This book concentrates specifically on the applications of thermodynamics, rather than the theory. It addresses both technical and pragmatic problems in the field, and covers such topics as enthalpy effects, equilibrium thermodynamics, non-ideal thermodynamics and energy conversion applications. Providing the reader with a working knowledge of the principles of thermodynamics, as well as experience in their application, it stands alone as an easy-to-follow self-teaching aid to practical applications and contains worked examples.

LOUIS THEODORE, ENG SCD, is a consultant for Theodore Tutorials, a company specializing in providing training solutions to industry, academia, and government. In addition to receiving awards from the International Air & Waste Management Association and the American Society for Engineering Education, Dr. Theodore is the author/coauthor of eighty-one books, including Nanotechnology: Basic Calculations for Engineers and Scientists (Wiley) and Handbook of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Calculations (Wiley), plus nearly 100 technical publications. He was recently (2008) recognized at Madison Square Garden for his contributions to basketball and the youth of America.

FRANCESCO RICCI is currently a junior chemical engineering student at Manhattan College. A member of both Tau Beta Pi and Omega Chi Epsilon, and the recipient of numerous academic awards and scholarships, Mr. Ricci is the author of the solutions manual to this text, and a contributing author to the 2009 title Introduction to Environmental Management.

TIMOTHY VANVLIET is currently a senior chemical engineering student at Manhattan College. Mr. VanVliet is a member of Omega Chi Epsilon, and has received numerous academic awards and scholarships.

Preface	p. xvii
Introduction	p. 1
Basic Calculations	p. 3
Introduction	p. 3
Units and Dimensions	p. 3
Conversion of Units	p. 7
The Gravitational Constant, gc	p. 8
Significant Figures and Scientific Notation	p. 8
References	p. 9
Process Variables	p. 11
Introduction	p. 11
Temperature	p. 12
Pressure	p. 14
Moles and Molecular Weights	p. 15
Mass and Volume	p. 20
Viscosity	p. 21
Heat Capacity	p. 23
Thermal Conductivity	p. 24
Reynolds Number	p. 25
pH	p. 26
Vapor Pressure	p. 27
Property Estimation	p. 28
References	p. 29
Gas Laws	p. 31
Introduction	p. 31
Boyle's and Charles' Laws	p. 32
The Ideal Gas Law	p. 33
Standard Conditions	p. 36
Partial Pressure and Partial Volume	p. 38
Critical and Reduced Properties	p. 40
Non-Ideal Gas Behavior	p. 42
Non-Ideal Mixtures	p. 48
References	p. 50
Conservation Laws	p. 53
Introduction	p. 53
The Conservation Laws	p. 54
The Conservation Law for Momentum	p. 56
The Conservation Law for Mass	p. 58
The Conservation Law for Energy	p. 65
References	p. 71
Stoichiometry	p. 73
Introduction	p. 73
Combustion of Methane	p. 74
Excess and Limiting Reactant(s)	p. 75
Combustion of Ethane	p. 76
Combustion of Chlorobenzene	p. 80
References	p. 87
The Second Law of Thermodynamics	p. 89
Introduction	p. 89
Qualitative Review of the Second Law	p. 90
Quantitative Review of the Second Law	p. 91
Ideal Work and Lost Work	p. 95
The Heat Exchanger Dilemma	p. 99
Chemical Plant and Process Applications	p. 107
The Third Law of Thermodynamics	p. 109
References	p. 110
Enthalpy Effects	p. 113
Sensible Enthalpy Effects	p. 115
Introduction	p. 115
The Gibbs Phase Rule (GPR)	p. 115
Enthalpy Values	p. 118
Heat Capacity Values	p. 121
Predictive Methods for Heat Capacity	p. 134
References	p. 136
Latent Enthalpy Effects	p. 137
Introduction	p. 137
The Clausius-Clapeyron (C-C) Equation	p. 138
Predictive Methods: Normal Boiling Point	p. 144
Predictive Methods: Other Temperatures	p. 147
Industrial Applications	p. 148
References	p. 153
Enthalpy of Mixing Effects	p. 155
Introduction	p. 155
Enthalpy-Concentration Diagrams	p. 155
H2SO4-H2O Diagram	p. 158
NaOH-H2O Diagram	p. 160
Enthalpy of Mixing at Infinite Dilution	p. 162
Evaporator Design	p. 165
References	p. 167
Chemical Reaction Enthalpy Effects	p. 169
Introduction	p. 169
Standard Enthalpy of Formation	p. 170
Standard Enthalpy of Reaction	p. 171
Effect of Temperature on Enthalpy of Reaction	p. 178
Gross and Net Heating Values	p. 191
References	p. 197
Equilibrium Thermodynamics	p. 199
Phase Equilibrium Principles	p. 201
Introduction	p. 201
Psychometric Chart	p. 203
Raoult's Law	p. 209
Henry's Law	p. 213
Raoult's Law vs Henry's Law	p. 218
Vapor-Solid Equilibrium	p. 222
Liquid-Solid Equilibrium	p. 228
References	p. 229
Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Calculations	p. 231
Introduction	p. 231
The DePriester Charts	p. 234
Raoult's Law Diagrams	p. 243
Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium in Nonideal Solutions	p. 249
NRTL Diagrams	p. 253
Wilson Diagrams	p. 262
Relative Volatility	p. 266
References	p. 268
Chemical Reaction Equilibrium Principles	p. 269
Introduction	p. 269
Standard Free Energy of Formation, ¿G0f	p. 270
Standard Free Energy of Reaction, ¿G0	p. 273
The Chemical Reaction Equilibrium Constant, K	p. 276
Effect of Temperature on ¿G0 and K: Simplified Approach	p. 278
Effect of Temperature on ¿G0 and K: ¿, ß, and ¿ Data	p. 280
Effect of Temperature on ¿G0 and K: a, b, and c Data	p. 283
Procedures to Determine K	p. 286
References	p. 289
Chemical Reaction Equilibrium Applications	p. 291
Introduction	p. 291
Rate vs Equilibrium Considerations	p. 292
Extent of Reaction	p. 293
The Reaction Coordinate	p. 295
Gas Phase Reactions	p. 299
Equilibrium Conversion Calculations: Simplified Approach	p. 302
Equilibrium Conversion Calculations: Rigorous Approach	p. 306
Other Reactions	p. 312
References	p. 316
Other Topics	p. 317
Economic Considerations	p. 319
Introduction	p. 319
Capital Costs	p. 320
Operating Costs	p. 323
Project Evaluation	p. 324
Perturbation Studies in Optimization	p. 325
References	p. 332
Open-Ended Problems	p. 333
Introduction	p. 333
Developing Students' Power of Critical Thinking	p. 335
Creativity	p. 336
Brainstorming	p. 337
Inquiring Minds	p. 338
References	p. 342
Other ABET Topics	p. 343
Introduction	p. 343
Environmental Management	p. 343
Health, Safety, and Accident Management	p. 348
Numerical Methods	p. 356
Ethics	p. 361
References	p. 363
Fuel Options	p. 365
Introduction	p. 365
Fuel Properties	p. 366
Natural Gas	p. 368
Liquid Fuels	p. 369
Coal	p. 371
Fuel Selection	p. 372
Stoichiometric Calculations	p. 373
References	p. 375
Exergy: The Concept of "Quality Energy"	p. 377
Introduction	p. 377
The Quality of Heat vs Work	p. 377
Exergy	p. 378
Quantitative Exergy Analysis	p. 379
Environmental Impact	p. 386
Exergy Efficiency	p. 388
References	p. 389
Appendix	p. 391
Steam Tables	p. 391
Saturated Steam	p. 392
Superheated Steam	p. 395
Saturated Steam-Ice	p. 398
SI Units	p. 399
Conversion Constants	p. 402
Selected Common Abbreviations	p. 405
References	p. 407
Index	p. 409
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