Time Before History

by Ward, H. Trawick; Davis, R. P. Stephen

• ISBN13: 9780807824979
• ISBN10: 0807824976
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1999-07-01
• Publisher: Univ of North Carolina Pr

Summary

North Carolina's written history begins in the sixteenth century with the voyages of Sir Walter Raleigh and the founding of the ill-fated Lost Colony on Roanoke Island. But there is a deeper, unwritten past that predates the state's recorded history. The region we now know as North Carolina was settled more than 10,000 years ago, but because early inhabitants left no written record, their story must be painstakingly reconstructed from the fragmentary and fragile archaeological record they left behind.Time before Historyis the first comprehensive account of the archaeology of North Carolina. Weaving together a wealth of information gleaned from archaeological excavations and surveys carried out across the state--from the mountains to the coast--it presents a fascinating, readable narrative of the state's native past across a vast sweep of time, from the Paleo-Indian period, when the first immigrants to North America crossed a land bridge that spanned the Bering Strait, through the arrival of European traders and settlers in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
Acknowledgments	xiii
Introduction	1	(26)
Cultural-Historical Overview	1	(5)
Paleo-Indian Period (before 8000 B.C.)	2	(1)
Archaic Period (8000-1000 B.C.)	2	(1)
Woodland Period (1000 B.C.-A.D. 1600)	3	(2)
Historic Period (after A.D. 1540)	5	(1)
A Brief History of North Carolina Archaeology	6	(21)
Exploring Indian Mounds	6	(2)
A New Focus on North Carolina Archaeology	8	(1)
Following in the Footsteps of Lederer and Lawson	9	(2)
The Keyauwee Excavation	11	(1)
Federal Archaeology Begins at Peachtree	12	(1)
Stalking the Piedmont Siouans	12	(3)
Building Cultural Chronologies	15	(2)
The Cherokee Project	17	(1)
North Carolina Archaeology Expands	18	(2)
Recent Research Programs across North Carolina	20	(3)
Notes on Organization	23	(4)
The Paleo-Indian: An Elusive Quarry	27	(20)
Paleo-Indian Chronology in the Southeast	29	(3)
Early Paleo-Indian Subperiod (about 9500-9000 B.C.)	29	(2)
Middle Paleo-Indian Subperiod (9000-8500 B.C.)	31	(1)
Late Paleo-Indian Subperiod (8500-7900 B.C.)	31	(1)
Paleo-Indian Settlement and Subsistence	32	(3)
The Paleo-Indian Period in North Carolina	35	(12)
The Coastal Plain	36	(1)
The Piedmont	36	(10)
The Mountains	46	(1)
The Archaic Period: A Time of Regionalization and Specialization	47	(29)
The Archaic Period in the Piedmont	49	(18)
Early Archaic Period (8000-6000 B.C.)	51	(7)
Middle Archaic Period (6000-3000 B.C.)	58	(6)
Late Archaic Period (3000-1000 B.C.)	64	(3)
The Archaic Period in the Mountains	67	(5)
Early Archaic Period (8000-6000 B.C.)	69	(1)
Middle Archaic Period (6000-3000 B.C.)	70	(1)
Late Archaic Period (3000-1000 B.C.)	70	(2)
The Archaic Period on the Coast and Coastal Plain	72	(3)
Summary	75	(1)
The Woodland Period in the Piedmont	76	(62)
The Piedmont Village Tradition	78	(2)
The Early Woodland and Middle Woodland Periods (1000 B.C.-A.D. 800)	80	(18)
The Badin Phase	80	(3)
The Yadkin Phase	83	(2)
Recent Research and the Early-Middle Woodland Chronology	85	(2)
Early Excavations in the Northeast Piedmont	87	(8)
The Whites Creek Survey and the Forbush Creek Excavations	95	(2)
Summary	97	(1)
The Late Woodland Period (A.D. 800-1600)	98	(21)
The Uwharrie Phase (A.D. 800-1200)	100	(3)
The Haw River Phase (A.D. 1000-1400)	103	(2)
The Dan River Phase (A.D. 1000-1450)	105	(4)
The Donnaha Phase (A.D. 1000-1450)	109	(3)
The Hillsboro Phase (A.D. 1400-1600)	112	(5)
The Early Saratown Phase (A.D. 1450-1600)	117	(2)
The Southern Piedmont	119	(19)
A Brief History of Early Excavations	119	(4)
The Pee Dee Culture	123	(11)
The Caraway Phase (A.D. 1500-1700)	134	(4)
The Woodland and Mississippian Periods in the Appalachian Summit Region: The Search for Cherokee Roots	138	(56)
The Woodland Period	139	(19)
The Early Woodland Period (1000-300 B.C.)	140	(6)
The Middle Woodland Period (300 B.C.-A.D. 800)	146	(11)
The Late Woodland Period (A.D. 800-1100)	157	(1)
The South Appalachian Mississippian Tradition	158	(34)
The Pisgah Phase (A.D. 1000-1450)	160	(15)
Mound Structure and Political Complexity	175	(3)
Lamar Culture and the Qualla Phase (after A.D. 1350)	178	(12)
The Eastern Fringe of the Appalachian Summit	190	(2)
Summary	192	(2)
The Woodland Period on the Coast and Coastal Plain	194	(35)
A Brief History of Coastal Plain Archaeology	195	(4)
The Early Woodland Period (1000-300 B.C.)	199	(4)
The Deep Creek and New River Phases	200	(2)
Hamp's Landing	202	(1)
The Middle Woodland Period (300 B.C.-A.D. 800)	203	(7)
The Mount Pleasant Phase	203	(1)
The Cape Fear Phase	204	(2)
Sand Burial Mounds	206	(4)
The Late Woodland Period (A.D. 800-1650)	210	(16)
The Colington Phase	211	(5)
The White Oak Phase	216	(7)
The Cashie Phase	223	(3)
Summary	226	(3)
The Contact Period: Tribes, Traders, and Turmoil	229	(48)
The Contact Period in the Central Piedmont (A.D. 1600-1710)	233	(14)
The Mitchum Phase (A.D. 1600-1670)	235	(2)
The Jenrette Phase (A.D. 1600-1680)	237	(5)
The Fredricks Phase (A.D. 1680-1710)	242	(5)
The North Central Piedmont during the Contact Period	247	(7)
The Middle Saratown Phase (A.D. 1620-1670)	247	(1)
The Late Saratown Phase (A.D. 1670-1710)	248	(6)
Contact, Interaction, and Cultural Change in the Piedmont	254	(6)
Trade	254	(2)
European Plants and Livestock	256	(1)
Intertribal Relations	256	(1)
Disease	257	(3)
The Contact Period in the Appalachian Summit	260	(12)
The Late Qualla Phase (A.D. 1700-1838)	267	(5)
The Contact Period along the North Carolina Coast	272	(3)
Summary	275	(2)
References Cited	277	(22)
Index	299