Thought and Knowledge

by Halpern, Diane F.

• ISBN13: 9780805814934
• ISBN10: 0805814930
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1995-01-01
• Publisher: Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc Inc

Summary

"Thought & Knowledge, Fourth Edition" is appropriate for use as a textbook in critical thinking courses offered in departments of psychology, philosophy, English, humanities, or as a supplement in any course where critical thinking is emphasized

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
Thinking: An Introduction	1	(35)
The Need for Critical Thinking Skills	2	(6)
Empirical Evidence That Thinking Can Be Improved	8	(3)
Thinking About Thinking	11	(10)
Intelligence and Thinking Skills	21	(4)
A Critical Thinking Attitude and Disposition	25	(5)
A Framework for Thinking	30	(2)
Chapter Summary	32	(1)
Terms to Know	33	(1)
Suggested Readings	34	(2)
Memory: The Acquisition, Retention, and Retrieval of Knowledge	36	(39)
Memory as the Mediator of Cognitive Processes	37	(6)
Acquisition	43	(8)
Retention	51	(3)
Retrieval	54	(3)
Working Memory	57	(3)
Metamemory	60	(1)
Mnemonics	61	(7)
Biases in Memory	68	(1)
Applying the Framework	69	(1)
Chapter Summary	70	(1)
Terms to Know	71	(1)
Suggested Readings	72	(3)
The Relationship Between Thought and Language	75	(43)
Thought and Language	76	(9)
Words and Their Meanings	85	(6)
Language: Tool or Master of Thought?	91	(10)
Comprehension: The Reason for Language	101	(13)
Applying the Framework	114	(1)
Chapter Summary	115	(1)
Terms to Know	115	(2)
Suggested Readings	117	(1)
Reasoning: Drawing Deductively Valid Conclusions	118	(49)
Logical and Psychological	119	(4)
Linear Ordering	123	(3)
If, Then Statements	126	(9)
Combinatorial Reasoning	135	(1)
Syllogistic Reasoning	136	(21)
Disjunctions	157	(2)
Reasoning in Everyday Contexts	159	(2)
Applying the Framework	161	(1)
Chapter Summary	162	(1)
Terms to Know	163	(2)
Suggested Readings	165	(2)
Analyzing Arguments	167	(45)
The Anatomy of an Argument	168	(6)
Diagramming the Structure of an Argument	174	(4)
Evaluating the Strength of an Argument	178	(12)
Persuasion and Propaganda	190	(1)
The Psychology of Reasons	191	(2)
Twenty-One Common Fallacies	193	(8)
Distinguishing Among Opinion, Reasoned Judgment, and Fact	201	(2)
Visual Arguments	203	(1)
How to Change Beliefs	204	(1)
Applying the Framework	205	(2)
Chapter Summary	207	(1)
Terms to Know	208	(2)
Suggested Readings	210	(2)
Thinking as Hypothesis Testing	212	(29)
Understanding Hypothesis Testing	213	(8)
Determining Cause	221	(9)
Thinking About Errors	230	(2)
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies	232	(1)
Occult Beliefs and the Paranormal	233	(1)
Thinking as an Intuitive Scientist	234	(1)
Applying the Framework	235	(2)
Chapter Summary	237	(1)
Terms to Know	237	(2)
Suggested Readings	239	(2)
Likelihood and Uncertainty: Understanding Probabilities	241	(40)
Probabilistic Nature of the World	242	(4)
Factors Affecting Judgments About Likelihood and Uncertainty	246	(1)
Using Probability	247	(10)
Expected Values	257	(3)
Subjective Probability	260	(3)
Making Probabilistic Decisions	263	(6)
Risk	269	(4)
Statistical Use and Abuse	273	(3)
Applying the Framework	276	(1)
Chapter Summary	277	(1)
Terms to Know	278	(1)
Suggested Readings	279	(2)
Decision Making	281	(36)
Making Sound Decisions	282	(4)
Descriptive and Prescriptive Processes	286	(2)
Pitfalls and Pratfalls in Decision Making	288	(11)
Evaluating Consequences	299	(2)
Elimination by Aspects	301	(1)
Preparing a Worksheet	301	(8)
Postdecision Commitment and Evaluation	309	(3)
Applying the Framework	312	(1)
Chapter Summary	313	(1)
Terms to Know	314	(1)
Suggested Readings	315	(2)
Development of Problem-Solving Skills	317	(47)
Anatomy of a Problem	318	(2)
Stages in Problem Solving	320	(3)
Well-Defined and Ill-Defined Problems	323	(1)
Problem Planning and Representation	324	(16)
Problem-Solving Strategies	340	(15)
Problem-Solving Problems	355	(4)
Applying the Framework	359	(1)
Chapter Summary	360	(1)
Terms to Know	360	(2)
Suggested Readings	362	(2)
Creative Thinking	364	(29)
Defining Creativity	365	(5)
Creativity as a Cognitive Process	370	(7)
Encouraging Creativity	377	(3)
Strategies for Creative Thinking	380	(8)
Applying the Framework	388	(1)
Chapter Summary	389	(1)
Terms to Know	390	(1)
Suggested Readings	391	(2)
The Last Word	393	(2)
References	395	(14)
Author Index	409	(6)
Subject Index	415