Theories of Personality

by Duane P. Schultz; Sydney Ellen Schultz

• ISBN13: 9780534341190
• ISBN10: 0534341195
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1997-08-18
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Table of Contents

PART 1 Introduction	1	(36)
CHAPTER ONE The Study of Personality: Assessment, Research, and Theory	3	(34)
The Study of Personality	4	(2)
The Place of Personality in the History of Psychology	6	(2)
Definitions of Personality	8	(2)
Gender and Ethnic Issues in Personality	10	(2)
Assessment in the Study of Personality	12	(10)
Research in the Study of Personality	22	(6)
Theory in the Study of Personality	28	(3)
Images of Human Nature: Issues in Personality Theory	31	(2)
Chapter Summary	33	(2)
Critical Thinking Review	35	(1)
Suggested Reading	36	(1)
PART 2 The Psychoanalytic Approach	37	(44)
CHAPTER TWO Sigmund Freud	38	(43)
The Life of Freud (1856-1939)	40	(5)
Instincts: The Propelling Forces of the Personality	45	(2)
The Levels of Personality	47	(1)
The Structure of Personality: Id, Ego, and Superego	48	(2)
Anxiety: A Threat to the Ego	50	(2)
Defenses Against Anxiety	52	(3)
Psychosexual Stages of Personality Development	55	(7)
Freud's Image of Human Nature	62	(1)
Assessment in Freud's Theory	63	(3)
Research in Freud's Theory	66	(7)
Extensions of Freudian Theory	73	(3)
A Final Commentary	76	(2)
Chapter Summary	78	(1)
Critical Thinking Review	79	(1)
Suggested Reading	80	(1)
PART 3 The Neopsychoanalytic Approach	81	(118)
CHAPTER THREE Carl Jung	83	(27)
The Life of Jung (1875-1961)	84	(3)
Psychic Energy	87	(2)
The Systems of Personality	89	(7)
The Development of the Personality	96	(3)
Jung's Image of Human Nature	99	(2)
Assessment in Jung's Theory	101	(2)
Research in Jung's Theory	103	(3)
A Final Commentary	106	(1)
Chapter Summary	107	(1)
Critical Thinking Review	108	(1)
Suggested Reading	109	(1)
CHAPTER FOUR Alfred Adler	110	(26)
The Life of Adler (1870-1937)	111	(2)
Inferiority Feelings: The Source of Human Striving	113	(2)
Striving for Superiority or Perfection	115	(2)
Style of Life	117	(1)
Social Interest	118	(1)
Birth Order	119	(3)
Adler's Image of Human Nature	122	(2)
Assessment in Adler's Theory	124	(3)
Research in Adler's Theory	127	(4)
A Final Commentary	131	(2)
Chapter Summary	133	(1)
Critical Thinking Review	134	(1)
Suggested Reading	135	(1)
CHAPTER FIVE Karen Horney	136	(23)
The Life of Horney (1885-1952)	137	(3)
The Childhood Need for Safety	140	(2)
Basic Anxiety: The Foundation of Neurosis	142	(1)
Neurotic Needs	143	(1)
Neurotic Trends	144	(3)
The Idealized Self-Image	147	(1)
Feminine Psychology	148	(3)
Horney's Image of Human Nature	151	(1)
Assessment in Horney's Theory	151	(2)
Research in Horney's Theory	153	(2)
A Final Commentary	155	(1)
Chapter Summary	156	(1)
Critical Thinking Review	157	(1)
Suggested Reading	157	(2)
CHAPTER SIX Erich Fromm	159	(20)
The Life of Fromm (1900-1980)	160	(2)
Freedom versus Security: The Basic Human Dilemma	162	(3)
Personality Development in Childhood	165	(1)
The Six Psychological Needs	166	(2)
Character Types	168	(4)
Fromm's Image of Human Nature	172	(2)
Assessment in Fromm's Theory	174	(1)
Research in Fromm's Theory	174	(2)
A Final Commentary	176	(1)
Chapter Summary	177	(1)
Critical Thinking Review	178	(1)
Suggested Reading	178	(1)
CHAPTER SEVEN Henry Murray	179	(20)
The Life of Murray (1893-1988)	180	(3)
The Principles of Personology	183	(1)
The Divisions of Personality	184	(1)
Needs: The Motivation of Behavior	185	(3)
Personality Development in Childhood	188	(2)
Murray's Image of Human Nature	190	(1)
Assessment in Murray's Theory	191	(2)
Research in Murray's Theory	193	(2)
A Final Commentary	195	(1)
Chapter Summary	196	(1)
Critical Thinking Review	197	(1)
Suggested Reading	198	(1)
PART 4 The Life-Span Approach	199	(28)
CHAPTER EIGHT Erik Erikson	201	(26)
The Life of Erikson (1902-1994)	202	(2)
Psychosocial Stages of Development and Basic Strengths	204	(8)
Basic Weaknesses	212	(1)
Erikson's Image of Human Nature	213	(1)
Assessment in Erikson's Theory	214	(1)
Research in Erikson's Theory	215	(8)
A Final Commentary	223	(2)
Chapter Summary	225	(1)
Critical Thinking Review	225	(1)
Suggested Reading	226	(1)
PART 5 The Trait Approach: The Genetics of Personality	227	(54)
CHAPTER NINE Gordon Allport	229	(21)
The Life of Allport (1897-1967)	230	(3)
The Nature of Personality	233	(1)
Personality Traits	234	(1)
Personality and Motivation	235	(3)
Personality Development in Childhood: The Unique Self	238	(2)
The Healthy Adult Personality	240	(1)
Allport's Image of Human Nature	241	(2)
Assessment in Allport's Theory	243	(1)
Research in Allport's Theory	244	(2)
A Final Commentary	246	(1)
Chapter Summary	247	(1)
Critical Thinking Review	248	(1)
Suggested Reading	249	(1)
CHAPTER TEN Raymond Cattell, Hans Eysenck, and Other Trait Theorists	250	(31)
The Life of Cattell (1905- )	251	(2)
Cattell's Approach to Personality Traits	253	(2)
Source Traits: The Basic Factors of Personality	255	(1)
Dynamic Traits: The Motivating Forces	256	(1)
The Influences of Heredity and Environment	257	(2)
Stages of Personality Development	259	(1)
Cattell's Image of Human Nature	260	(2)
Assessment in Cattell's Theory	262	(2)
Research in Cattell's Theory	264	(2)
A Final Commentary on Cattell	266	(1)
Behavioral Genetics	267	(1)
Hans Eysenck (1916- )	267	(1)
The Dimensions of Personality	268	(3)
Robert McCrae and Paul Costa: The Five-Factor Model	271	(3)
Arnold Buss and Robert Plomin: The Temperament Theory	274	(3)
A Final Commentary	277	(1)
Chapter Summary	278	(1)
Critical Thinking Review	279	(1)
Suggested Reading	280	(1)
PART 6 The Humanistic Approach	281	(50)
CHAPTER ELEVEN Abraham Maslow	283	(25)
The Life of Maslow (1908-1970)	284	(3)
Personality Development: The Hierarchy of Needs	287	(6)
The Study of Self-Actualizers	293	(6)
Maslow's Image of Human Nature	299	(1)
Assessment in Maslow's Theory	299	(3)
Research in Maslow's Theory	302	(2)
A Final Commentary	304	(1)
Chapter Summary	305	(1)
Critical Thinking Review	306	(1)
Suggested Reading	307	(1)
CHAPTER TWELVE Carl Rogers	308	(23)
The Life of Rogers (1902-1987)	309	(3)
The Importance of the Self	312	(1)
The Actualization Tendency	313	(1)
The Experiential World	313	(1)
The Development of the Self in Childhood	314	(3)
Characteristics of Fully Functioning Persons	317	(2)
Rogers's Image of Human Nature	319	(2)
Assessment in Rogers's Theory	321	(2)
Research in Rogers's Theory	323	(4)
A Final Commentary	327	(1)
Chapter Summary	328	(1)
Critical Thinking Review	329	(1)
Suggested Reading	329	(2)
PART 7 The Cognitive Approach	331	(26)
CHAPTER THIRTEEN George Kelly	333	(24)
The Role of Cognitive Processes	334	(1)
The Life of Kelly (1905-1967)	335	(2)
Personal Construct Theory	337	(1)
Anticipating Life Events	338	(7)
Kelly's Image of Human Nature	345	(1)
Assessment in Kelly's Theory	345	(6)
Research in Kelly's Theory	351	(2)
A Final Commentary	353	(1)
Chapter Summary	354	(1)
Critical Thinking Review	355	(1)
Suggested Reading	355	(2)
PART 8 The Behavioral Approach	357	(28)
CHAPTER FOURTEEN B. F. Skinner	359	(26)
Rats, Pigeons, and an Empty Organism	360	(2)
The Life of Skinner (1904-1990)	362	(2)
Reinforcement: The Basis of Behavior	364	(3)
Schedules of Reinforcement	367	(3)
Successive Approximation: The Shaping of Behavior	370	(1)
Superstitious Behavior	371	(1)
The Self-Control of Behavior	372	(1)
Applications of Operant Conditioning	373	(2)
Skinner's Image of Human Nature	375	(2)
Assessment in Skinner's Theory	377	(2)
Research in Skinner's Theory	379	(1)
A Final Commentary	380	(2)
Chapter Summary	382	(1)
Critical Thinking Review	383	(1)
Suggested Reading	384	(1)
PART 9 The Social-Learning Approach	385	(50)
CHAPTER FIFTEEN Albert Bandura	387	(27)
The Life of Bandura (1925- )	388	(1)
Modeling: The Basis of Observational Learning	389	(4)
Observational Learning Processes	393	(3)
The Self	396	(3)
Developmental Stages of Modeling and Self-Efficacy	399	(2)
Behavior Modification	401	(2)
Bandura's Image of Human Nature	404	(2)
Assessment in Bandura's Theory	406	(1)
Research in Bandura's Theory	406	(4)
A Final Commentary	410	(1)
Chapter Summary	411	(1)
Critical Thinking Review	412	(1)
Suggested Reading	413	(1)
CHAPTER SIXTEEN Julian Rotter	414	(21)
The Life of Rotter (1916- )	415	(2)
Social-Learning Theory	417	(1)
Primary Concepts	417	(3)
Broader Concepts	420	(2)
Psychological Needs	422	(1)
Locus of Control	423	(2)
Interpersonal Trust	425	(1)
Rotter's Image of Human Nature	425	(2)
Assessment in Rotter's Theory	427	(1)
Research in Rotter's Theory	427	(1)
A Final Commentary	431	(4)
Chapter Summary	431	(1)
Critical Thinking Review	432	(1)
Suggested Reading	433	(2)
PART 10 The Limited-Domain Approach	435	(44)
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN Limited-Domain Theories of Personality	437	(32)
David McClelland: The Need for Achievement	438	(10)
Marvin Zuckerman: Sensation Seeking	448	(7)
Martin E. P. Seligman: Learned Helplessness	455	(10)
Chapter Summary	465	(2)
Critical Thinking Review	467	(1)
Suggested Reading	468	(1)
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN Personality in Perspective	469	(10)
The Genetic Factor	470	(1)
The Environmental Factor	470	(1)
The Learning Factor	471	(1)
The Parental Factor	472	(2)
The Developmental Factor	474	(1)
The Consciousness Factor	475	(1)
The Unconscious Factor	476	(1)
A Final Commentary	477	(1)
Critical Thinking Review	477	(2)
References	479	(30)
Glossary	509	(14)
Index	523