
Future Directions: Hydro-Jet Technology	537	(1)
Lasers	538	(1)
References	539	(4)
Renal Cryoablation: Technique and Results	543	(10)
Murali K. Ankem
Stephen Y. Nakada
Introduction	543	(1)
Patient Selection: Indications and Contraindications	544	(1)
Preoperative Preparation	544	(1)
Technique	545	(2)
Instrument List	547	(2)
Results	549	(2)
References	551	(2)
Renal Radiofrequency Ablation: Technique and Results	553	(12)
Edward D. Matsumoto
Jeffrey A. Cadeddu
Introduction	553	(1)
Mechanism of Action	553	(1)
Patient Selection: Indication and Contraindications	554	(1)
Preoperative Preparation	554	(1)
Laparoscopic Radiofrequency Ablation Technique	554	(2)
Percutaneous Radiofrequency Ablation Technique	556	(1)
Radiofrequency Ablation Follow-Up	557	(1)
Pros and Cons	557	(1)
Results: Experimental Studies	558	(1)
Results: Clinical Studies	559	(2)
References	561	(1)
Commentary	562	(3)
Harrison K. Rhee
John A. Libertino
Laparoscopic Radical Nephroureterectomy: Techniques for the Management of Distal Ureter and Bladder Cuff	565	(8)
Gary W. Chien
Marcelo A. Orvieto
Arieh L. Shalhav
Introduction	565	(1)
Techniques for Management of Distal Ureter and Bladder Cuff	565	(4)
Open Management of the Distal Ureter and Bladder Cuff Following Laparoscopic Radical Nephroureterectomy	569	(2)
References	571	(1)
Commentary	572	(1)
John M. Fitzpatrick
Laparoscopic Radical Nephroureterectomy: Current Status	573	(14)
Surena F. Matin
Introduction	573	(1)
Nephrectomy	573	(2)
The Current Status of Laparoscopic Radical Nephroureterectomy, Distal Ureterectomy, and Bladder Cuff Excision	575	(2)
Morbidity Associated with Laparoscopic Radical Nephroureterectomy	577	(1)
Oncologic Efficacy	578	(1)
Adjunctive Procedures During Laparoscopic Radical Nephroureterectomy: Lymphadenectomy and Adrenatectomy	578	(1)
Local Recurrences: Port Site and Ureteral Stump	579	(3)
References	582	(2)
Commentary	584	(3)
J. deKernion
Kidney Cancer Specimen Extraction: Intracorporeal Morcellation	587	(12)
Maxwell V. Meng
Introduction	587	(1)
Background	587	(1)
Description of Method	588	(3)
Outcomes of Morcellation	591	(1)
Pathologic Considerations	592	(4)
References	596	(3)
Laparoscopic Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection Technique	599	(12)
Nasser Albqami
Gunter Janetschek
Introduction	599	(1)
Therapeutic Concepts and Patient Selection	599	(2)
Contraindications for Laparoscopic Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection	601	(1)
Preoperative Preparation	601	(1)
Templates	602	(1)
Patient Positioning	602	(1)
Trocar Placement and Pneumoperitoneum	603	(1)
Procedure	603	(3)
Extraperitoneal Approach	606	(3)
References	609	(2)
Laparoscopic Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection for Clinical Stage I Nonseminomatous Germ Cell Testicular Cancer: Current Status	611	(6)
Sam B. Bhayani
Louis R. Kavoussi
Introduction	611	(1)
Differences in Laparoscopic Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissections	611	(1)
Efficacy of Treatment Options	612	(2)
Complications of Laparoscopic Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection	614	(1)
Postchemotherapy Laparoscopic Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection	614	(1)
References	614	(1)
Commentary	615	(2)
Jerome P. Richie
Laparoscopic Pelvic Lymphadenectomy for Prostate and Bladder Cancer	617	(8)
Antonio Finelli
Introduction	617	(1)
Prostate Cancer	617	(2)
Bladder Cancer	619	(2)
Port-Site Tumor Seeding and Local Recurrence	621	(1)
References	621	(4)
Laparoscopic Radical Cystectomy (Prostate Sparing)	625	(12)
Xavier Cathelineau
Carlos Arroyo
Francois Rozet
Eric Barret
Guy Vallancien
Introduction	625	(1)
Patient Selection: Indications and Contraindications	625	(1)
Preoperative Preparation	626	(1)
Detailed Laparoscopic Technique	626	(2)
Description of Technical Modifications	628	(2)
Specific Measures Taken to Avoid Complications	630	(1)
Postoperative Evaluation	631	(1)
Results	631	(1)
Discussion	632	(2)
References	634	(3)
Laparoscopic Radical Cystectomy: Technique	637	(6)
Karim A. Touijer
Stephen J. Savage
Introduction	637	(1)
Patient Selection	637	(1)
Preoperative Patient Preparation	638	(1)
Surgical Technique	638	(1)
Laparoscopic Radical Cystectomy in the Male Patient	638	(3)
Laparoscopic Radical Cystectomy in the Female Patient	641	(1)
Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Radical Cystectomy	642	(1)
Urinary Diversions	642	(1)
Conclusion	642	(1)
References	642	(1)
Laparoscopic Bowel Surgery: General Considerations	643	(4)
Anthony J. Senagore
Introduction	643	(1)
Patient Selection: Indications and Contraindications	643	(1)
Perioperative Care	643	(1)
Operative Techniques	644	(2)
References	646	(1)
Laparoscopic Urinary Diversion	647	(22)
David Canes
Harrison K. Rhee
Ingolf Tuerk
Introduction	647	(1)
Indications and Contraindications	648	(2)
A: Noncontinent Urinary Diversions	650	(1)
Heal Conduit	650	(1)
Lap-Assisted Ileal Conduit Urinary Diversion	651	(2)
Pure Laparoscopic Ileal Conduit Urinary Diversion	653	(2)
B: Continent Urinary Diversion	655	(1)
Orthotopic Neobladder	655	(1)
Lap-Assisted Orthotopic Neobladder	656	(2)
Pure Laparoscopic Orthotopic Neobladder	658	(2)
Laparoscopic Mainz II Pouch (Sigma-Rectum Pouch)	660	(3)
Future Directions	663	(1)
References	664	(1)
Commentary	665	(2)
John P. Stein
Commentary	667	(2)
Urs E. Studer
Laparoscopic Surgery for Bladder Cancer: Current Status	669	(8)
Osamu Ukimura
Inderbir S. Gill
Introduction	669	(1)
Histologic and Experimental Background	670	(1)
Clinical Series	670	(4)
International Registry and Future Direction	674	(1)
References	675	(2)
Transperitoneal Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy: Technical Variations, Oncologic and Functional Results, and Training	677	(28)
Jens J. Rassweiler
Tibet Erdogru
Marto Sugiono
Marzel Hrutza
Dogu Teber
The History of Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy	677	(1)
Indications of Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy	678	(1)
Specific Contraindications	679	(1)
Laparoscopic Transperitoneal Ascending Radical Prostatectomy (The Heilbronn Technique)	679	(6)
Laparoscopic Transperitoneal Descending Radical Prostatectomy (The Montsouris Technique)	685	(3)
Technical Variations	688	(3)
Results	691	(7)
Training	698	(2)
References	700	(2)
Commentary	702	(3)
Guy Vallancien
Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy: Extraperitoneal Technique	705	(12)
Clement-Claude Abbou
Andras Hoznek
Laurent Salomon
Matthew T. Gettman
Philippe Sebe
Introduction	705	(1)
Operative Technique	705	(6)
Discussion	711	(1)
Conclusion	712	(1)
References	713	(1)
Commentary	714	(3)
Renaud Bollens
Claude Schulman
Robotic Radical Prostatectomy: Technique and Results	717	(12)
Melissa C. Fischer
James O. Peabody
Mani Menon
Ashok K. Hemal
Introduction and Background	717	(1)
Patient Selection: Indications and Contraindications	717	(1)
Preoperative Preparation	718	(1)
Detailed Robotic Prostatectomy Technique	718	(6)
Extraperitoneal Approach for Robotic Radical Prostatectomy	724	(1)
Specific Measures Taken to Avoid Complications	724	(1)
Results	724	(2)
References	726	(1)
Commentary	727	(2)
Guy Vallancien
Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy: Current Status	729	(16)
Karim A. Touijer
Edouard Trabulsi
Bertrand Guillonneau
Introduction	729	(1)
Technique	730	(1)
Perioperative Parameters	731	(3)
Cancer Control	734	(2)
Functional Results	736	(1)
New Innovations in Laparoscopic Prostate Surgery	737	(1)
Personal Experience of the Senior Author (B. G.): The Lessons Learned	737	(2)
References	739	(2)
Commentary	741	(4)
Robert P. Myers
Port Site Metastasis in Urologic Laparoscopy	745	(12)
Steven M. Baughman
Jay T. Bishoff
Introduction	745	(1)
History: Gynecologic and General Surgery Literature	745	(1)
Urologic Experience	746	(3)
Basic Science and Predisposing Factors	749	(2)
Port Site Recurrence Prevention	751	(1)
Percutaneous Ablation	751	(1)
References	752	(5)
SECTION VI: PEDIATRIC LAPAROSCOPY
Laparoscopy in the Child: Specific Issues	757	(10)
Craig A. Peters
Indications	757	(1)
Oncology	757	(1)
Patient Preparation	758	(1)
Port Positioning and Setup	758	(1)
Cannulae	759	(1)
Hand Instruments	759	(1)
Access	759	(1)
Manipulation Principles	760	(1)
Retroperitoneal Access	761	(1)
Physiology and Anesthetic Considerations	762	(1)
Complications	762	(1)
Surgical Complications	763	(1)
Postoperative Course	763	(1)
References	764	(3)
Laparoscopic Management of the Undescended Nonpalpable Testicle	767	(12)
Gerald H. Jordan
Linda Baker
Introduction	767	(1)
Considerations for Orchidopexy	768	(3)
Therapeutic Laparoscopy	771	(5)
References	776	(3)
Laparoscopic Ureteral Reimplantation	779	(6)
Jonathan H. Ross
Richard Sutherland
Introduction	779	(1)
Vesicoureteral Reflux: Management	779	(1)
Transvesical Cross-Trigonal Approach	780	(1)
Laparoscopic Extravesical Approach	780	(1)
References	781	(4)
SECTION VII: HAND-ASSISTED LAPAROSCOPY
Hand-Assisted Laparoscopic Nephrectomy	785	(14)
Steven J. Shichman
Joseph R. Wagner
Introduction	785	(1)
Patient Selection: Indications and Contraindications	786	(1)
Preoperative Preparation	786	(1)
Detailed Laparoscopic Technique	787	(6)
Pros and Cons of Different Techniques	793	(2)
Specific Measures Taken to Avoid Complications	795	(1)
References	796	(3)
Hand-Assisted Laparoscopy: Current Status	799	(14)
J. Stuart Wolf, Jr.
Stephen Y. Nakada
Introduction	799	(1)
History	799	(1)
Experience with Hand-Assisted Laparoscopy	800	(3)
Complications of Hand-Assisted Laparoscopy	803	(1)
Comparison of Hand-Assisted Laparoscopy to Other Laparoscopic Techniques	804	(4)
Selection of Patients for Hand-Assisted Laparoscopy	808	(1)
References	809	(4)
Gasless Laparoscopy	813	(12)
Kazuo Suzuki
Introduction	813	(1)
History	813	(2)
Equipment and Technique	815	(2)
Gasless vs. Pneumoperitoneum	817	(2)
References	819	(6)
SECTION VIII: LAPAROSCOPY: DEVELOPING TECHNIQUES
Thoracoscopic Transdiaphragmatic Adrenalectomy	825	(10)
Massimiliano Spaliviero
Anoop M. Meraney
Introduction	825	(1)
Current Indications and Contraindications of Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy	825	(1)
Transthoracic Laparoscopy: Experimental and Clinical Data	826	(1)
Thoracoscopic Transdiaphragmatic Adrenalectomy: Patient Selection	827	(1)
Surgical Technique	828	(3)
Results	831	(2)
Technical Limitations	833	(1)
References	833	(2)
Renal Hypothermia	835	(6)
Anup P. Ramani
Introduction	835	(1)
Physiology of Renal Hypothermia	835	(1)
Techniques of Laparoscopic Renal Hypothermia	836	(1)
Laparoscopic Ice Slush Renal Hypothermia	836	(1)
Endoscopic Retrograde Cold Saline Infusion	837	(1)
Transarterial Renal Hypothermia	838	(1)
The Laparoscopic Cooling Sheath	839	(1)
Ancillary Techniques for Ischemic Renoprotection	839	(1)
References	840	(1)
Laparoscopic Renovascular Surgery	841	(4)
Thomas H. S. Hsu
Introduction	841	(1)
Laparoscopic Aortorenal Bypass	841	(1)
Laparoscopic Renal Autotransplantation	842	(1)
Laparoscopic Repair of Renal Artery Aneurysm	843	(1)
References	843	(2)
Laparoscopic Surgery for the Horseshoe Kidney	845	(6)
Hyung L. Kim
Peter Schulam
Introduction	845	(1)
Pyeloplasty	845	(2)
Heminephrectomy	847	(2)
References	849	(2)
Laparoscopic Boari Flap Ureteroneocystostomy and Ileal Ureter Replacement	851	(4)
Amr F. Fergany
Laparoscopic Boari Flap Ureteroneocystostomy	851	(1)
Laparoscopic Ileal Ureter Replacement	852	(2)
References	854	(1)
Transvesical Laparoscopic Bladder Diverticulectomy	855	(4)
Vito Pansadoro
Introduction	855	(1)
History of Laparoscopic Diverticulectomy	855	(1)
Indications and Contraindications	855	(1)
Surgical Technique	856	(1)
Current Data from the Literature	857	(1)
Complications	857	(1)
Advantages and Disadvantages	857	(1)
References	857	(2)
Laparoscopic Simple Prostatectomy	859	(10)
Rene Sotelo Noguera
Alejandro Garcia-Segui
Introduction	859	(1)
Patient Selection	860	(1)
Preoperative Preparation	860	(1)
Laparoscopic Technique	861	(1)
Technical Modifications	862	(2)
Pros and Cons of Various Techniques	864	(2)
Specific Measures Taken to Prevent Complications	866	(1)
References	866	(3)
Techniques for Urethrovesical Anastomosis in Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy	869	(14)
Roland F. P. van Velthoven
Introduction	869	(1)
Patient Positioning	869	(1)
Surgeon Positioning	870	(1)
Preparation of the Urethral Stump	870	(1)
Preparation of the Bladder Neck	871	(1)
Urethrovesical Anastomosis in the Montsouris Technique	871	(1)
Running Suture Technique for Vesicourethral Anastomosis	872	(2)
Single Knot Method for the Laparoscopic Running Urethrovesical Anastomosis	874	(2)
Discussion	876	(3)
References	879	(4)
Minilaparoscopic Urologic Surgery	883	(6)
Anoop M. Meraney
Introduction	883	(1)
Minilaparoscopic Instruments	883	(1)
Minilaparoscopic Urologic Procedures	884	(3)
Benefits and Limitations	887	(1)
Current Status and Future Potential	887	(1)
References	888	(1)
Robotic Surgery: Other Applications	889	(12)
Amy E. Krambeck
Matthew T. Gettman
Introduction	889	(1)
Upper Urinary Tract	889	(4)
Lower Urinary Tract	893	(2)
Conclusion	895	(1)
References	896	(5)
SECTION IX: LAPAROSCOPIC COMPLICATIONS: ETIOLOGY, PREVENTION, MANAGEMENT
Vascular Complications During Urologic Laparoscopy	901	(10)
James R. Porter
Introduction	901	(1)
Frequency of Laparoscopic Vascular Injury	901	(3)
Access-Related Injury	904	(4)
References	908	(3)
Laparoscopic Complications: Gastrointestinal	911	(12)
Ramakrishna Venkatesh
Jaime Landman
Introduction	911	(1)
Abdominal Access-Related Bowel Injuries	911	(2)
Non--Access-Related Bowel Injuries	913	(2)
Electrocautery Bowel Injury	915	(2)
Mechanical Bowel Injury	917	(1)
Gastric or Duodenal Injuries	917	(1)
Hepatobiliary, Splenic, or Pancreatic Injury	917	(1)
Previous Open Abdominal Surgery and Laparoscopic Surgery	918	(1)
Hand-Assisted Laparoscopy	918	(1)
Trocar Site Hernia	919	(1)
Rectal Injury During Radical Prostatectomy	919	(1)
Surgeon Experience	920	(1)
References	921	(2)
Laparoscopic Complications: Neuromuscular	923	(10)
Dan B. French
Robert Marcovich
Introduction	923	(1)
Anatomic Overview	923	(2)
Risk Factors for Neuromuscular Injury	925	(2)
Types of Injuries	927	(5)
References	932	(1)
Complications: Thoracic	933	(6)
Sidney C. Abreu
Joao Batista G. Cerqueira
Gilvan Neiva Fonseca
Introduction	933	(1)
Incidence	933	(1)
Etiology	933	(3)
Diagnosis and Management	936	(1)
Prevention	936	(1)
References	937	(2)
Gynecologic Injuries Involving the Urinary System	939	(14)
John E. Jelovsek
Tommaso Falcone
Paul K. Tulikangas
Introduction	939	(1)
Gynecologic Disorders That Involve the Lower Urinary Tract	939	(1)
Preoperative Gynecologic Evaluation	939	(1)
Uterine Leiomyomata	940	(1)
Hysterectomy	941	(1)
Pelvic Adhesions	941	(2)
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease	943	(1)
Adnexal Masses	944	(1)
Ovarian Remnant	945	(1)
Cervical Cancer	945	(1)
Endometriosis	946	(1)
Fistula	947	(1)
Urinary Tract Injury During Gynecologic Procedures	947	(1)
Injury to the Urethra	947	(1)
Injury to the Bladder	947	(1)
Injuries to the Ureter	948	(1)
Manipulators	948	(1)
References	949	(4)
SECTION X: LAPAROSCOPY: SELECT ASPECTS
Immunologic Aspects of Laparoscopy	953	(18)
Prokar Dasgupta
Ben Challacombe
Introduction	953	(1)
Basic Principles of Immunology	954	(1)
Laparoscopy and Systemic Immunity	955	(4)
Laparoscopy and Intraperitoneal Immune Function	959	(2)
Tumor Growth, Metastasis, and Immune Function	961	(1)
Laparoscopic Bowel Injury	962	(1)
Immunologic Aspects of Laparoscopic Urology	962	(3)
Future Directions	965	(2)
References	967	(4)
Laparoscopic Surgery in the High Risk Patient	971	(12)
Assaad El-Hakim
Benjamin R. Lee
Previous Abdominal Surgery	971	(2)
Coagulation Disorders	973	(3)
Cardiopulmonary Disorders	976	(1)
Ascites	977	(1)
Obesity	978	(2)
Advanced Age	980	(1)
References	981	(2)
Laparoscopic Surgery During Pregnancy	983	(14)
Michael D. Rollins
Raymond R. Price
Introduction	983	(1)
Anatomic and Physiologic Considerations	984	(2)
Special Considerations	986	(2)
Advantages of Laparoscopic Surgery	988	(1)
Safety of Laparoscopy	988	(1)
Nongynecologic Laparoscopic Procedures	989	(3)
Common Gynecologic Laparoscopic Procedures	992	(1)
Recommendations	992	(1)
References	993	(4)
Laparoscopy and Trauma	997	(4)
Abraham A. Nisim
Daniel R. Margulies
Introduction and Background	997	(1)
Penetrating Injuries	998	(1)
Blunt Trauma	999	(1)
References	999	(2)
Laparoscopic Ultrasonography	1001	(8)
Osamu Ukimura
General Principles of Laparoscopic Ultrasound	1001	(1)
Technique	1001	(1)
Doppler Ultrasound	1002	(1)
Urologic Utility of Laparoscopic Ultrasonography	1003	(3)
Prospects and Limitations for Laparoscopic Ultrasonography and New Technology	1006	(1)
References	1007	(2)
Financial Aspects of Urologic Laparoscopy	1009	(8)
Yair Lotan
Jeffrey A. Cadeddu
Introduction	1009	(1)
The Importance of Perspective	1009	(1)
Cost vs. Charge	1010	(2)
Current Financial State of Laparoscopic Procedures	1012	(1)
Laparoscopic Nephrectomy	1012	(1)
Laparoscopic Prostatectomy	1013	(2)
References	1015	(2)
Laparoscopic Surgery and the Community Urologist	1017	(8)
Scott D. Miller
Introduction	1017	(1)
The Private Practice Model	1017	(1)
Patient Outcome	1018	(2)
Building a Laparoscopic Practice	1020	(2)
References	1022	(3)
Laparoscopic Surgery: Medicolegal Aspects	1025	(28)
Michael Perrotti
Peter J. Millock
Michael E. Moran
Introduction	1025	(4)
Laparoscopic Complications	1029	(12)
Informed Consent	1041	(5)
References	1046	(7)
SECTION XI: THE FUTURE
Tissue Engineering	1053	(8)
J. Daniell Rackley
Anthony Atala
Introduction	1053	(1)
Basic Principles of Tissue Engineering	1053	(1)
Biomaterials for Genitourinary Tissue Engineering	1054	(4)
References	1058	(3)
Hydro-Jet Technology	1061	(6)
Bijan Shekarriz
Introduction	1061	(1)
Principles of Dissection	1062	(1)
Experimental Data in Urology	1063	(2)
Clinical Applications in Urology	1065	(1)
Future Perspectives	1065	(1)
References	1066	(1)
Tissue Expansion	1067	(12)
Jose R. Colombo, Jr.
Osamu Ukimura
Inderbir S. Gill
Pathophysiology	1068	(1)
Visceral Tissue Expansion in Urinary Tract	1068	(1)
Desai Study	1069	(2)
Results	1071	(4)
Clinical Study	1075	(1)
Clinical Implications	1075	(1)
References	1076	(3)
Extracorporeal Tissue Tripsy in Urology	1079	(12)
M. Marberger
Y. K. Fong
Introduction	1079	(1)
Radiosurgery	1079	(1)
Mechanical Tissue Tripsy	1079	(3)
Thermal Tissue Ablation	1082	(6)
References	1088	(3)
Telementoring and Telesurgery	1091	(6)
Mehran Anvari
Introduction	1091	(1)
Telementoring	1092	(1)
Robot-Assisted Remote Telepresence Surgery	1093	(3)
References	1096	(1)
Virtual Reality and Simulation in Urology	1097	(32)
Robert M. Sweet
Jeffrey Berkley
Introduction	1097	(2)
History	1099	(1)
Virtual Reality Role in Procedural Training	1100	(1)
Building a Virtual Reality Simulator	1100	(16)
Survey of Virtual Reality Urologic Simulators	1116	(1)
Cognitive Simulation Engines	1117	(1)
Complete Procedures	1117	(8)
References	1125	(4)
Mathematical Modeling for Predicting Outcomes in Laparoscopic Urology	1129	(12)
Sijo Joseph Parekattil
Introduction	1129	(1)
What Is Mathematical Modeling?	1130	(1)
How Good Is a Model?	1131	(1)
Application of Modeling in Urology	1131	(1)
Application of Modeling in Laparoscopy	1131	(3)
Results	1134	(4)
The Future	1138	(1)
References	1139	(2)
Nanotechnology and Urology	1141	(4)
Iqbal S. Shergill
Manit Arya
Hiten Patel
Introduction	1141	(1)
Potential Applications of Nanotechnology in Urology	1141	(1)
Delivery Systems for Drug and Gene Therapy	1142	(1)
Imaging and Labeling with Nanostructured Materials	1142	(1)
Molecular Recognition	1142	(1)
Nanosurgical Tools	1143	(1)
Synthetic Therapeutic Devices	1143	(1)
Nanotechnology and Limitations	1143	(1)
Nanotechnology and the Future	1143	(1)
Conclusion	1144	(1)
References	1144	(1)
The Surgeon of the Future	1145	(6)
Richard M. Satava
Introduction	1145	(1)
Clinical Practice	1146	(1)
Emerging Technologies	1147	(1)
Education and Training	1148	(1)
Research for Clinical Trials	1149	(1)
Moral and Ethical Challenges	1149	(1)
Conclusion	1149	(1)
References	1150	(1)
Index	1151