Thermodynamics : An Engineering Approach

by CENGEL

• ISBN13: 9780070119277
• ISBN10: 0070119279
• Edition: 3RD
• Copyright: 1998-01-01
• Publisher: MCG
• More Book Details

Table of Contents

Preface	xxvii
Nomenclature	xxxv
Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics	1	(46)
Thermodynamics and Energy	2	(1)
A Note on Dimensions and Units	3	(5)
Closed and Open Systems	8	(1)
Forms of Energy	9	(6)
Properties of a System	15	(1)
State and Equilibrium	16	(1)
Processes and Cycles	17	(1)
The State Postulate	18	(1)
Pressure	19	(4)
Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics	23	(4)
Thermodynamic Aspects of Biological Systems	27	(7)
Summary	34	(13)
References and Suggested Reading	36	(1)
Problems	36	(11)
Properties of Pure Substances	47	(56)
Pure Substance	48	(1)
Phases of a Pure Substance	48	(1)
Phase-Change Processes of Pure Substances	49	(6)
Property Diagrams for Phase-Change Processes	55	(7)
Vapor Pressure and Phase Equilibrium	62	(4)
Property Tables	66	(11)
The Ideal-Gas Equation of State	77	(2)
Compressibility Factor---A Measure of Deviation from Ideal-Gas Behavior	79	(5)
Other Equations of State	84	(4)
Summary	88	(15)
References and Suggested Reading	90	(1)
Problems	90	(13)
The First Law of Thermodynamics: Closed Systems	103	(90)
Introduction	104	(1)
Heat Transfer	104	(7)
Work	111	(4)
Mechanical Forms of Work	115	(12)
The First Law of Thermodynamics	127	(6)
A Systematic Approach to Problem Solving	133	(7)
Specific Heats	140	(2)
Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Specific Heats of Ideal Gases	142	(9)
Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Specific Heats of Solids and Liquids	151	(4)
Refrigeration and Freezing of Foods	155	(11)
Summary	166	(27)
References and Suggested Reading	168	(1)
Problems	168	(25)
The First Law of Thermodynamics: Control Volumes	193	(58)
Thermodynamic Analysis of Control Volumes	194	(6)
The Steady-Flow Process	200	(4)
Some Steady-Flow Engineering Devices	204	(16)
Unsteady-Flow Processes	220	(8)
Summary	228	(23)
References and Suggested Reading	230	(1)
Problems	230	(21)
The Second Law of Thermodynamics	251	(68)
Introduction to the Second Law of Thermodynamics	252	(1)
Thermal Energy Reservoirs	253	(1)
Heat Engines	254	(6)
Energy Conversion Efficiencies	260	(5)
Refrigerators and Heat Pumps	265	(6)
Perpetual-Motion Machines	271	(2)
Reversible and Irreversible Processes	273	(5)
The Carnot Cycle	278	(3)
The Carnot Principles	281	(1)
The Thermodynamic Temperature Scale	282	(2)
The Carnot Heat Engine	284	(4)
The Carnot Refrigerator and Heat Pump	288	(3)
Household Refrigerators	291	(4)
Summary	295	(24)
References and Suggested Reading	297	(1)
Problems	297	(22)
Entropy: A Measure of Disorder	319	(100)
Entropy	320	(4)
The Increase of Entropy Principle	324	(3)
Entropy Change of Pure Substances	327	(4)
Isentropic Processes	331	(2)
What Is Entropy?	333	(4)
Property Diagrams Involving Entropy	337	(2)
The T ds Relations	339	(2)
Entropy Change of Liquids and Solids	341	(3)
The Entropy Change of Ideal Gases	344	(8)
Reversible Steady-Flow Work	352	(4)
Minimizing the Compressor Work	356	(4)
Reducing the Cost of Compressed Air	360	(10)
Isentropic Efficiencies of Steady-Flow Devices	370	(8)
Entropy Balance	378	(14)
Summary	392	(27)
References and Suggested Reading	395	(1)
Problems	396	(23)
Exergy: A Measure of Work Potential	419	(68)
Exergy: Work Potential of Energy	420	(3)
Reversible Work and Irreversibility	423	(4)
Second-Law Efficiency ηII	427	(3)
Exergy Associated with ke, pe, u, pv, and h	430	(4)
Exergy Change of a System	434	(4)
Exergy Transfer by Heat, Work, and Mass	438	(3)
The Decrease of Exergy Principle and Exergy Destruction	441	(1)
Exergy Balance: Closed Systems	442	(13)
Exergy Balance: Control Volumes	455	(8)
Second-Law Aspects of Daily Life	463	(4)
Summary	467	(20)
References and Suggested Reading	469	(1)
Problems	470	(17)
Gas Power Cycles	487	(68)
Basic Considerations in the Analysis of Power Cycles	488	(2)
The Carnot Cycle and Its Value in Engineering	490	(2)
Air-Standard Assumptions	492	(1)
An Overview of Reciprocating Engines	493	(1)
Otto Cycle: The Ideal Cycle for Spark-Ignition Engines	494	(6)
Diesel Cycle: The Ideal Cycle for Compression-Ignition Engines	500	(4)
Stirling and Ericsson Cycles	504	(4)
Brayton Cycle: The Ideal Cycle for Gas-Turbine Engines	508	(8)
The Brayton Cycle with Regeneration	516	(3)
The Brayton Cycle with Intercooling, Reheating, and Regeneration	519	(4)
Ideal Jet-Propulsion Cycles	523	(7)
Second Law Analysis of Gas Power Cycles	530	(3)
Summary	533	(22)
References and Suggested Reading	535	(1)
Problems	536	(19)
Vapor and Combined Power Cycles	555	(60)
The Carnot Vapor Cycle	556	(1)
Rankine Cycle: The Ideal Cycle for Vapor Power Cycles	557	(4)
Deviation of Actual Vapor Power Cycles from Idealized Ones	561	(3)
How Can We Increase the Efficiency of the Ranking Cycle?	564	(4)
The Ideal Reheat Rankine Cycle	568	(3)
The Ideal Regenerative Rankine Cycle	571	(9)
Second-Law Analysis of Vapor Power Cycles	580	(2)
Cogeneration	582	(5)
Binary Vapor Cycles	587	(2)
Combined Gas---Vapor Power Cycles	589	(3)
Summary	592	(23)
References and Suggested Reading	594	(1)
Problems	595	(20)
Refrigeration Cycles	615	(48)
Refrigerators and Heat Pumps	616	(1)
The Reversed Cannot Cycle	617	(2)
The Ideal Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle	619	(4)
Actual Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycles	623	(2)
Selecting the Right Refrigerant	625	(2)
Heat Pump Systems	627	(1)
Innovative Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Systems	628	(9)
Gas Refrigeration Cycles	637	(3)
Absorption Refrigeration Systems	640	(4)
Thermoelectric Power Generation and Refrigeration Systems	644	(2)
Summary	646	(17)
References and Suggested Reading	647	(1)
Problems	648	(15)
Thermodynamic Property Relations	663	(34)
A Little Math---Partial Derivatives and Associated Relations	664	(5)
The Maxwell Relations	669	(1)
The Clapeyron Equation	670	(3)
General Relations for du, dh, ds, Cv, and Cp	673	(7)
The Joule-Thompson Coefficient	680	(2)
The Δh, Δu, and Δs of Real Gases	682	(5)
Summary	687	(10)
References and Suggested Reading	689	(1)
Problems	689	(8)
Gas Mixtures	697	(26)
The Composition of a Gas Mixture: Mass and Mole Fractions	698	(2)
P-v-T Behavior of Gas Mixtures: Ideal and Real Gases	700	(5)
Properties of Gas Mixtures: Ideal and Real Gases	705	(8)
Summary	713	(10)
References and Suggested Reading	715	(1)
Problems	715	(8)
Gas-Vapor Mixtures and Air-Conditioning	723	(40)
Dry and Atmospheric Air	724	(1)
Specific and Relative Humidity of Air	725	(2)
Dew-Point Temperature	727
Adiabatic Saturation and Wet-Bulb Temperatures	729	(732)
The Psychrometric Chart	732	(1)
Human Comfort and Air-Conditioning	733	(2)
Air-Conditioning Processes	735	(13)
Summary	748	(15)
References and Suggested Reading	750
Problems	751	(42)
Chemical Reactions	763	(46)
Fuels and Combustion	764	(3)
Theoretical and Actual Combustion Processes	767	(5)
Enthalpy of Formation and Enthalpy of Combustion	772	(4)
First-Law Analysis of Reacting Systems	776	(5)
Adiabatic Flame Temperature	781	(3)
Entropy Change of Reacting Systems	784	(2)
Second-Law Analysis of Reacting Systems	786	(6)
Summary	792	(17)
References and Suggested Reading	795	(1)
Problems	795	(14)
Chemical and Phase Equilibrium	809	(34)
Criterion for Chemical Equilibrium	810	(2)
The Equilibrium Constant for Ideal-Gas Mixtures	812	(3)
Some Remarks About the Kp of Ideal-Gas Mixtures	815	(5)
Chemical Equilibrium for Simultaneous Reactions	820	(2)
Variation of Kp with Temperature	822	(1)
Phase Equilibrium	823	(1)
Summary	832	(20)
References and Suggested Reading	834	(1)
Problems	834	(9)
Thermodynamics of High-Speed Gas Flow	843	(54)
Stagnation Properties	844	(4)
Velocity of Sound and Mach Number	848	(4)
One-Dimensional Isentropic Flow	852	(7)
Isentropic Flow through Nozzles	859	(8)
Normal Shocks in Nozzle Flow	867	(6)
Flow through Actual Nozzle and Diffusers	873	(6)
Steam Nozzles	879	(3)
Summary	882	(15)
References and Suggested Reading	886	(1)
Problems	886	(11)
APPENDIX 1 PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS (SI UNITS)	897	(50)
Table A-1 Molar Mass, Gas Constant, and Critical-Point Properties	898	(1)
Table A-2 Ideal-Gas Specific Heats of Various Common Gases	899	(3)
Table A-3 Properties of Common Liquids, Solids, and Foods	902	(2)
Table A-4 Saturated Water---Temperature Table	904	(2)
Table A-5 Saturated Water---Pressure Table	906	(2)
Table A-6 Superheated Water	908	(4)
Table A-7 Compressed Liquid Water	912	(1)
Table A-8 Saturated Ice---Water Vapor	913	(1)
Figure A-9 T-s Diagram for Water	914	(1)
Figure A-10 Mollier Diagram for Water	915	(1)
Table A-11 Saturated Refrigerant-134a---Temperature Table	916	(1)
Table A-12 Saturated Refrigerant-134a---Pressure Table	917	(1)
Table A-13 Superheated Refrigerant-134a	918	(2)
Table A-14 P-h Diagram for Refrigerant-134a	920	(1)
Table A-15 One-Dimensional Isentropic Compressible-Flow Functions for an Ideal Gas with Constant Specific Heats and Molar Mass, and k = 1.4	921	(1)
Table A-16 One-Dimensional Normal-Shock Functions for an Ideal Gas with Constant Specific Heats and Molar Mass, and k = 1.4	922	(1)
Table A-17 Ideal-Gas Properties of Air	923	(2)
Table A-18 Ideal-Gas Properties of Nitrogen, N2	925	(2)
Table A-19 Ideal-Gas Properties of Oxygen, O2	927	(2)
Table A-20 Ideal-Gas Properties of Carbon Dioxide, CO2	929	(2)
Table A-21 Ideal-Gas Properties of Carbon Monoxide, CO	931	(2)
Table A-22 Ideal-Gas Properties of Hydrogen, H2	933	(1)
Table A-23 Ideal-Gas Properties of Water Vapor, H2O	934	(2)
Table A-24 Ideal-Gas Properties of Monatomic Oxygen, O	936	(1)
Table A-25 Ideal-Gas Properties of Hydroxyl, OH	936	(1)
Table A-26 Enthalpy of Formation, Gibbs Function of Formation, and Absolute Entropy at 25°C, 1 atm	937	(1)
Table A-27 Enthalpy of Combustion and Enthalpy of Vaporization at 25°C, 1 atm	938	(1)
Table A-28 Logarithms to the Base e of the Equilibrium Constant Kp	939	(1)
Table A-29 Constants that Appear in the Beattie-Bridgeman and the Benedict-Webb-Rubin Equations of State	940	(1)
Figure A-30 Nelson-Obert Generalized Compressibility Charts	941	(3)
Figure A-31 Generalized Enthalpy Departure Chart	944	(2)
Figure A-32 Generalized Enthalpy Departure Chart	946	(1)
Figure A-33 Psychrometric Chart at 1 atm Total Pressure	946	(1)
APPENDIX 2 PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS (ENGLISH UNITS)	947	(40)
Table A-1E Molar Mass, Gas Constant, and Critical-Point Properties	948	(1)
Table A-2E Ideal-Gas Specific Heats, of Various Common Gases	949	(3)
Table A-3E Properties of Common Liquids, Solids, and Foods	952	(2)
Table A-4E Saturated Water---Temperature Table	954	(1)
Table A-5E Saturated Water---Pressure Table	955	(2)
Table A-6E Superheated Water	957	(4)
Table A-7E Compressed Liquid Water	961	(1)
Table A-8E Saturated Ice---Water Vapor	962	(1)
Table A-9E T-s Diagram for Water	963	(1)
Table A-10E Mollier Diagram for Water	964	(1)
Table A-11E Saturated Refrigerant-134A---Temperature Table	965	(1)
Table A-12E Saturated Refrigerant 134a---Pressure Table	966	(1)
Table A-13E Superheated Refrigerant-134A	967	(2)
Figure A-14E P-h Diagram for Refrigerant-134a	969	(1)
Table A-17E Ideal-Gas Properties of Air	970	(2)
Table A-18E Ideal-Gas Properties of Nitrogen, N2	972	(1)
Table A-19E Ideal-Gas Properties of Oxygen, O2	972	(4)
Table A-20E Ideal-Gas Properties of Carbon Dioxide, CO2	976	(2)
Table A-21E Ideal-Gas Properties of Carbon Monoxide, CO	978	(2)
Table A-22E Ideal-Gas Properties of Hydrogen, H2	980	(1)
Table A-23E Ideal-Gas Properties of Water Vapor, H2O	981	(2)
Table A-26E Enthalpy of Formation, Gibbs Function of Formation, and Absolute Entropy at 77°F, 1 atm	983	(1)
Table A-27E Enthalpy of Combustion and Enthalpy of Vaporization at 77°F, 1 atm	984	(1)
Table A-29E Constants that Appear in the Beattie-Bridgeman and the Benedict---Webb-Rubin Equations of State	985	(1)
Table A-33E Psychrometric Chart at 1 atm Total Pressure	986	(1)
APPENDIX 3 ABOUT THE SOFTWARE: INTRODUCTION TO EES	987	(14)
Overview	987	(1)
Background Information	987	(4)
A Thermodynamics Example Problem	991	(7)
Loading a Textbook File	998	(3)
Index	1001