Thermodynamics : An Engineering Approach with Student Resource DVD

by Cengel, Yunus A.; Boles, Michael A.

• ISBN13: 9780073305370
• ISBN10: 0073305375
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-09-22
• Publisher: McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math

Summary

The worldwide bestsellerThermodynamics: An Engineering Approachbrings further refinement to an approach that emphasizes a physical understanding of the fundamental concepts of thermodynamics. The authors offer an engineering textbook that "talks directly to tomorrow's engineers in a simple yet precise manner, that encourages creative thinking, and is read by the students with interest and enthusiasm".Over 500 new or revised homework problems have been added to this 6/e.Themedia package for this text is extensive,giving users a large variety of supplemental resources to choose from. AStudent Resources DVDis packaged with each new copy of the text and contains the popular Engineering Equation Solver(EES) software, Physical Experiments, and an Interactive Thermodynamics tutorial. McGraw-Hill's new Assessment, Review, and Instruction System (ARIS)is available to students and instructors. ARIS is a complete, online tutorial, electronic homework, and course management system designed for greater ease of use than other systems. ARIS offers 1000 algorithmic problems, which will help curb the problem of having homework solutions circulating around campus. ARIS access for instructors is free with the adoption of the text, and students can buy access through the bookstore or from the ARIS website.

Table of Contents

Preface	xvii
Introduction and Basic Concepts	1	(50)
Thermodynamics and Energy	2	(1)
Application Areas of Thermodynamics	3	(1)
Importance of Dimensions and Units	3	(7)
Some SI and English Units	6	(2)
Dimensional Homogeneity	8	(1)
Unity Conversion Ratios	9	(1)
Systems and Control Volumes	10	(2)
Properties of a System	12	(1)
Continuum	12	(1)
Density and Specific Gravity	13	(1)
State and Equilibrium	14	(1)
The State Postulate	14	(1)
Processes and Cycles	15	(2)
The Steady-Flow Process	16	(1)
Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics	17	(4)
Temperature Scales	17	(3)
The International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90)	20	(1)
Pressure	21	(5)
Variation of Pressure with Depth	23	(3)
The Manometer	26	(3)
Other Pressure Measurement Devices	29	(1)
The Barometer and Atmospheric Pressure	29	(4)
Problem-Solving Technique	33	(18)
Step 1: Problem Statement	33	(1)
Step 2: Schematic	33	(1)
Step 3: Assumptions and Approximations	34	(1)
Step 4: Physical Laws	34	(1)
Step 5: Properties	34	(1)
Step 6: Calculations	34	(1)
Step 7: Reasoning, Verification, and Discussion	34	(1)
Engineering Software Packages	35	(1)
Engineering Equation Solver (EES)	36	(2)
A Remark on Significant Digits	38	(1)
Summary	39	(1)
References and Suggested Readings	39	(1)
Problems	40	(11)
Energy, Energy Transfer, and General Energy Analysis	51	(60)
Introduction	52	(1)
Forms of Energy	53	(7)
Some Physical Insight to Internal Energy	55	(1)
More on Nuclear Energy	56	(2)
Mechanical Energy	58	(2)
Energy Transfer by Heat	60	(2)
Historical Background on Heat	61	(1)
Energy Transfer by Work	62	(4)
Electrical Work	65	(1)
Mechanical Forms of Work	66	(4)
Shaft Work	66	(1)
Spring Work	67	(1)
Work Done on Elastic Solid Bars	67	(1)
Work Associated with the Stretching of a Liquid Film	68	(1)
Work Done to Raise or to Accelerate a Body	68	(1)
Nonmechanical Forms of Work	69	(1)
The First Law of Thermodynamics	70	(8)
Energy Balance	71	(1)
Energy Change of a System, ΔEsystem	72	(1)
Mechanisms of Energy Transfer, Ein and Eout	73	(5)
Energy Conversion Efficiencies	78	(8)
Efficiencies of Mechanical and Electrical Devices	82	(4)
Energy and Environment	86	(25)
Ozone and Smog	87	(1)
Acid Rain	88	(1)
The Greenhouse Effect: Global Warming and Climate Change	89	(3)
Topic of Special Interest: Mechanisms of Heat Transfer	92	(4)
Summary	96	(1)
References and Suggested Readings	97	(1)
Problems	98	(13)
Properties of Pure Substances	111	(54)
Pure Substance	112	(1)
Phases of a Pure Substance	112	(1)
Phase-Change Processes of Pure Substances	113	(5)
Compressed Liquid and Saturated Liquid	114	(1)
Saturated Vapor and Superheated Vapor	114	(1)
Saturation Temperature and Saturation Pressure	115	(2)
Some Consequences of Tsat and Psat Dependence	117	(1)
Property Diagrams for Phase-Change Processes	118	(8)
The T-v Diagram	118	(2)
The P-v Diagram	120	(1)
Extending the Diagrams to Include the Solid Phase	121	(3)
The P-T Diagram	124	(1)
The P-v-T Surface	125	(1)
Property Tables	126	(11)
Enthalpy---A Combination Property	126	(1)
Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor States	127	(2)
Saturated Liquid--Vapor Mixture	129	(3)
Superheated Vapor	132	(1)
Compressed Liquid	133	(2)
Reference State and Reference Values	135	(2)
The Ideal-Gas Equation of State	137	(2)
Is Water Vapor an Ideal Gas?	139	(1)
Compressibility Factor---A Measure of Deviation from Ideal-Gas Behavior	139	(5)
Other Equations of State	144	(21)
Van der Waals Equation of State	144	(1)
Beattie-Bridgeman Equation of State	145	(1)
Benedict-Webb-Rubin Equation of State	145	(1)
Virial Equation of State	145	(4)
Topic of Special Interest: Vapor Pressure and Phase Equilibrium	149	(4)
Summary	153	(1)
References and Suggested Readings	154	(1)
Problems	154	(11)
Energy Analysis of Closed Systems	165	(56)
Moving Boundary Work	166	(7)
Polytropic Process	171	(2)
Energy Balance for Closed Systems	173	(5)
Specific Heats	178	(2)
Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Specific Heats of Ideal Gases	180	(9)
Specific Heat Relations of Ideal Gases	182	(7)
Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Specific Heats of Solids and Liquids	189	(32)
Internal Energy Changes	189	(1)
Enthalpy Changes	189	(4)
Topic of Special Interest: Thermodynamic Aspects of Biological Systems	193	(7)
Summary	200	(1)
References and Suggested Readings	201	(1)
Problems	201	(20)
Mass and Energy Analysis of Control Volumes	221	(62)
Conservation of Mass	222	(6)
Mass and Volume Flow Rates	222	(2)
Conservation of Mass Principle	224	(1)
Mass Balance for Steady-Flow Processes	225	(1)
Special Case: Incompressible Flow	226	(2)
Flow Work and the Energy of a Flowing Fluid	228	(4)
Total Energy of a Flowing Fluid	229	(1)
Energy Transport by Mass	230	(2)
Energy Analysis of Steady-Flow Systems	232	(3)
Some Steady-Flow Engineering Devices	235	(13)
Nozzles and Diffusers	235	(3)
Turbines and Compressors	238	(3)
Throttling Valves	241	(1)
Mixing Chambers	242	(2)
Heat Exchangers	244	(2)
Pipe and Duct Flow	246	(2)
Energy Analysis of Unsteady-Flow Processes	248	(35)
Topic of Special Interest: General Energy Equation	254	(3)
Summary	257	(1)
References and Suggested Readings	258	(1)
Problems	258	(25)
The Second Law of Thermodynamics	283	(54)
Introduction to the Second Law	284	(1)
Thermal Energy Reservoirs	285	(1)
Heat Engines	286	(5)
Thermal Efficiency	287	(2)
Can We Save Qout?	289	(2)
The Second Law of Thermodynamics: Kelvin--Planck Statement	291	(1)
Refrigerators and Heat Pumps	291	(6)
Coefficient of Performance	292	(1)
Heat Pumps	293	(3)
The Second Law of Thermodynamics: Clausius Statement	296	(1)
Equivalence of the Two Statements	296	(1)
Perpetual-Motion Machines	297	(3)
Reversible and Irreversible Processes	300	(3)
Irreversibilities	301	(1)
Internally and Externally Reversible Processes	302	(1)
The Carnot Cycle	303	(2)
The Reversed Carnot Cycle	305	(1)
The Carnot Principles	305	(2)
The Thermodynamic Temperature Scale	307	(1)
The Carnot Heat Engine	308	(5)
The Quality of Energy	311	(1)
Quantity versus Quality in Daily Life	312	(1)
The Carnot Refrigerator and Heat Pump	313	(24)
Topic of Special Interest: Household Refrigerators	315	(4)
Summary	319	(1)
References and Suggested Readings	320	(1)
Problems	320	(17)
Entropy	337	(96)
Entropy	338	(3)
A Special Case: Internally Reversible Isothermal Heat Transfer Processes	340	(1)
The Increase of Entropy Principle	341	(4)
Some Remarks about Entropy	343	(2)
Entropy Change of Pure Substances	345	(4)
Isentropic Processes	349	(1)
Property Diagrams Involving Entropy	350	(2)
What Is Entropy?	352	(4)
Entropy and Entropy Generation in Daily Life	354	(2)
The T ds Relations	356	(1)
Entropy Change of Liquids and Solids	357	(3)
The Entropy Change of Ideal Gases	360	(8)
Constant Specific Heats (Approximate Analysis)	361	(1)
Variable Specific Heats (Exact Analysis)	362	(2)
Isentropic Processes of Ideal Gases	364	(1)
Constant Specific Heats (Approximate Analysis)	364	(1)
Variable Specific Heats (Exact Analysis)	365	(1)
Relative Pressure and Relative Specific Volume	365	(3)
Reversible Steady-Flow Work	368	(4)
Proof that Steady-Flow Devices Deliver the Most and Consume the Least Work when the Process Is Reversible	371	(1)
Minimizing the Compressor Work	372	(4)
Multistage Compression with Intercooling	373	(3)
Isentropic Efficiencies of Steady-Flow Devices	376	(7)
Isentropic Efficiency of Turbines	377	(2)
Isentropic Efficiencies of Compressors and Pumps	379	(2)
Isentropic Efficiency of Nozzles	381	(2)
Entropy Balance	383	(50)
Entropy Change of a System, ΔSsystem	384	(1)
Mechanisms of Entropy Transfer, Sin and Sout	384	(1)
Heat Transfer	384	(1)
Mass Flow	385	(1)
Entropy Generation, Sgen	386	(1)
Closed Systems	387	(1)
Control Volumes	387	(8)
Entropy Generation Associated with a Heat Transfer Process	395	(2)
Topic of Special Interest: Reducing the Cost of Compressed Air	397	(9)
Summary	406	(1)
References and Suggested Readings	407	(1)
Problems	408	(25)
Exergy: A Measure of Work Potential	433	(64)
Exergy: Work Potential of Energy	434	(3)
Exergy (Work Potential) Associated with Kinetic and Potential Energy	435	(2)
Reversible Work and Irreversibility	437	(5)
Second-Law Efficiency, η	442	(2)
Exergy Change of a System	444	(6)
Exergy of a Fixed Mass: Nonflow (or Closed System) Exergy	445	(2)
Exergy of a Flow Stream: Flow (or Stream) Exergy	447	(3)
Exergy Transfer by Heat, Work, and Mass	450	(3)
Exergy by Heat Transfer, Q	450	(2)
Exergy Transfer by Work, W	452	(1)
Exergy Transfer by Mass, m	452	(1)
The Decrease of Exergy Principle and Exergy Destruction	453	(1)
Exergy Destruction	454	(1)
Exergy Balance: Closed Systems	454	(13)
Exergy Balance: Control Volumes	467	(30)
Exergy Balance for Steady-Flow Systems	468	(1)
Reversible Work, Wrev	469	(1)
Second-Law Efficiency of Steady-Flow Devices, ηII	469	(6)
Topic of Special Interest: Second-Law Aspects of Daily Life	475	(4)
Summary	479	(1)
References and Suggested Readings	480	(1)
Problems	480	(17)
Gas Power Cycles	497	(68)
Basic Considerations in the Analysis of Power Cycles	498	(2)
The Carnot Cycle and Its Value in Engineering	500	(2)
Air-Standard Assumptions	502	(1)
An Overview of Reciprocating Engines	503	(1)
Otto Cycle: The Ideal Cycle for Spark-Ignition Engines	504	(6)
Diesel Cycle: The Ideal Cycle for Compression-Ignition Engines	510	(3)
Stirling and Ericsson Cycles	513	(4)
Brayton Cycle: The Ideal Cycle for Gas-Turbine Engines	517	(8)
Development of Gas Turbines	520	(3)
Deviation of Actual Gas-Turbine Cycles from Idealized Ones	523	(2)
The Brayton Cycle with Regeneration	525	(2)
The Brayton Cycle with Intercooling, Reheating, and Regeneration	527	(4)
Ideal Jet-Propulsion Cycles	531	(6)
Modifications to Turbojet Engines	535	(2)
Second-Law Analysis of Gas Power Cycles	537	(28)
Topic of Special Interest: Saving Fuel and Money by Driving Sensibly	540	(7)
Summary	547	(1)
References and Suggested Readings	548	(1)
Problems	549	(16)
Vapor and Combined Power Cycles	565	(58)
The Carnot Vapor Cycle	566	(1)
Rankine Cycle: The Ideal Cycle for Vapor Power Cycles	567	(4)
Energy Analysis of the Ideal Rankine Cycle	568	(3)
Deviation of Actual Vapor Power Cycles from Idealized Ones	571	(3)
How Can We Increase the Efficiency of the Rankine Cycle?	574	(4)
Lowering the Condenser Pressure (Lowers Tlow, avg)	574	(1)
Superheating the Steam to High Temperatures (Increases Thigh, avg)	575	(1)
Increasing the Boiler Pressure (Increases Thigh, avg)	575	(3)
The Ideal Reheat Rankine Cycle	578	(4)
The Ideal Regenerative Rankine Cycle	582	(8)
Open Feedwater Heaters	582	(2)
Closed Feedwater Heaters	584	(6)
Second-Law Analysis of Vapor Power Cycles	590	(2)
Cogeneration	592	(5)
Combined Gas--Vapor Power Cycles	597	(26)
Topic of Special Interest: Binary Vapor Cycles	600	(3)
Summary	603	(1)
References and Suggested Readings	603	(1)
Problems	604	(19)
Refrigeration Cycles	623	(46)
Refrigerators and Heat Pumps	624	(1)
The Reversed Carnot Cycle	625	(1)
The Ideal Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle	626	(4)
Actual Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle	630	(2)
Selecting the Right Refrigerant	632	(2)
Heat Pump Systems	634	(2)
Innovative Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Systems	636	(8)
Cascade Refrigeration Systems	636	(3)
Multistage Compression Refrigeration Systems	639	(2)
Multipurpose Refrigeration Systems with a Single Compressor	641	(1)
Liquefaction of Gases	642	(2)
Gas Refrigeration Cycles	644	(3)
Absorption Refrigeration Systems	647	(22)
Topic of Special Interest: Thermoelectric Power Generation and Refrigeration Systems	650	(2)
Summary	652	(1)
References and Suggested Readings	653	(1)
Problems	653	(16)
Thermodynamic Property Relations	669	(32)
A Little Math---Partial Derivatives and Associated Relations	670	(4)
Partial Differentials	671	(2)
Partial Differential Relations	673	(1)
The Maxwell Relations	674	(2)
The Clapeyron Equation	676	(3)
General Relations for du, dh, ds, cv, and Cp	679	(7)
Internal Energy Changes	679	(1)
Enthalpy Changes	680	(1)
Entropy Changes	681	(1)
Specific Heats cv and cp	682	(4)
The Joule-Thomson Coefficient	686	(1)
The Δh, Δu, and Δs of Real Gases	687	(14)
Enthalpy Changes of Real Gases	688	(1)
Internal Energy Changes of Real Gases	689	(1)
Entropy Changes of Real Gases	689	(3)
Summary	692	(1)
References and Suggested Readings	693	(1)
Problems	693	(8)
Gas Mixtures	701	(36)
Composition of a Gas Mixture: Mass and Mole Fractions	702	(2)
P-v-T Behavior of Gas Mixtures: Ideal and Real Gases	704	(5)
Ideal-Gas Mixtures	705	(1)
Real-Gas Mixtures	705	(4)
Properties of Gas Mixtures: Ideal and Real Gases	709	(28)
Ideal-Gas Mixtures	710	(3)
Real-Gas Mixtures	713	(4)
Topic of Special Interest: Chemical Potential and the Separation Work of Mixtures	717	(11)
Summary	728	(1)
References and Suggested Readings	729	(1)
Problems	729	(8)
Gas--Vapor Mixtures and Air-Conditioning	737	(36)
Dry and Atmospheric Air	738	(1)
Specific and Relative Humidity of Air	739	(2)
Dew-Point Temperature	741	(2)
Adiabatic Saturation and Wet-Bulb Temperatures	743	(3)
The Psychrometric Chart	746	(1)
Human Comfort and Air-Conditioning	747	(2)
Air-Conditioning Processes	749	(24)
Simple Heating and Cooling (ω = constant)	750	(1)
Heating with Humidification	751	(1)
Cooling with Dehumidification	752	(2)
Evaporative Cooling	754	(1)
Adiabatic Mixing of Airstreams	755	(2)
Wet Cooling Towers	757	(2)
Summary	759	(2)
References and Suggested Readings	761	(1)
Problems	761	(12)
Chemical Reactions	773	(44)
Fuels and Combustion	774	(4)
Theoretical and Actual Combustion Processes	778	(6)
Enthalpy of Formation and Enthalpy of Combustion	784	(3)
First-Law Analysis of Reacting Systems	787	(5)
Steady-Flow Systems	787	(2)
Closed Systems	789	(3)
Adiabatic Flame Temperature	792	(3)
Entropy Change of Reacting Systems	795	(2)
Second-Law Analysis of Reacting Systems	797	(20)
Topic of Special Interest: Fuel Cells	802	(2)
Summary	804	(1)
References and Suggested Readings	805	(1)
Problems	805	(12)
Chemical and Phase Equilibrium	817	(32)
Criterion for Chemical Equilibrium	818	(2)
The Equilibrium Constant for Ideal-Gas Mixtures	820	(3)
Some Remarks about the Kp of Ideal-Gas Mixtures	823	(5)
Chemical Equilibrium for Simultaneous Reactions	828	(2)
Variation of Kp with Temperature	830	(2)
Phase Equilibrium	832	(17)
Phase Equilibrium for a Single-Component System	832	(1)
The Phase Rule	833	(1)
Phase Equilibrium for a Multicomponent System	834	(5)
Summary	839	(1)
References and Suggested Readings	840	(1)
Problems	841	(8)
Compressible Flow	849	(60)
Stagnation Properties	850	(3)
Speed of Sound and Mach Number	853	(2)
One-Dimensional Isentropic Flow	855	(7)
Variation of Fluid Velocity with Flow Area	858	(2)
Property Relations for Isentropic Flow of Ideal Gases	860	(2)
Isentropic Flow through Nozzles	862	(9)
Converging Nozzles	862	(5)
Converging--Diverging Nozzles	867	(4)
Shock Waves and Expansion Waves	871	(15)
Normal Shocks	871	(7)
Oblique Shocks	878	(4)
Prandtl--Meyer Expansion Waves	882	(4)
Duct Flow with Heat Transfer and Negligible Friction (Rayleigh Flow)	886	(9)
Property Relations for Rayleigh Flow	892	(1)
Choked Rayleigh Flow	893	(2)
Steam Nozzles	895	(14)
Summary	898	(1)
References and Suggested Readings	899	(1)
Problems	900	(9)
Appendix 1 PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS (SI UNITS)	909	(50)
Table A--1 Molar mass, gas constant, and critical-point properties	910	(1)
Table A--2 Ideal-gas specific heats of various common gases	911	(3)
Table A--3 Properties of common liquids, solids, and foods	914	(2)
Table A--4 Saturated water---Temperature table	916	(2)
Table A--5 Saturated water---Pressure table	918	(2)
Table A--6 Superheated water	920	(4)
Table A--7 Compressed liquid water	924	(1)
Table A--8 Saturated ice---water vapor	925	(1)
Figure A--9 T-s diagram for water	926	(1)
Figure A--10 Mollier diagram for water	927	(1)
Table A--11 Saturated refrigerant-134a---Temperature table	928	(2)
Table A--12 Saturated refrigerant-134a---Pressure table	930	(1)
Table A--13 Superheated refrigerant-134a	931	(2)
Figure A--14 P-h diagram for refrigerant-134a	933	(1)
Figure A--15 Nelson--Obert generalized compressibility chart	934	(1)
Table A--16 Properties of the atmosphere at high altitude	935	(1)
Table A--17 Ideal-gas properties of air	936	(2)
Table A--18 Ideal-gas properties of nitrogen, N2	938	(2)
Table A--19 Ideal-gas properties of oxygen, O2	940	(2)
Table A--20 Ideal-gas properties of carbon dioxide, CO2	942	(2)
Table A--21 Ideal-gas properties of carbon monoxide, CO	944	(2)
Table A--22 Ideal-gas properties of hydrogen, H2	946	(1)
Table A--23 Ideal-gas properties of water vapor, H2O	947	(2)
Table A--24 Ideal-gas properties of monatomic oxygen, O	949	(1)
Table A--25 Ideal-gas properties of hydroxyl, OH	949	(1)
Table A--26 Enthalpy of formation, Gibbs function of formation, and absolute entropy at 25°C, 1 atm	950	(1)
Table A--27 Properties of some common fuels and hydrocarbons	951	(1)
Table A--28 Natural logarithms of the equilibrium constant Kp	952	(1)
Figure A--29 Generalized enthalpy departure chart	953	(1)
Figure A--30 Generalized entropy departure chart	954	(1)
Figure A--31 Psychrometric chart at 1 atm total pressure	955	(1)
Table A--32 One-dimensional isentropic compressible-flow functions for an ideal gas with k = 1.4	956	(1)
Table A--33 One-dimensional normal-shock functions for an ideal gas with k = 1.4	957	(1)
Table A--34 Rayleigh flow functions for an ideal gas with k = 1.4	958	(1)
Appendix 2 PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS (ENGLISH UNITS) I	959	(42)
Table A--1E Molar mass, gas constant, and critical-point properties	960	(1)
Table A--2E Ideal-gas specific heats of various common gases	961	(3)
Table A--3E Properties of common liquids, solids, and foods	964	(2)
Table A--4E Saturated water---Temperature table	966	(2)
Table A--5E Saturated water---Pressure table	968	(2)
Table A--6E Superheated water	970	(4)
Table A--7E Compressed liquid water	974	(1)
Table A--8E Saturated ice---water vapor	975	(1)
Figure A--9E T-s diagram for water	976	(1)
Figure A--10E Mollier diagram for water	977	(1)
Table A--11E Saturated refrigerant-134a---Temperature table	978	(1)
Table A--12E Saturated refrigerant-134a---Pressure table	979	(1)
Table A--13E Superheated refrigerant-134a	980	(2)
Figure A--14E P-h diagram for refrigerant-134a	982	(1)
Table A--16E Properties of the atmosphere at high altitude	983	(1)
Table A--17E Ideal-gas properties of air	984	(2)
Table A--18E Ideal-gas properties of nitrogen, N2	986	(2)
Table A--19E Ideal-gas properties of oxygen, O2	988	(2)
Table A--20E Ideal-gas properties of carbon dioxide, CO2	990	(2)
Table A--21E Ideal-gas properties of carbon monoxide, CO	992	(2)
Table A--22E Ideal-gas properties of hydrogen, H2	994	(1)
Table A--23E Ideal-gas properties of water vapor, H2O	995	(2)
Table A--26E Enthalpy of formation, Gibbs function of formation, and absolute entropy at 77°F, 1 atm	997	(1)
Table A--27E Properties of some common fuels and hydrocarbons	998	(1)
Figure A--31E Psycrometric chart at 1 atm total pressure	999	(2)
Index	1001