Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach w/ Student Resources DVD

by CENGEL

• ISBN13: 9780073107684
• ISBN10: 0073107689
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-06-03
• Publisher: McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math

Summary

The worldwide bestseller Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach brings further refinement to an approach that emphasizes a physical understanding of the fundamental concepts of thermodynamics. The authors offer an engineering textbook that "talks directly to tomorrow's engineers in a simple yet precise manner, that encourages creative thinking, and is read by the students with interest and enthusiasm."The new edition features an early introduction of the first law of thermodynamics, separate coverage of closed systems energy analysis, combined coverage of control volume mass and energy analysis, and revised coverage of compressible flow. Over 300 comprehensive problems have been added to this physically intuitive text, many of which come from industrial applications.The media package for this text is extensive, giving users a large variety of supplemental resources to choose from. A Student Resources DVD is packaged with each new copy of the text and contains the popular Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software, Physical Experiments, and an Interactive Thermodynamics tutorial. An Online Learning Center is also available to students and instructors at http://www.mhhe.com/cengel. Instructors also have access to an Instructor Resource CD-ROM that provides useful tools in order to optimize in-class presentations.

Table of Contents

Preface	xvii
Introduction and Basic Concepts I	1	(50)
Thermodynamics and Energy	2	(1)
Application Areas of Thermodynamics	3	(1)
Importance of Dimensions and Units	3	(7)
Some SI and English Units	6	(2)
Dimensional Homogeneity	8	(1)
Unity Conversion Ratios	9	(1)
Systems and Control Volumes	10	(2)
Properties of a System	12	(1)
Continuum	12	(1)
Density and Specific Gravity	13	(1)
State and Equilibrium	14	(1)
The State Postulate	14	(1)
Processes and Cycles	15	(2)
The Steady-Flow Process	16	(1)
Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics	17	(4)
Temperature Scales	17	(3)
The International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90)	20	(1)
Pressure	21	(5)
Variation of Pressure with Depth	23	(3)
The Manometer	26	(3)
Other Pressure Measurement Devices	29	(1)
The Barometer and Atmospheric Pressure	29	(4)
Problem-Solving Technique	33	(18)
Step 1: Problem Statement	33	(1)
Step 2: Schematic	33	(1)
Step 3: Assumptions and Approximations	34	(1)
Step 4: Physical Laws	34	(1)
Step 5: Properties	34	(1)
Step 6: Calculations	34	(1)
Step 7: Reasoning, Verification, and Discussion	34	(1)
Engineering Software Packages	35	(1)
Engineering Equation Solver (EES)	36	(2)
A Remark on Significant Digits	38	(1)
Summary	39	(1)
References and Suggested Readings	39	(1)
Problems	40	(11)
Energy, Energy Transfer, and General Energy Analysis	51	(60)
Introduction	52	(1)
Forms of Energy	53	(7)
Some Physical Insight to Internal Energy	55	(1)
More on Nuclear Energy	56	(2)
Mechanical Energy	58	(2)
Energy Transfer by Heat	60	(2)
Historical Background on Heat	61	(1)
Energy Transfer by Work	62	(4)
Electrical Work	65	(1)
Mechanical Forms of Work	66	(4)
Shaft Work	66	(1)
Spring Work	67	(1)
Work Done on Elastic Solid Bars	67	(1)
Work Associated with the Stretching of a Liquid Film	68	(1)
Work Done to Raise or to Accelerate a Body	68	(1)
Nonmechanical Forms of Work	69	(1)
The First Law of Thermodynamics	70	(8)
Energy Balance	71	(1)
Energy Change of a System, ΔEsystem	72	(1)
Mechanisms of Energy Transfer, Ein and Eout	73	(5)
Energy Conversion Efficiencies	78	(8)
Efficiencies of Mechanical and Electrical Devices	82	(4)
Energy and Environment	86	(25)
Ozone and Smog	87	(1)
Acid Rain	88	(1)
The Greenhouse Effect: Global Warming and Climate Change	89	(3)
Topic of Special Interest: Mechanisms of Heat Transfer	92	(4)
Summary	96	(1)
References and Suggested Readings	97	(1)
Problems	98	(13)
Properties of Pure Substances	111	(54)
Pure Substance	112	(1)
Phases of a Pure Substance	112	(1)
Phase-Change Processes of Pure Substances	113	(5)
Compressed Liquid and Saturated Liquid	114	(1)
Saturated Vapor and Superheated Vapor	114	(1)
Saturation Temperature and Saturation Pressure	115	(2)
Some Consequences of Tsat and Psat Dependence	117	(1)
Property Diagrams for Phase-Change Processes	118	(8)
The T-v Diagram	118	(2)
The P-v Diagram	120	(1)
Extending the Diagrams to Include the Solid Phase	121	(3)
The P-T Diagram	124	(1)
The P-v-T Surface	125	(1)
Property Tables	126	(11)
Enthalpy---A Combination Property	126	(1)
Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor States	127	(2)
Saturated Liquid--Vapor Mixture	129	(3)
Superheated Vapor	132	(1)
Compressed Liquid	133	(2)
Reference State and Reference Values	135	(2)
The Ideal-Gas Equation of State	137	(2)
Is Water Vapor an Ideal Gas?	139	(1)
Compressibility Factor---A Measure of Deviation from Ideal-Gas Behavior	139	(5)
Other Equations of State	144	(21)
Van der Waals Equation of State	144	(1)
Beattie-Bridgeman Equation of State	145	(1)
Benedict-Webb-Rubin Equation of State	145	(1)
Virial Equation of State	145	(4)
Topic of Special Interest: Vapor Pressure and Phase Equilibrium	149	(4)
Summary	153	(1)
References and Suggested Readings	154	(1)
Problems	154	(11)
Energy Analysis of Closed Systems	165	(54)
Moving Boundary Work	166	(7)
Polytropic Process	171	(2)
Energy Balance for Closed Systems	173	(5)
Specific Heats	178	(2)
Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Specific Heats of Ideal Gases	180	(9)
Specific Heat Relations of Ideal Gases	182	(7)
Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Specific Heats of Solids and Liquids	189	(30)
Internal Energy Changes	189	(1)
Enthalpy Changes	189	(4)
Topic of Special Interest: Thermodynamic Aspects of Biological Systems	193	(7)
Summary	200	(1)
References and Suggested Readings	201	(1)
Problems	201	(18)
Mass and Energy Analysis of Control Volumes I	219	(60)
Conservation of Mass	220	(6)
Mass and Volume Flow Rates	220	(2)
Conservation of Mass Principle	222	(1)
Mass Balance for Steady-Flow Processes	223	(1)
Special Case: Incompressible Flow	224	(2)
Flow Work and the Energy of a Flowing Fluid	226	(4)
Total Energy of a Flowing Fluid	227	(1)
Energy Transport by Mass	228	(2)
Energy Analysis of Steady-Flow Systems	230	(3)
Some Steady-Flow Engineering Devices	233	(13)
Nozzles and Diffusers	233	(3)
Turbines and Compressors	236	(3)
Throttling Valves	239	(1)
Mixing Chambers	240	(2)
Heat Exchangers	242	(2)
Pipe and Duct Flow	244	(2)
Energy Analysis of Unsteady-Flow Processes	246	(33)
Topic of Special Interest: General Energy Equation	252	(3)
Summary	255	(1)
References and Suggested Readings	256	(1)
Problems	256	(23)
The Second Law of Thermodynamics	279	(52)
Introduction to the Second Law	280	(1)
Thermal Energy Reservoirs	281	(1)
Heat Engines	282	(5)
Thermal Efficiency	283	(2)
Can We Save Qout?	285	(2)
The Second Law of Thermodynamics: Kelvin--Planck Statement	287	(1)
Refrigerators and Heat Pumps	287	(6)
Coefficient of Performance	288	(1)
Heat Pumps	289	(3)
The Second Law of Thermodynamics: Clausius Statement	292	(1)
Equivalence of the Two Statements	292	(1)
Perpetual-Motion Machines	293	(3)
Reversible and Irreversible Processes	296	(3)
Irreversibilities	297	(1)
Internally and Externally Reversible Processes	298	(1)
The Carnot Cycle	299	(2)
The Reversed Carnot Cycle	301	(1)
The Carnot Principles	301	(2)
The Thermodynamic Temperature Scale	303	(2)
The Carnot Heat Engine	305	(4)
The Quality of Energy	307	(1)
Quantity versus Quality in Daily Life	308	(1)
The Carnot Refrigerator and Heat Pump	309	(22)
Topic of Special Interest: Household Refrigerators	311	(4)
Summary	315	(1)
References and Suggested Readings	316	(1)
Problems	316	(15)
Entropy I	331	(92)
Entropy	331	(4)
A Special Case: Internally Reversible Isothermal Heat Transfer Processes	334	(1)
The Increase of Entropy Principle	335	(4)
Some Remarks about Entropy	337	(2)
Entropy Change of Pure Substances	339	(4)
Isentropic Processes	343	(1)
Property Diagrams Involving Entropy	344	(2)
What Is Entropy?	346	(4)
Entropy and Entropy Generation in Daily Life	348	(2)
The T ds Relations	350	(1)
Entropy Change of Liquids and Solids	351	(3)
The Entropy Change of Ideal Gases	354	(8)
Constant Specific Heats (Approximate Analysis)	355	(1)
Variable Specific Heats (Exact Analysis)	356	(2)
Isentropic Processes of Ideal Gases	358	(1)
Constant Specific Heats (Approximate Analysis)	358	(1)
Variable Specific Heats (Exact Analysis)	359	(1)
Relative Pressure and Relative Specific Volume	359	(3)
Reversible Steady-Flow Work	362	(4)
Proof that Steady-Flow Devices Deliver the Most and Consume the Least Work when the Process Is Reversible	365	(1)
Minimizing the Compressor Work	366	(4)
Multistage Compression with Intercooling	367	(3)
Isentropic Efficiencies of Steady-Flow Devices	370	(7)
Isentropic Efficiency of Turbines	371	(2)
Isentropic Efficiencies of Compressors and Pumps	373	(2)
Isentropic Efficiency of Nozzles	375	(2)
Entropy Balance	377	(46)
Entropy Change of a System, Δsystem	378	(1)
Mechanisms of Entropy Transfer, Sin and Sout	378	(1)
Heat Transfer	378	(1)
Mass Flow	379	(1)
Entropy Generation, Sgen	380	(1)
Closed Systems	381	(1)
Control Volumes	381	(8)
Entropy Generation Associated with a Heat Transfer Process	389	(2)
Topic of Special Interest: Reducing the Cost of Compressed Air	391	(9)
Summary	400	(1)
References and Suggested Readings	401	(1)
Problems	402	(21)
Exergy: A Measure of Work Potential	423	(64)
Exergy: Work Potential of Energy	424	(3)
Exergy (Work Potential) Associated with Kinetic and Potential Energy	425	(2)
Reversible Work and Irreversibility	427	(5)
Second-Law Efficiency, ηll	432	(2)
Exergy Change of a System	434	(6)
Exergy of a Fixed Mass: Nonflow (or Closed System) Exergy	435	(2)
Exergy of a Flow Stream: Flow (or Stream) Exergy	437	(3)
Exergy Transfer by Heat, Work, and Mass	440	(3)
Exergy by Heat Transfer, Q	440	(2)
Exergy Transfer by Work, W	442	(1)
Exergy Transfer by Mass, m	442	(1)
The Decrease of Exergy Principle and Exergy Destruction	443	(1)
Exergy Destruction	444	(1)
Exergy Balance: Closed Systems	444	(13)
Exergy Balance: Control Volumes	457	(30)
Exergy Balance for Steady-Flow Systems	458	(1)
Reversible Work, Wrev	459	(1)
Second-Law Efficiency of Steady-Flow Devices, ηll	459	(6)
Topic of Special Interest: Second-Law Aspects of Daily Life	465	(4)
Summary	469	(1)
References and Suggested Readings	470	(1)
Problems	470	(17)
Gas Power Cycles I	487	(64)
Basic Considerations in the Analysis of Power Cycles	488	(2)
The Carnot Cycle and Its Value in Engineering	490	(2)
Air-Standard Assumptions	492	(1)
An Overview of Reciprocating Engines	493	(1)
Otto Cycle: The Ideal Cycle for Spark-Ignition Engines	494	(6)
Diesel Cycle: The Ideal Cycle for Compression-Ignition Engines	500	(3)
Stirling and Ericsson Cycles	503	(4)
Brayton Cycle: The Ideal Cycle for Gas-Turbine Engines	507	(8)
Development of Gas Turbines	510	(3)
Deviation of Actual Gas-Turbine Cycles from Idealized Ones	513	(2)
The Brayton Cycle with Regeneration	515	(2)
The Brayton Cycle with Intercooling, Reheating, and Regeneration	517	(4)
Ideal Jet-Propulsion Cycles	521	(6)
Modifications to Turbojet Engines	525	(2)
Second-Law Analysis of Gas Power Cycles	527	(24)
Topic of Special Interest: Saving Fuel and Money by Driving Sensibly	530	(7)
Summary	537	(1)
References and Suggested Readings	538	(1)
Problems	539	(12)
Vapor and Combined Power Cycles	551	(56)
The Carnot Vapor Cycle	552	(1)
Rankine Cycle: The Ideal Cycle for Vapor Power Cycles	553	(4)
Energy Analysis of the Ideal Rankine Cycle	554	(3)
Deviation of Actual Vapor Power Cycles from Idealized Ones	557	(3)
How Can We Increase the Efficiency of the Rankine Cycle?	560	(4)
Lowering the Condenser Pressure (Lowers Tlow, avg)	560	(1)
Superheating the Steam to High Temperatures (Increases Thigh, avg)	561	(1)
Increasing the Boiler Pressure (Increases Thigh, avg)	561	(3)
The Ideal Reheat Rankine Cycle	564	(4)
The Ideal Regenerative Rankine Cycle	568	(8)
Open Feedwater Heaters	568	(2)
Closed Feedwater Heaters	570	(6)
Second-Law Analysis of Vapor Power Cycles	576	(2)
Cogeneration	578	(5)
Combined Gas--Vapor Power Cycles	583	(24)
Topic of Special Interest: Binary Vapor Cycles	586	(3)
Summary	589	(1)
References and Suggested Readings	589	(1)
Problems	590	(17)
Refrigeration Cycles	607	(44)
Refrigerators and Heat Pumps	608	(1)
The Reversed Carnot Cycle	609	(1)
The Ideal Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle	610	(4)
Actual Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle	614	(2)
Selecting the Right Refrigerant	616	(2)
Heat Pump Systems	618	(2)
Innovative Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Systems	620	(8)
Cascade Refrigeration Systems	620	(3)
Multistage Compression Refrigeration Systems	623	(2)
Multipurpose Refrigeration Systems with a Single Compressor	625	(1)
Liquefaction of Gases	626	(2)
Gas Refrigeration Cycles	628	(3)
Absorption Refrigeration Systems	631	(20)
Topic of Special Interest: Thermoelectric Power Generation and Refrigeration Systems	634	(2)
Summary	636	(1)
References and Suggested Readings	637	(1)
Problems	637	(14)
Thermodynamic Property Relations	651	(30)
A Little Math---Partial Derivatives and Associated Relations	652	(4)
Partial Differentials	653	(2)
Partial Differential Relations	655	(1)
The Maxwell Relations	656	(2)
The Clapeyron Equation	658	(3)
General Relations for du, dh, ds, cv, and cp	661	(7)
Internal Energy Changes	661	(1)
Enthalpy Changes	662	(1)
Entropy Changes	663	(1)
Specific Heats cv and cp	664	(4)
The Joule-Thomson Coefficient	668	(1)
The Δh, Δu, and Δs of Real Gases	669	(12)
Enthalpy Changes of Real Gases	670	(1)
Internal Energy Changes of Real Gases	671	(1)
Entropy Changes of Real Gases	671	(3)
Summary	674	(1)
References and Suggested Readings	675	(1)
Problems	675	(6)
Gas Mixtures	681	(36)
Composition of a Gas Mixture: Mass and Mole Fractions	682	(2)
P-v-T Behavior of Gas Mixtures: Ideal and Real Gases	684	(5)
Ideal-Gas Mixtures	685	(1)
Real-Gas Mixtures	685	(4)
Properties of Gas Mixtures: Ideal and Real Gases	689	(28)
Ideal-Gas Mixtures	690	(3)
Real-Gas Mixtures	693	(4)
Topic of Special Interest: Chemical Potential and the Separation Work of Mixtures	697	(11)
Summary	708	(1)
References and Suggested Readings	709	(1)
Problems	709	(8)
Gas-Vapor Mixtures and Air-Conditioning	717	(34)
Dry and Atmospheric Air	718	(1)
Specific and Relative Humidity of Air	719	(2)
Dew-Point Temperature	721	(2)
Adiabatic Saturation and Wet-Bulb Temperatures	723	(3)
The Psychrometric Chart	726	(1)
Human Comfort and Air-Conditioning	727	(2)
Air-Conditioning Processes	729	(22)
Simple Heating and Cooling (ω = constant)	730	(1)
Heating with Humidification	731	(1)
Cooling with Dehumidification	732	(2)
Evaporative Cooling	734	(1)
Adiabatic Mixing of Airstreams	735	(2)
Wet Cooling Towers	737	(2)
Summary	739	(2)
References and Suggested Readings	741	(1)
Problems	741	(10)
Chemical Reactions	751	(43)
Fuels and Combustion	752	(4)
Theoretical and Actual Combustion Processes	756	(6)
Enthalpy of Formation and Enthalpy of Combustion	762	(3)
First-Law Analysis of Reacting Systems	765	(5)
Steady-Flow Systems	765	(2)
Closed Systems	767	(3)
Adiabatic Flame Temperature	770	(3)
Entropy Change of Reacting Systems	773	(2)
Second-Law Analysis of Reacting Systems	775	(19)
Topic of Special Interest: Fuel Cells	780	(2)
Summary	782	(1)
References and Suggested Readings	783	(1)
Problems	783	(11)
Chemical and Phase Equilibrium	794	(29)
Criterion for Chemical Equilibrium	794	(2)
The Equilibrium Constant for Ideal-Gas Mixtures	796	(3)
Some Remarks about the Kp of Ideal-Gas Mixtures	799	(5)
Chemical Equilibrium for Simultaneous Reactions	804	(2)
Variation of Kp with Temperature	806	(2)
Phase Equilibrium	808	(15)
Phase Equilibrium for a Single-Component System	808	(1)
The Phase Rule	809	(1)
Phase Equilibrium for a Multicomponent System	810	(5)
Summary	815	(1)
References and Suggested Readings	816	(1)
Problems	817	(6)
Compressible Flow	823	(60)
Stagnation Properties	824	(3)
Speed of Sound and Mach Number	827	(2)
One-Dimensional Isentropic Flow	829	(7)
Variation of Fluid Velocity with Flow Area	832	(2)
Property Relations for Isentropic Flow of Ideal Gases	834	(2)
Isentropic Flow through Nozzles	836	(9)
Converging Nozzles	836	(5)
Converging-Diverging Nozzles	841	(4)
Shock Waves and Expansion Waves	845	(15)
Normal Shocks	845	(7)
Oblique Shocks	852	(4)
Prandtl-Meyer Expansion Waves	856	(4)
Duct Flow with Heat Transfer and Negligible Friction (Rayleigh Flow)	860	(9)
Property Relations for Rayleigh Flow	866	(1)
Choked Rayleigh Flow	867	(2)
Steam Nozzles	869	(14)
Summary	872	(1)
References and Suggested Readings	873	(1)
Problems	874	(9)
Appendix 1 PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS (SI UNITS)	883	(50)
Table A--1 Molar mass, gas constant, and critical-point properties	884	(1)
Table A--2 Ideal-gas specific heats of various common gases	885	(3)
Table A--3 Properties of common liquids, solids, and foods	888	(2)
Table A--4 Saturated water---Temperature table	890	(2)
Table A--5 Saturated water---Pressure table	892	(2)
Table A--6 Superheated water	894	(4)
Table A--7 Compressed liquid water	898	(1)
Table A--8 Saturated ice--water vapor	899	(1)
Figure A--9 T-s diagram for water	900	(1)
Figure A--10 Mollier diagram for water	901	(1)
Table A--11 Saturated refrigerant-134a---Temperature table	902	(2)
Table A--12 Saturated refrigerant-134a---Pressure table	904	(1)
Table A--13 Superheated refrigerant-134a	905	(2)
Figure A--14 P-h diagram for refrigerant-134a	907	(1)
Figure A--15 Nelson--Obert generalized compressibility chart	908	(1)
Table A--16 Properties of the atmosphere at high altitude	909	(1)
Table A--17 Ideal-gas properties of air	910	(2)
Table A--18 Ideal-gas properties of nitrogen, N2	912	(2)
Table A--19 Ideal-gas properties of oxygen, O2	914	(2)
Table A--20 Ideal-gas properties of carbon dioxide, CO2	916	(2)
Table A--21 Ideal-gas properties of carbon monoxide, CO	918	(2)
Table A--22 Ideal-gas properties of hydrogen, H2	920	(1)
Table A--23 Ideal-gas properties of water vapor, H2O	921	(2)
Table A--24 Ideal-gas properties of monatomic oxygen, O	923	(1)
Table A--25 Ideal-gas properties of hydroxyl, OH	923	(1)
Table A--26 Enthalpy of formation, Gibbs function of formation, and absolute entropy at 25°C, 1 atm	924	(1)
Table A--27 Properties of some common fuels and hydrocarbons	925	(1)
Table A--28 Natural logarithms of the equilibrium constant Kp	926	(1)
Figure A--29 Generalized enthalpy departure chart	927	(1)
Figure A--30 Generalized entropy departure chart	928	(1)
Figure A--31 Psychrometric chart at 1 atm total pressure	929	(1)
Table A--32 One-dimensional isentropic compressible-flow functions for an ideal gas with k = 1.4	930	(1)
Table A--33 One-dimensional normal-shock functions for an ideal gas with k = 1.4	931	(1)
Table A--34 Rayleigh flow functions for an ideal gas with k = 1.4	932	(1)
Appendix 2 PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS (ENGLISH UNITS) I	933	(42)
Table A--1E Molar mass, gas constant, and critical-point properties	934	(1)
Table A--2E Ideal-gas specific heats of various common gases	935	(3)
Table A--3E Properties of common liquids, solids, and foods	938	(2)
Table A--4E Saturated water---Temperature table	940	(2)
Table A--5E Saturated water---Pressure table	942	(2)
Table A--6E Superheated water	944	(4)
Table A--7E Compressed liquid water	948	(1)
Table A--8E Saturated ice---water vapor	949	(1)
Figure A--9E T-s diagram for water	950	(1)
Figure A--10E Mollier diagram for water	951	(1)
Table A--11E Saturated refrigerant-134a---Temperature table	952	(1)
Table A--12E Saturated refrigerant-134a---Pressure table	953	(1)
Table A--13E Superheated refrigerant-134a	954	(2)
Figure A--14E P-h diagram for refrigerant-134a	956	(1)
Table A--16E Properties of the atmosphere at high altitude	957	(1)
Table A--17E Ideal-gas properties of air	958	(2)
Table A--18E Ideal-gas properties of nitrogen, N2	960	(2)
Table A--19E Ideal-gas properties of oxygen, O2	962	(2)
Table A--20E Ideal-gas properties of carbon dioxide, CO2	964	(2)
Table A--21E Ideal-gas properties of carbon monoxide, CO	966	(2)
Table A--22E Ideal-gas properties of hydrogen, H2	968	(1)
Table A--23E Ideal-gas properties of water vapor, H2O	969	(2)
Table A--26E Enthalpy of formation, Gibbs function of formation, and absolute entropy at 77F, 1 atm	971	(1)
Table A--27E Properties of some common fuels and hydrocarbons	972	(1)
Figure A--31E Psycrometric chart at 1 atm total pressure	973	(2)
Index	975