Tongue-Tied America : Reviving the Art of Verbal Persuasion

by Sayler, Robert N.; Shadel, Molly Bishop

• ISBN13: 9780735598591
• ISBN10: 0735598592
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2011-02-22
• Publisher: Wolters Kluwer Law and Business

Author Biography

Robert N. Sayler and Molly Bishop Shadel, both of the University of Virginia School of Law

Table of Contents

About the Authors	p. xv
Acknowledgments	p. xvii
Prologue	p. 1
Essentials of Persuasion	p. 5
Our Case: The Abiding Importance of Speech	p. 7
Why It Matters	p. 7
Why Isn't It Taught?: The Educational Black Hole	p. 9
An Ancient Feud	p. 9
The Harvard Paradox	p. 10
The Odd History of Legal Education	p. 10
Expensive to Teach	p. 11
Who Is to Teach It?	p. 11
Who Can Learn It?; Excellence Is Within Reach	p. 12
The Canons of Persuasion	p. 13
Time-Honored Pillars of Classical Rhetoric	p. 13
Aristotelian Basics	p. 13
Other Classical Truisms	p. 16
The Cicero Commandments	p. 17
The Contribution of Behavioral Psychology	p. 19
A Potpourri of the Best of the Rest	p. 23
The Rainbow of Rhetorical Formats	p. 27
Prepared Speeches	p. 28
The Epideictic or Inspirational Speech	p. 29
Deliberative Advocacy	p. 32
Forensic/Legal Advocacy	p. 32
Speeches That Are a Mixture of Prepared and Quizzed Presentations	p. 34
Informal Presentations	p. 35
Getting from Here to There	p. 37
Writing the Spoken Word	p. 39
The Beginning	p. 41
The Middle	p. 42
Simplify Your Structure	p. 43
Simplify Your Language	p. 47
The End	p. 53
Hallmarks of Distinguished Delivery: Bringing a Speech to Life	p. 55
Break It into Beats	p. 57
Free Yourself from the Script	p. 61
Separate Beats with Delivery	p. 62
Maintain Eye Contact	p. 63
The Importance of Rehearsal	p. 64
What to Do with Hands and Feet: Gestures and Walking	p. 66
A Tale of Two Speeches: John Kerry and Barack Obama	p. 70
Tools of the Trade: Voice and Breath	p. 77
The Importance of Warming Up	p. 79
How the Voice Works	p. 80
Breath	p. 80
Vocal Cords	p. 83
Resonators	p. 84
Articulators	p. 86
Loosening the Jaw	p. 88
Adding Some Color: Pitch, Cadence, Speed, and Volume	p. 88
Some Final Thoughts: Taking Care of Your Voice	p. 93
Using Visual Aids	p. 95
Things to Consider in Designing a Visual Aid	p. 96
Is It Worth Putting onto a Visual Aid?	p. 96
Text or Picture?	p. 97
Can the Audience See It?	p. 98
How Will You Introduce the Visual Aid Gracefully?	p. 98
Once You Have Introduced It, Use It	p. 99
Decide How to Interact with It	p. 99
Get Rid of It When You Are Done with It	p. 100
Choosing the Right Type of Visual Aids	p. 101
Diagrams	p. 101
Pre-Written Road Map	p. 101
Chalkboard, Whiteboard, Overhead Transparencies, Flip Chart, Foam Board	p. 102
Handouts	p. 103
Any Three-Dimensional Prop	p. 104
Video or Audio Clips	p. 104
PowerPoint	p. 105
Rehearsing with Visual Aids	p. 109
Gender and Persuasion	p. 111
Pitfalls for Men	p. 112
The Bully	p. 112
The Patronizing Male	p. 115
The Wimp	p. 116
Pitfalls for Women	p. 118
The ôLittle Girlö	p. 118
The Whisperer	p. 121
The Onlooker	p. 123
The Emotional/Unemotional Woman	p. 124
Generational Issues	p. 127
The Traditionalist Generation	p. 129
The Baby Boomers	p. 132
Generation X	p. 134
The Millennial Generation	p. 136
To Sum It Up: Checklists on the Good, the Bad, and the Ugly	p. 139
The Good	p. 139
Unpersuasive Rhetoric: The Bad and Ugly	p. 142
Rhetoric Applied to the Real World	p. 145
Rhetoric in Court	p. 147
The Trial	p. 148
Credibility	p. 148
Audience Diversity	p. 149
Exhaustion	p. 150
Maintaining Poise and Calm	p. 150
The Challenge of the Varied Tasks of a Trial	p. 151
Making an Argument to a Judge	p. 159
Spend Some Time Preparing	p. 160
Practice	p. 160
Answer the Question	p. 160
Be Brief	p. 160
Respond with Full Candor	p. 161
Be Selective	p. 161
Answer the Exact Question That was Asked	p. 161
Pay Attention to Delivery	p. 161
Oral Communications in the Workplace	p. 163
When to Speak?	p. 164
How to Speak?	p. 166
Be Canny About E-Mail	p. 168
The Effects of Technology on Communications Skills	p. 171
The Rhetoric of Presidential Campaigns	p. 175
From the Mouths of the Candidates	p. 176
Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1932, 1936, 1940, 1944)	p. 176
Harry Truman (1948)	p. 176
Dwight D. Eisenhower (1952, 1956)	p. 177
John F. Kennedy (1960)	p. 178
Lyndon B. Johnson (1964)	p. 180
Richard Nixon (1968, 1972)	p. 180
Jimmy Carter (1976)	p. 181
Ronald Reagan (1980, 1984)	p. 182
George H. W. Bush (1988)	p. 183
Bill Clinton (1992, 1996)	p. 184
George W. Bush (2184, 2004)	p. 184
Advertising Campaigns	p. 186
Patriotism	p. 186
Fear	p. 186
Racism	p. 187
Tranquility	p. 187
Does All This Matter? Rhetorical Lessons from Presidential Campaigns	p. 188
Rhetoric Gone Haywire	p. 193
A Formulation of ôEthicalö Speech	p. 193
The Historical Debate: Honest Advocacy Versus Deceitful Rhetoric	p. 194
Oral Advocacy and Democracy: Dangerous But Essential	p. 194
The Effect of Modern Modes of Communication on Democratic Debate	p. 196
Three Rules for Ethical Advocacy	p. 197
An Example of Unethical Speech Run Amok: Adolf Hitler and the Nazis	p. 200
ôParanoid Rhetoricö: Another Example of Unethical Speech	p. 205
What Does Paranoid Rhetoric Look Like?	p. 206
Effects of Paranoid Rhetoric	p. 208
Defusing the Bomb: Fighting Dangerous, Abusive, or Paranoid Rhetoric	p. 210
The Best of the Best	p. 213
Rhetoric of the Greatest Speeches	p. 217
Making the Farewell Speech: Lou Gehrig	p. 217
Delivering the Eulogy: Maya Angelou	p. 220
Winning the Argument: Barbara Jordan	p. 226
Overcoming Bias, Part 1: Sojourner Truth	p. 235
Overcoming Bias, Part 2: Mary Fisher	p. 239
Making a Speech in a Time of Crisis, Part 1: Robert F. Kennedy	p. 245
Making a Speech in a Time of Crisisd, Part 2: Winston Churchill	p. 250
Makting a Speech in a Time of Crisis, Part 3: Abraham Lincoln	p. 255
Makting a Speech of Hope, Part 1: John F. Kennedy	p. 261
Making a Speech of Hope, Part 2: Ronald Reagan	p. 266
Using a Refrain: Martin Luther King	p. 275
Discussing a Difficult Topic: Barack Obama	p. 280
Epilogue	p. 295
A Suggested Curriculum	p. 297
A Quick History of Rhetoric	p. 303
Poverty and Communications Skills	p. 309
High School or College Debate: A Modest Proposal	p. 315
Endnotes	p. 323
Index	p. 337
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