Third Century of Biochemical Oxygen Demand

by Baird, Rodger B; Smith, Roy-Keith Ph D

• ISBN13: 9781572781719
• ISBN10: 1572781718
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2002-02-01
• Publisher: Water Environment Federation

Summary

The most comprehensive summary and literature review of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) on the market! BOD is one of the fundamental concepts in wastewater treatment. Throughout the 1800s and the 1900s, BOD was exhaustively studied and refined, both as a concept and as an analytical procedure. Review all previous BOD work--including why technicians, scientists, plant operators, regulators, and engineers have complained about the BOD test for many years.This book is intended to serve three purposes: first and foremost, is to describe BOD as a test procedure and biological phenomenon; secondly, to describe the place of BOD within the complex of testing that is used to evaluate treatment processes; lastly, is to present the development of BOD and preserve all peer-reviewed literature citations that mark the road to the current test.

Written by Rodger B. Baird and Roy-Keith Smith. Mr. Baird is Manager of Laboratories for the Los Angeles County Sanitation Districts, where he has worked in laboratory supervision and management for more than 30 years. Dr. Smith has written over 60 published articles and is the author of eight books (one in the 4th edition) on environmental analysis. Chapters detailing sediment oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, and total organic carbon testing and their relationship to BOD testing, as well as extensive coverage of the interferences encountered during oxygen demand testing makes this a must-have reference.

Table of Contents

Introduction	1	(2)
Biochemical Oxygen Demand History	3	(14)
Putrescibility and Relative Stability	17	(6)
Measurement of Dissolved Oxygen	23	(22)
Winkler Titration and Modifications	24	(6)
Other Chemical Techniques	30	(3)
Magnetic Measurements	33	(1)
Electrochemical and Electrode Techniques	34	(4)
Oxygen-Free Samples	38	(5)
Conclusion	43	(2)
Process of Biochemical Oxygen Demand	45	(26)
Microorganisms Consume Organic Substrates in the Waste	46	(5)
Oxygen is Used by Microorganisms	51	(4)
The Metric of the Test is the Difference Between the Initial and Final Values of Dissolved Oxygen	55	(1)
A Diluted Portion of the Sample is Tested	56	(2)
The Result is Extrapolated Back to the Undiluted Sample	58	(1)
Interactions of Mixed Populations of Microorganisms	58	(7)
Toxicity and Acclimation of Organisms	65	(4)
Conclusion	69	(2)
Theory of Biochemical Oxygen Demand	71	(40)
Theoretical Oxygen Demand of Pure Substances	71	(2)
Theoretical Approximations of Biochemical Oxygen Demand	73	(1)
Modeling Biochemical Oxygen Demand of Natural and Waste Waters	74	(15)
Biochemical Oxygen Demand in Wastewater Treatment Modeling	89	(10)
Oxygen Sag and Water Quality Equations	99	(7)
Calculation of Biochemical Oxygen Demand from Experimental Data	106	(2)
Conclusion	108	(3)
Biochemical Oxygen Demand Method and Practice	111	(50)
A Five-Day Test	112	(1)
Kinetics	113	(3)
Carbonaceous versus Nitrogenous Biochemical Oxygen Demand	116	(1)
Nitrification Inhibition	117	(4)
Five-Day Biochemical Oxygen Demand as a Dilution Test	121	(1)
Pay Attention to the Dilution Water	122	(2)
Seeding is Important	124	(2)
Seed Control Measures	126	(1)
The Five-Day Biochemical Oxygen Demand of Seed	126	(1)
Glucose--Glutamic Acid Check Standard	127	(1)
Sampling	128	(1)
The Procedure	129	(4)
Preparing Dilutions	133	(1)
Initial Dissolved Oxygen Measurement	134	(1)
Incubation Temperature	135	(1)
Sealing Sample Bottles	135	(1)
Calculations	135	(2)
Quality Control	137	(2)
Limit and Range of Biochemical Oxygen Demand Results	139	(1)
Ultimate Biochemical Oxygen Demand	140	(1)
Automation of the Biochemical Oxygen Demand Test	140	(1)
Conclusion	141	(1)
Case Studies	141	(5)
Case Study No. 1: Comparison of Nitrification-Inhibition Methods	141	(1)
Case Study No. 2: Comparison of 2-Chloro-6-(Trichloromethyl) Pyridine	142	(1)
Case Study No. 3: The Debate over 2-Chloro-6-(Trichloromethyl) Pyridine Toxicity in Carbonaceous Biochemical Oxygen Demand	143	(1)
Case Study No. 4: The Research Study Gone Bad---Check Your Blanks!	144	(1)
Case Study No. 5: The Trouble With Glucose--Glutamic Acid	145	(1)
Questions and Answers	146	(15)
Respirometric Methods	161	(32)
Measurement of Respiration	162	(6)
Operation of Manometric and Electrolytic Respirometers	168	(4)
Comparison of Respirometers	172	(1)
A Standard Respirometric Method	173	(9)
Applications of Respirometry	182	(3)
Short-Term Biochemical Oxygen Demand Measurements	185	(2)
On-Line Respirometry	187	(2)
Modeling Plant Operations	189	(3)
Conclusion	192	(1)
Alternate Measures of Biochemical Oxygen Demand	193	(10)
Gas Chromatography and Headspace Biochemical Oxygen Demand Techniques	193	(1)
Alternate Oxygen Sources	194	(2)
Microcalorimetry and Biomass Activity	196	(1)
Miscellaneous Techniques	197	(1)
Microbial Bioelectrodes and Other Biosensors	198	(3)
Conclusion	201	(2)
Biodegradation and Toxicity	203	(24)
Biodegradation and Toxicity	203	(18)
Method for Determining Biochemical Oxygen Demand in the Presence of Toxicity	221	(3)
Conclusion	224	(3)
Sediment Oxygen Demand	227	(10)
Sediment Oxygen Demand Techniques	228	(4)
Sediment Oxygen Demand Concepts	232	(3)
Conclusion	235	(2)
Chemical Oxygen Demand	237	(26)
Standard Chemical Oxygen Demand Tests	238	(12)
Open Reflux Method	238	(1)
Closed Reflux, Titrimetric Method	238	(1)
Closed Reflux, Colorimetric Method	239	(11)
Relation of Chemical Oxygen Demand to Biochemical Oxygen Demand	250	(4)
Fractionation of Chemical Oxygen Demand	254	(6)
Total Influent Chemical Oxygen Demand	255	(1)
Total Residual Chemical Oxygen Demand	255	(1)
Soluble and Particulate Chemical Oxygen Demand	256	(1)
Soluble Inert Chemical Oxygen Demand	257	(1)
Particulate Inert Chemical Oxygen Demand	258	(1)
Biodegradable Chemical Oxygen Demand	258	(1)
Readily Biodegradable Chemical Oxygen Demand	259	(1)
Hydrolysable Chemical Oxygen Demand	259	(1)
Biodegradable Volatile Suspended Solids	260	(1)
Chemically Hydrolysable Chemical Oxygen Demand	260	(1)
Total Oxygen Demand and Alternate Tests to Chemical Oxygen Demand	260	(2)
Conclusion	262	(1)
Total Organic Carbon and Organic Matter	263	(14)
Wet Chemical Methods for Total Organic Carbon	264	(2)
Instrumental Total Organic Carbon Methods	266	(4)
Total Organic Carbon--Biochemical Oxygen Demand Relationship	270	(2)
Fractionation of Total Organic Carbon	272	(3)
Photometric Estimation of Total Organic Carbon and Organic Matter	275	(1)
Conclusion	276	(1)
References	277