Therapeutic Modalities

by Starkey, Chad

• ISBN13: 9780803603547
• ISBN10: 0803603541
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1998-09-01
• Publisher: F a Davis Co

Summary

This trend-setting book has been thoroughly updated to reflect the evolving needs of athletic trainers, while keeping the unifying theme of the injury response cycle that contributed to the success of the 1st edition. Key Features -- Lively writing style enhances comprehension -- Written in a sequential learning style; each chapter begins with the basics and progresses to higher levels of information -- Each important term is clearly defined in context and in a footnote at its first use -- End-of-chapter quizzes test the student's understanding of the material

Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1 The Injury Response Process	1	(35)
Stresses Placed on the Cell	2	(2)
The General Adaptation Syndrome	2	(1)
The General Adaptation Syndrome and Its Relationship to Trauma	3	(1)
Types of Tissues Found in the Body	4	(6)
Epithelial Tissues	4	(1)
Adipose Tissue	5	(1)
Connective Tissue	6	(1)
Muscular Tissues	7	(1)
Nervous Tissues	7	(3)
The Injury Process	10	(16)
Acute Inflammatory Response	13	(2)
Hemorrhage	15	(1)
Edema	16	(6)
Hypoxia	22	(1)
Muscle Spasm	22	(1)
Atrophy	22	(2)
Blood Clotting	24	(2)
Proliferation Phase	26	(3)
Maturation Phase	29	(1)
Chronic Inflammation	30	(1)
The Role of Therapeutic Modalities	30	(1)
Summary	30	(2)
Chapter Quiz	32	(2)
References	34	(2)
CHAPTER 2 The Physiology and Psychology of Pain	36	(32)
The Pain Process	37	(11)
Modulation of Pain	38	(10)
Review of the Process of Pain Transmission	48	(1)
Pain Theory: Historical Perspectives	48	(3)
Specificity Theory of Pain Modulation	49	(1)
Pattern Theory of Pain Modulation	50	(1)
Contemporary Pain Control Theories	51	(5)
Gate Control Theory of Pain Modulation	51	(2)
Levels Theory of Pain Control	53	(3)
Assessment of Pain	56	(3)
Visual Analogue Scale	56	(1)
McGill Pain Questionnaire	57	(1)
Submaximal Effort Tourniquet Test	57	(2)
Placebo Effect	59	(1)
Referred Pain	59	(3)
Chronic Pain	62	(1)
Pain Management Techniques	62	(1)
Summary	63	(1)
Chapter Quiz	64	(1)
References	65	(3)
CHAPTER 3 Development and Delivery of Treatment Protocol	68	(42)
The Problem-Solving Approach	69	(24)
Recognition of the Problems	72	(6)
Prioritization of the Problems	78	(2)
Goal Setting	80	(5)
Treatment Planning	85	(8)
Workplace Influences	93	(1)
Documentation	94	(2)
Legal Considerations in Patient Care	96	(3)
Scope of Practice	97	(1)
Informed Consent	97	(1)
Negligence	97	(2)
Summary	99	(10)
References	109	(1)
CHAPTER 4 Thermal Agents	110	(60)
Cold Modalities	110	(11)
Effects on the Injury Response Process	113	(4)
Sensations Associated with Cold Application	117	(1)
Frostbite	117	(1)
Effects of Immediate Treatment	118	(2)
Cryokinetics	120	(1)
Heat Modalities	121	(5)
Effects on the Injury Response Process	124	(1)
Dissipation of Heat in the Treatment Area	125	(1)
Contrast and Comparison of Heat and Cold Application	126	(3)
Use of Heat versus Cold	127	(2)
Summary	129	(1)
Clinical Application of Thermal Modalities	129	(35)
Cold Packs	129	(5)
Ice Massage	134	(2)
Ice Immersion	136	(4)
Cryostretch	140	(2)
Whirlpools	142	(6)
Contrast Baths	148	(1)
Moist Heat Packs	149	(2)
Paraffin Bath	151	(3)
Infrared Lamp	154	(1)
Shortwave Diathermy	155	(9)
Chapter Quiz	164	(2)
References	166	(4)
CHAPTER 5 Electrical Agents	170	(99)
Fundamentals of Electricity	172	(1)
Electrical Stimulating Currents	172	(12)
Direct Currents	172	(1)
Alternating Currents	173	(2)
Pulsed Currents	175	(3)
Pulse Attributes	178	(6)
Measures of Electrical Current Flow	184	(4)
Electrical Charge	184	(1)
Voltage	184	(2)
Current	186	(1)
Resistance	186	(1)
Impedance	186	(2)
Wattage	188	(1)
Circuit Types	188	(3)
Series Circuit	188	(2)
Parallel Circuit	190	(1)
Characteristics of Electrical Generators	191	(2)
Current Attributes	191	(2)
The Body Circuit	193	(12)
Electrodes	194	(2)
Electrode Placement	196	(4)
Movement of Electrical Currents Through the Body	200	(2)
Selective Stimulation of Nerves	202	(1)
Central and Peripheral Nervous System Interference	203	(2)
Electrical Stimulation Goals and Techniques	205	(8)
Muscle Contractions	206	(2)
Strength Augmentation	208	(1)
Pain Control	209	(1)
Wound Healing	210	(1)
Control and Reduction of Edema	211	(1)
Fracture Healing	212	(1)
Summary	213	(1)
Multimodalities	214	(1)
Clinical Application of Electrical Modalities	215	(45)
Basic Guidelines for the Setup and Application of Electrotherapy	215	(1)
High-Voltage Pulsed Stimulation	216	(11)
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation	227	(9)
Interferential Stimulation	236	(8)
Neuromuscular Nerve Stimulation	244	(5)
Microcurrent Electrical Stimulation	249	(4)
Iontophoresis	253	(7)
Chapter Quiz	260	(3)
References	263	(6)
CHAPTER 6 Ultrasound	269	(36)
Production of Ultrasound	270	(3)
Transmission of Ultrasound Waves	273	(1)
Longitudinal Waves	273	(1)
Transverse (Shear) Waves	274	(1)
The Ultrasound Wave	274	(6)
Frequency	275	(2)
Power and Intensity	277	(1)
Ultrasound Beam Nonuniformity	278	(2)
Treatment Duration	280	(1)
Dose-Oriented Treatments	280	(1)
Transfer of Ultrasound through the Tissues	280	(2)
Modes of Ultrasound Application	282	(1)
Continuous Output	283	(1)
Pulsed Output	283	(1)
Coupling Agents and Methods	283	(3)
Direct Coupling	284	(1)
Water Immersion	285	(1)
Bladder Method	285	(1)
Biophysical Effects of Ultrasound Application	286	(3)
Nonthermal Effects	287	(1)
Thermal Effects	287	(2)
Effects on the Injury Response Cycle	289	(3)
Blood Flow	289	(1)
Tissue Healing	290	(1)
Tissue Stretching	291	(1)
Pain Control	291	(1)
Phonophoresis	292	(2)
Fracture Healing	294	(2)
Ultrasound and Electrical Stimulation	295	(1)
Clinical Application of Ultrasound	296	(3)
Instrumentation	296	(1)
Setup and Application	297	(1)
Duration and Frequency of Treatment	298	(1)
Precautions	298	(1)
Indications	299	(1)
Contraindications	299	(1)
Summary	299	(1)
Chapter Quiz	300	(2)
References	302	(3)
CHAPTER 7 Mechanical Modalities	305	(41)
Intermittent Compression Units	305	(5)
Effect on the Injury Response Cycle	305	(3)
Clinical Application of Intermittent Compression	308	(2)
Continuous Passive Motion	310	(5)
Effects on the Injury Response Cycle	311	(2)
Clinical Application of Continuous Passive Motion	313	(2)
Biofeedback	315	(6)
Biophysical Processes and Electrical Integration	317	(1)
Effects on the Injury Response Cycle	318	(1)
Clinical Application of Biofeedback	319	(2)
Cervical Traction	321	(8)
Biophysical Effects	323	(2)
Effects on the Injury Response Cycle	325	(1)
Clinical Application of Cervical Traction	326	(3)
Therapeutic Massage	329	(10)
Massage Strokes	329	(4)
Massage Media	333	(1)
Effects on the Injury Response Cycle	334	(3)
Clinical Application of Massage	337	(2)
Summary	339	(1)
Chapter Quiz	340	(2)
References	342	(4)
ANSWERS TO CHAPTER QUIZZES	346	(3)
APPENDIX A Trigger Points and Pain Patterns	349	(3)
APPENDIX B Physical Properties Governing Therapeutic Modalities	352	(6)
APPENDIX C Motor Points	358	(5)
APPENDIX D Medical Shorthand	363	(4)
BOOK GLOSSARY	367	(14)
INDEX	381