Time-Resolved Diffraction

by Helliwell, J. R.; Rentzepis, P. M.

• ISBN13: 9780198500322
• ISBN10: 0198500327
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1998-03-05
• Publisher: Clarendon Press

Summary

Recent technological advances in synchrotron and neutron sources, detectors, and computer hardware and software have made possible diffraction techniques which collect data at successive moments in time. This is the first book to bring together reviews and research articles covering the three branches of time-resolved diffraction--X-ray, electron, and neutron field. Time-Resolved Diffraction covers gases, liquids, amorphous solids, fibers, and crystals and does so in a multidisciplinary framework which includes examples from molecular biology and chemistry, as well as techniques from physics and materials science. The various time scales of data collection cover ten orders of magnitude, from the sub-pico domain to the kilosecond. Research scientists and graduate students will find this book the most complete compendium of work in this developing field.

Table of Contents

1 Picosecond hard X-ray pulses and their application to time-resolved diffraction	1	(43)
I. V. Tomov
P. Chen
S. H. Lin
P. M. Rentzepis
1.1 Introduction	1	(2)
1.2 Generation of nano- and picosecond X-ray pulses in an optically excited X-ray diode	3	(21)
1.3 Picosecond time-resolved X-ray diffraction	24	(12)
1.4 X-ray diffraction with nanosecond pulses	36	(3)
1.5 Measurement of X-ray pulse duration by cross-correlation with a short laser pulse	39	(1)
1.6 Summary	40	(1)
Acknowledgements	41	(1)
References	42	(2)
2 Ultrafast X-ray diffraction and absorption	44	(27)
Christopher P. J. Barty
M. Ben-Nun
Ting Guo
Ferenc Raksi
Christoph Rose-Petruck
Jeff Squier
Kent R. Wilson
Vladislav V. Yakovlev
Peter M. Weber
Zhiming Jiang
Abdelaziz Ikhlef
Jean-Claude Kieffer
2.1 Introduction	44	(1)
2.2 Theory	45	(14)
2.3 Experiments	59	(8)
2.4 Summary and concluding remarks	67	(1)
Acknowledgements	68	(1)
References	69	(2)
3 Laser--plasma X-ray emission: its creation, diagnosis, and applications in transient diffraction	71	(35)
Allan A. Hauer
George A. Kyrala
3.1 Introduction	71	(1)
3.2 Characteristics of laser-plasma X-ray emission	72	(14)
3.3 Measurement of laser-plasma X-ray emission and other transient X-ray events	86	(10)
3.4 The use of laser--plasma X-ray emission in the diagnosis of plasma and hydrodynamic phenomena	96	(4)
Acknowledgements	100	(1)
References	100	(6)
4 X-ray diffraction dynamics of shock-compressed crystals	106	(31)
R. R. Whitlock
J. S. Wark
4.1 Introduction	106	(1)
4.2 X-ray sources and set-up	107	(10)
4.3 Laser X-ray diffraction shock experiments	117	(9)
4.4 Simulation of X-ray diffraction from shocked crystals	126	(3)
4.5 Comparison of simulations and experimental results	129	(3)
4.6 Conclusion	132	(1)
Acknowledgements	133	(1)
References	133	(4)
5 Materials science opportunities using time-resolved synchrotron X-ray scattering	137	(24)
B. C. Larson
J. Z. Tischler
5.1 Introduction	137	(1)
5.2 Real-time synchrotron measurements	138	(2)
5.3 Time-resolved experiment and detection techniques	140	(4)
5.4 Gated 2-D position-sensitive detectors	144	(2)
5.5 Materials science time-resolved opportunities	146	(11)
5.6 Conclusion	157	(1)
Acknowledgements	158	(1)
References	158	(3)
6 Overview of time-resolved macromolecular crystallography	161	(5)
J. R. Helliwell
6.1 The Laue method and recent developments	162	(5)
6.2 Monochromatic large-angle methods: Weissenberg, LOT	162	(1)
6.3 Time-resolved structural studies	163	(1)
6.4 Concluding remarks	163	(1)
References	163	(3)
7 Laue and monochromatic technique developments for time-resolved biological and perturbation chemical crystallography	166	(21)
G. Bradbrook
A. Deacon
J. Habash
J. R. Helliwell
M. Helliwell
Y. P. Nieh
J. Raftery
E. H. Snell
S. Trapani
A. W. Thompson
J. W. Campbell
N. M. Allinson
K. Moon
T. Ursby
M. Wulff
7.1 Introduction	166	(2)
7.2 Instrumentation	168	(3)
7.3 Laue protein crystal structure analyses: new developments and recent challenges	171	(7)
7.4 Monochromatic LOT data in protein crystallography	178	(4)
7.5 Summary: X-rays, electrons, and neutrons	182	(1)
Acknowledgements	183	(1)
References	183	(4)
8 Time-resolved protein crystal diffraction: determination by the Laue method of the behaviour of the enzyme hydroxymethylbilane synthase (Lys59Gln mutant) as it is loaded with substrate in the crystal	187	(8)
J. R. Helliwell
Y. P. Nieh
A. Cassetta
J. Raftery
A. Hadener
A. C. Niemann
A. R. Battersby
P. D. Carr
M. Wulff
T. Ursby
J. P. Moy
A. W. Thompson
8.1 General introduction	187	(1)
8.2 The enzyme HMBS	188	(1)
8.3 Time-resolved data acquisition scheme	188	(1)
8.4 Protein crystal diffraction data processing	189	(2)
8.5 Diffraction `titration' curve	191	(1)
8.6 Eventual red coloration of the crystal	191	(2)
8.7 Concluding remark	193	(1)
Acknowledgements	193	(1)
References	193	(2)
9 The realization of single pulse Laue diffraction on ESRF ID09 and shortcuts to 100 fs time resolution	195	(34)
Michael Wulff
Dominique Bourgeois
Thomas Ursby
Gerard Mourou
9.1 Introduction	195	(1)
9.2 Third-generation storage rings	196	(3)
9.3 Time structure and its potential for time-resolved studies	199	(2)
9.4 Insertion devices for time-resolved Laue diffraction	201	(3)
9.5 Optimization of the toroidal and parabolic mirror	204	(3)
9.6 The phase-locked chopper for single-bunch selection	207	(3)
9.7 Pulsed Laue diffraction on the cutinase enzyme	210	(2)
9.8 Intensity and angular distribution of a single pulse scattering experiment in water	212	(3)
9.9 The jitter-free streak camera for 100 fs time resolution	215	(2)
9.10 Strategies for optical triggering of macromolecular reactions	217	(9)
9.11 Conclusion	226	(1)
Acknowledgements	226	(1)
References	226	(3)
10 High-performance detectors for time-resolved non-crystalline X-ray diffraction	229	(31)
R. Lewis
10.1 Introduction	229	(2)
10.2 Detector categories	231	(1)
10.3 Detector requirements	232	(6)
10.4 The detectors	238	(14)
10.5 Detector comparisons	252	(4)
10.6 Conclusions and future prospects	256	(1)
Acknowledgements	257	(1)
References	257	(3)
11 Theory of ultrafast time-resolved X-ray and electron diffraction	260	(24)
C. H. Chao
S. H. Lin
W.-K. Liu
P. Rentzepis
11.1 Introduction	260	(1)
11.2 Time-resolved X-ray diffraction	261	(6)
11.3 Time-resolved electron diffraction	267	(2)
11.4 Vibrational relaxation	269	(2)
11.5 Kinetics of vaporization	271	(3)
11.6 Applications to diatomic molecules	274	(3)
11.7 Single-level X-ray and electron diffraction	277	(3)
11.8 Summary	280	(1)
Appendix A	280	(1)
Appendix B	281	(1)
Acknowledgements	282	(1)
References	282	(2)
12 Time-resolved surface electron diffraction	284	(39)
Hani E. Elsayed-Ali
Peter M. Weber
12.1 Introduction	284	(1)
12.2 Electron diffraction	285	(6)
12.3 Experimental apparatus for time-resolved electron diffraction	291	(11)
12.4 The heat diffusion model	302	(5)
12.5 Time-resolved RHEED studies of metal surfaces	307	(11)
12.6 Summary	318	(1)
Acknowledgements	319	(1)
References	319	(4)
13 Time-resolved electron diffraction: a method to study the structural and vibrational kinetics of photoexcited molecules	323	(68)
Anatoli A. Ischenko
Lothar Schafer
John D. Ewbank
13.1 Introduction	323	(2)
13.2 Experiment	325	(9)
13.3 Some general aspects of electron scattering theory	334	(4)
13.4 Data analyses from cumulant expansions	338	(7)
13.5 Time-dependent studies of non-dissociating systems and products of photodissociation	345	(12)
13.6 Structural kinetics of laser-induced dissociation and predissociation processes	357	(14)
13.7 Coherent nuclear dynamics in laser-excited spatially anisotropic molecular ensembles	371	(11)
13.8 Complementarity of time-resolved spectroscopic and TRED measurements	382	(2)
Acknowledgements	384	(1)
References	384	(7)
14 Time-resolved electron diffraction and microscopy studies of membrane proteins	391	(10)
Richard Henderson
Nigel Unwin
14.1 Apparatus	392	(3)
14.2 Bacteriorhodopsin	395	(2)
14.3 Acetylcholine receptor	397	(1)
14.4 Other freeze-trapping examples to illustrate the method	398	(1)
14.5 Conclusion	399	(1)
References	399	(2)
15 Pulsed neutron diffraction: new opportunities in time-resolved crystallography	401	(36)
C. C. Wilson
R. I. Smith
15.1 Introduction	401	(4)
15.2 Applications of time-resolved neutron diffraction	405	(2)
15.3 Pulsed source diffractometers: the ISIS suite	407	(5)
15.4 Applications	412	(18)
15.5 Future prospects	430	(3)
Acknowledgements	433	(1)
References	433	(4)
Index	437