Torres and Ehrilich Modern Dental Assisting

by Bird, Doni L.; Robinson, Debbie S.; Behrens, Audrey (CON); Behrens, Audrey; Ehrlich, Ann B.

• ISBN13: 9780721695297
• ISBN10: 0721695299
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2001-07-01
• Publisher: Elsevier Science Health Science div

Summary

Brandon/Hill Allied Health List first-purchase selection (#38). Undergraduate textbook is revised and reprinted from the c1999 version.

Table of Contents

SECTION ONE: INTRODUCTION TO DENTISTRY	1	(18)
Dental Assisting as a Profession	3	(8)
Introduction	3	(1)
The History of Dentistry	3	(1)
Members of the Dental Healthcare Team	3	(5)
Dental Assistant	4	(2)
Dentist	6	(1)
Registered Dental Hygienist	7	(1)
Dental Laboratory Technician	7	(1)
Other Members of the Dental Healthcare Team	8	(1)
Organizations	8	(1)
Professional	8	(1)
Safety and Health	8	(1)
Overview of the Dental Office	9	(2)
Reception Room	9	(1)
Business Office	9	(1)
Other Nonclinical Areas	9	(1)
Central Sterilization	9	(1)
Dental Laboratory	9	(1)
Treatment Rooms	10	(1)
Ethical and Legal Aspects of Dentistry	11	(8)
Introduction	11	(1)
Dental Ethics	11	(1)
Personal Values and Morals	11	(1)
Code of Ethics	11	(1)
Ethical Decision Making	12	(1)
Legal Aspects of Dentistry	12	(1)
State Dental Practice Act	12	(1)
State Board of Dental Examiners	12	(1)
Reciprocity	13	(1)
Levels of Dental Auxiliary Supervision	13	(1)
Unlicensed Practice of Dentistry	13	(1)
Legal Responsibility	13	(1)
Credentialing of Dental Assistants	14	(1)
Certified Dental Assistant	14	(1)
Registered Dental Assistant	14	(1)
Radiation Safety Requirements	14	(1)
Legal Standards	14	(2)
Contract Law	14	(1)
Tort Law	15	(1)
Due Care	15	(1)
Risk Management	16	(1)
Types of Malpractice	16	(1)
Silence Is Golden	16	(1)
Consent	16	(1)
When a Patient Refuses Treatment	17	(1)
Patient Refusal of Radiographs	17	(1)
Broken Appointments	17	(1)
Patient Clinical Records	17	(1)
Ownership of Dental Records and Radiographs	18	(1)
SECTION TWO: SCIENCES IN DENTISTRY	19	(110)
Anatomy and Physiology	21	(40)
Introduction	21	(1)
Terminology of Anatomy	21	(6)
Body Directions and Planes	21	(1)
Structural Units	22	(1)
Body Cavities	23	(1)
Systems of the Human Body	24	(1)
The Digestive System	24	(3)
The Nervous System	27	(2)
Central and Peripheral Nervous System	27	(1)
Nervous Tissue Cells	27	(1)
Central Nervous System	28	(1)
Peripheral Nervous System	28	(1)
The Cardiovascular System	29	(2)
Circulatory System	29	(2)
The Lymphatic System	31	(1)
Lymph Vessels	31	(1)
Lymph Nodes	32	(1)
Lymph Fluid	32	(1)
Lymph Organs	32	(1)
The Muscular System	32	(3)
Types of Muscles	32	(3)
How Muscles Work	35	(1)
The Skeletal System	35	(2)
The Structure of Bone	35	(2)
The Respiratory System	37	(3)
Structures of the Respiratory System	37	(3)
The Integumentary or Skin System	40	(1)
Structure of the Skin	40	(1)
The Urinary System	41	(1)
Structures	41	(1)
The Endocrine System	42	(1)
Exocrine and Endocrine Glands	42	(1)
The Reproductive System	42	(2)
Head and Neck Anatomy	44	(17)
Regions of the Head	44	(1)
Bones of the Skull	44	(5)
Temporomandibular Joint	49	(1)
Muscles of the Head and Neck	50	(5)
Blood Supply to the Face and Mouth	55	(1)
Nerves	56	(2)
Paranasal Sinuses	58	(3)
Structures of the Head and Oral Cavity	61	(32)
Introduction	61	(1)
Dental Embryology	62	(15)
Pregnancy	62	(1)
Development of the Face and Oral Cavity	63	(3)
Life Cycle of a Tooth	66	(11)
Oral Histology	77	(9)
Anatomic Parts of the Tooth	77	(1)
Tissues of the Tooth	78	(5)
Periodontium	83	(3)
Anatomy of the Face and Oral Cavity	86	(7)
Lips	86	(1)
Oral Cavity	87	(6)
Tooth Morphology	93	(22)
Introduction	93	(1)
Types of Teeth	93	(1)
Incisors	93	(1)
Canines	93	(1)
Premolars	94	(1)
Molars	94	(1)
Dental Arches	94	(1)
Quadrants and Sextants	94	(1)
Anterior and Posterior Teeth	95	(1)
Tooth Surfaces	95	(1)
Proximal Surfaces	96	(1)
Line and Point Angles	96	(1)
Division Into Thirds	96	(1)
Anatomic Features of the Teeth	96	(4)
Contours	99	(1)
Contacts	99	(1)
Heights of Contour	100	(1)
Embrasures	100	(1)
Occlusion	100	(1)
Stabilization of the Arches	100	(1)
Closure	100	(1)
Curve of Spee	100	(1)
Curve of Wilson	101	(1)
Primary Dentition	101	(2)
Comparison of the Primary and Permanent Dentitions	102	(1)
Mixed Dentition	103	(1)
Permanent Dentition	104	(8)
Permanent Anterior Teeth	104	(3)
Permanent Posterior Teeth	107	(5)
Tooth Numbering Systems	112	(2)
The Universal Numbering System	112	(1)
Federation Dentaire Internationale Numbering System	113	(1)
Tooth Diagrams	114	(1)
Oral Pathology	115	(14)
Introduction	115	(1)
Inflammation and Healing	115	(1)
Regeneration and Repair	115	(1)
Types of Oral Lesions	116	(3)
Lesions Extending Below the Surface	116	(1)
Lesions Extending Above the Surface	117	(1)
Lesions That Are Flat or Even With the Surface	117	(1)
Lesions That May Be Either Raised or Flat	117	(1)
Dental Caries	117	(2)
Dentin Hypersensitivity	119	(1)
Diseases of the Oral Soft Tissues	119	(2)
Leukoplakia	119	(1)
Lichen Planus	119	(1)
Candidiasis	119	(1)
Aphthous Ulcers	120	(1)
Cellulitis	121	(1)
Conditions of the Tongue	121	(1)
Bruxism	121	(1)
Temporomandibular Disorders	121	(1)
Symptoms	122	(1)
Causes	122	(1)
Categories	122	(1)
Neurological Involvement	122	(1)
Trigeminal Neuralgia	122	(1)
Bell's Palsy	123	(1)
Oral Cancer	123	(1)
Leukemia	123	(1)
Smokeless Tobacco	123	(1)
Dental Implications of Radiation Treatment	124	(1)
Dental Implications of Chemotherapy	125	(1)
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome	125	(4)
Opportunistic Infections	125	(1)
Cervical Lymphadenopathy	125	(1)
Candidiasis	126	(1)
Lymphoma	126	(1)
Hairy Leukoplakia	126	(1)
Kaposi's Sarcoma	126	(1)
Herpes Simplex	127	(1)
Herpes Zoster	127	(1)
Human Papillomaviruses	127	(2)
SECTION THREE: PREVENTION OF DISEASE TRANSMISSION	129	(48)
Microbiology and Disease Transmission	131	(16)
Introduction	131	(1)
Microbiology	131	(1)
Bacteria	131	(1)
Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria	132	(1)
Shapes of Bacteria	132	(1)
Aerobes and Anaerobes	132	(1)
Capsules	132	(1)
Spores	132	(1)
Rickettsiae	132	(1)
Viruses	132	(2)
Protozoa	134	(1)
Fungi	134	(1)
Disease Transmission	134	(1)
Pathogens	134	(1)
Modes of Disease Transmission	135	(2)
Direct Transmission	135	(1)
Indirect Transmission	135	(1)
Splash or Spatter	135	(1)
Airborne Transmission	135	(1)
Parenteral Transmission	136	(1)
Bloodborne Transmission	136	(1)
Cross-Contamination	136	(1)
Sexually Transmitted Diseases	137	(1)
Carrier Transmission	137	(1)
Autogenous Infection	137	(1)
Transient Bacteremia	137	(1)
Hospital-Acquired Infections	138	(1)
Opportunistic Infections	138	(1)
Vector Transmission	138	(1)
Body Defenses Against Disease Transmission	138	(1)
Natural Barriers	138	(1)
The Immune System	138	(1)
Specialized Cells Associated with the Immune Reaction	138	(1)
Lymphocytes	138	(1)
B-Lymphocytes	138	(1)
T-Lymphocytes	139	(1)
Lymphokines	139	(1)
Interferon	139	(1)
Complement	139	(1)
The Immune System in Action	139	(1)
Stage One	139	(1)
Stage Two	139	(1)
Stage Three	139	(1)
Stage Four	139	(1)
Immunity	139	(1)
Diseases of Major Concern to Dental Healthcare Workers	140	(5)
Hepatitis	140	(1)
Human Immunodeficiency Virus	141	(1)
Tuberculosis	142	(1)
Herpetoviruses	143	(1)
Legionnaires' Disease	144	(1)
Tetanus	144	(1)
Measles	144	(1)
Rubella	144	(1)
Mumps	144	(1)
Syphilis	145	(1)
Prevention of Disease Transmission	145	(2)
Virulence	145	(1)
Numbers	145	(1)
Susceptible Host	145	(1)
Portal of Entry	145	(2)
Infection Control in Dentistry	147	(12)
Introduction	147	(1)
Infection Control Guidelines	148	(1)
Employee Training	148	(1)
Universal Precautions	148	(1)
Occupational Exposure Determination	149	(1)
Category I	149	(1)
Category II	149	(1)
Category III	149	(1)
Postexposure Incident Management	149	(1)
Hepatitis B Immunization	150	(1)
Occupational Safety and Health Administration Requirement	150	(1)
Hepatitis B Virus Vaccine	150	(1)
Postvaccine Testing	151	(1)
Need for a Booster	151	(1)
Employee Medical Records	151	(1)
Preprocedure Mouth Rinses	151	(1)
Handwashing and Hand Care	151	(1)
Handwashing	151	(1)
Hand Care	151	(1)
Personal Protective Equipment	152	(5)
Protective Clothing	153	(1)
Protective Masks	153	(1)
Protective Eyewear	154	(1)
Gloves	154	(3)
Medical Waste Management	157	(1)
Classifications of Waste	157	(1)
Handling Dental Office Waste	158	(1)
Disposal of Medical Waste	158	(1)
Other Infection Control Measures	158	(1)
Disinfection and Sterilization	159	(18)
Introduction	159	(1)
Comparison of Sterilization and Disinfection	159	(1)
Disinfection	159	(1)
Classifications of Instruments, Equipment, and Surfaces	160	(1)
Critical Instruments	160	(1)
Semicritical Instruments	160	(1)
Noncritical Items	160	(1)
Classification of Chemical Sterilants and Disinfectants	160	(1)
Chemical Sterilants/High-Level Disinfectants	160	(1)
Intermediate-Level Disinfectants	160	(1)
Low-Level Disinfectants	161	(1)
Selecting a Disinfectant	161	(2)
Glutaraldehydes	162	(1)
Chlorine Dioxide	162	(1)
Iodophors	162	(1)
Synthetic Phenol Compounds	162	(1)
Sodium Hypochlorite	162	(1)
Alcohol	162	(1)
Treatment Room Cleaning and Disinfection	163	(2)
Treatment Room Preparation Procedures	163	(2)
Instrument Reprocessing	165	(1)
Sterilization Center	165	(4)
Precleaning Instruments	166	(1)
Packaging	167	(2)
Sterilization	169	(6)
Sterilization Monitoring	169	(2)
Methods of Sterilization	171	(3)
Handpiece Sterilization	174	(1)
Disinfection of Impressions	175	(1)
Alginate Impressions	175	(1)
Disinfection of Laboratory Cases	176	(1)
Before the Case Is Sent to the Laboratory	176	(1)
When the Case Is Returned From the Laboratory	176	(1)
Laboratory Disinfection Techniques	176	(1)
SECTION FOUR: PREVENTION OF MEDICAL EMERGENCIES	177	(52)
Patient Data Gathering	179	(12)
Introduction	179	(1)
Assistant's Responsibility to the Patient	179	(1)
Patient Record	179	(1)
Permanent Record	180	(1)
Quality Assurance	180	(1)
Research	180	(1)
Risk Management	180	(1)
Components of the Patient Record	180	(6)
Patient Registration	180	(1)
Medical-Dental Health History	180	(1)
Medical Alert Information	180	(3)
Dental Problem List	183	(1)
Informed Consent	183	(3)
Vital Signs	186	(5)
Pulse	186	(1)
Radial Artery	187	(1)
Carotid Artery	187	(1)
Respiration	187	(1)
Body Temperature	188	(1)
Blood Pressure	188	(3)
Pharmacology and Pain Control	191	(18)
Introduction	191	(1)
Pharmacology	191	(1)
Prescriptions	191	(1)
Writing Prescriptions	192	(1)
Recording Prescriptions	192	(1)
Prescriptions and the Telephone	192	(1)
Drug Names	192	(1)
Drug Forms	193	(1)
Administration of Drugs	193	(1)
Determining Drug Dosage	193	(1)
Effects of Drug Use	193	(1)
Types of Drugs	193	(3)
Antibiotics	193	(1)
Antibiotic Prophylaxis	194	(1)
Analgesic Agents	194	(1)
Antianxiety Agents	195	(1)
Nitrous Oxide---Oxygen	196	(1)
Contraindications	196	(1)
Nitrous Oxide Analgesia Equipment	196	(1)
Reducing Exposure to Nitrous Oxide	197	(1)
Orientation for the Patient	197	(1)
Determining and Maintaining the Patient's Baseline	197	(1)
Intravenous Sedation	197	(1)
Patient Management and Monitoring	197	(1)
General Anesthesia	198	(1)
Patient Preparation	198	(1)
Documentation	199	(1)
Pain Control in Dentistry	199	(2)
Topical Anesthetic Agents	199	(1)
Local Anesthetic Agents	199	(2)
Vasoconstrictors in Local Anesthetic Agents	201	(1)
Contraindications for the Use of Vasoconstrictors	201	(1)
Anesthetic Cartridges	201	(1)
Precautions	201	(1)
Disinfecting Cartridges	201	(1)
Injection Techniques	202	(1)
Infiltration Anesthesia	202	(1)
Block Anesthesia	203	(1)
Periodontal Ligament Injection	203	(1)
Anesthetic Syringe	203	(1)
Disposable Needle	204	(2)
Local Anesthetic Agent Cautions	206	(3)
The Medically Compromised Patient	209	(8)
Introduction	209	(1)
The Americans with Disabilities Act	209	(1)
The Aging Population	210	(1)
Stages of the Older Population	210	(1)
Medically Compromised Patient	211	(1)
Medical Disorders	211	(6)
Neurological Disorders	211	(1)
Cardiovascular Disorders	212	(1)
Pulmonary Disorders	213	(1)
Blood Disorders	213	(1)
Musculoskeletal Disorders	214	(1)
Endocrine Disorders	214	(1)
Behavioral and Psychiatric Disorders	214	(1)
Eating Disorders	215	(1)
Substance-Related Disorders	215	(2)
Medical Emergencies in the Dental Office	217	(12)
Introduction	217	(1)
Prevention of Medical Emergencies	217	(1)
Protocols for Managing Medical Emergencies	217	(1)
Documentation of Emergency Treatment	218	(1)
Emergency Preparedness	218	(1)
Assigned Roles	218	(1)
Routine Drills	218	(1)
Emergency Telephone Numbers	218	(1)
Emergency Care Standards	218	(1)
Emergency Supplies	218	(1)
Recognition of Medical Emergencies	219	(10)
Syncope	220	(1)
Postural Hypotension	221	(1)
Hyperventilation	221	(2)
Airway Obstruction	223	(1)
Bronchial Asthma	223	(1)
Allergic Reactions	223	(1)
Cardiac Emergency	224	(1)
Diabetes Mellitus	225	(1)
Cerebrovascular Accident	226	(1)
Epileptic Seizures	226	(3)
SECTION FIVE: INTRODUCTION TO CLINICAL DENTISTRY	229	(62)
Delivery of Dental Treatment	231	(18)
Introduction	231	(1)
Design of the Dental Treatment Room	231	(1)
Ergonomics	232	(1)
Ergonomics in the Dental Treatment Room	232	(1)
Proper Posture	233	(1)
Back Support	233	(1)
Oral Evacuation	233	(1)
Static Loading	233	(1)
Dental Treatment Room Equipment	233	(3)
Care of Dental Equipment	233	(1)
Patient Dental Chair	233	(2)
Operator's Stool	235	(1)
Clinical Assistant's Stool	236	(1)
Dental Delivery Systems	236	(5)
Methods of Delivery	237	(1)
Dental Units	238	(2)
Dental X-ray Unit	240	(1)
Amalgamator	241	(1)
Other Clinical Areas	241	(1)
Sterilization and Supply Center	241	(1)
Dental Laboratory	241	(1)
Evening and Morning Routines for Dental Assistants	242	(1)
Team Dentistry	243	(6)
Clock Concept of Operating Zones	243	(1)
Instrument Transfer and Exchange	244	(5)
Dental Instruments and Accessories	249	(14)
Introduction	249	(1)
Preset Trays, Cassettes, and Tubs	249	(1)
Color-Coding Systems	250	(1)
Color-Coded Trays and Tubs	250	(1)
Hand Instrument Design	250	(1)
Handle	250	(1)
Shank	250	(1)
Working End	250	(1)
Hand Instruments	251	(4)
Basic Setup	251	(1)
Hand-Cutting Instruments for Tooth Preparation	252	(1)
Restorative Instruments	253	(2)
Accessory Instruments	255	(1)
Rotary Instruments	255	(1)
Dental Handpieces	256	(2)
Low-Speed Handpiece	256	(1)
High-Speed Handpiece	257	(1)
Laboratory Handpieces	257	(1)
Handpiece Maintenance	257	(1)
Handpiece Sterilization	258	(1)
Dental Burs	258	(3)
Shank Types	258	(1)
Neck	259	(1)
Head	259	(1)
Diamond Instruments	260	(1)
Other Rotary Instruments	261	(1)
New Technology in Dental Instrumentation	262	(1)
Laser Handpieces	262	(1)
Air Abrasion Technology	262	(1)
Moisture Control Techniques	263	(16)
Introduction	263	(1)
Cotton Roll Isolation	263	(2)
Cotton Roll Placement	263	(2)
Dry-Angles	265	(1)
Oral Evacuation Systems	265	(2)
Saliva Ejector	265	(1)
High-Volume Oral Evacuation	266	(1)
Rinsing the Oral Cavity	267	(2)
Dental Dam	269	(1)
Dental Dam Equipment	269	(4)
Dental Dam Material	270	(1)
Dental Dam Frames	270	(1)
Dental Dam Napkins	270	(1)
Lubricants	270	(1)
Dental Dam Punch	270	(1)
Dental Dam Stamp and Templates	271	(1)
Dental Dam Forceps	271	(1)
Dental Dam Clamps	272	(1)
Dental Dam Stabilizing Cord	273	(1)
Dental Dam Application and Removal	273	(1)
Planning the Dental Dam Application	273	(1)
Placing and Removing the Dental Dam	274	(1)
Special Situations	274	(5)
Placing the Dental Dam on Anterior Teeth	274	(4)
Stabilizing the Cervical Clamp	278	(1)
Placing the Dental Dam Over a Fixed Bridge	278	(1)
Oral Diagnosis and Treatment Planning	279	(12)
Introduction	279	(1)
Components of a Dental Examination	279	(5)
Examination Techniques and Equipment	280	(1)
Assistant's Role in Recording a Dental Examination	280	(1)
Recording the Dental Examination	280	(4)
Clinical Examination of the Periodontal Tissues	284	(1)
Limitations of the Periodontal Screening and Recording	284	(1)
Periodontal Screening and Recording	284	(1)
Clinical Examination of the Teeth	285	(1)
Treatment Plan	285	(5)
Types of Treatment Plans	285	(5)
Treatment Plan Presentation	290	(1)
Recording of Dental Treatment	290	(1)
SECTION SIX: DENTAL RADIOGRAPHY	291	(70)
Radiation Health and Safety	295	(16)
Introduction	295	(1)
Discovery of X-Radiation	295	(1)
Modern Dental Radiography	296	(1)
Radiation Physics	296	(2)
Definition	296	(1)
Atomic Structure	297	(1)
Ionization	298	(1)
Properties of X-Rays	298	(1)
Types of X-Radiation	298	(1)
Radiation Measurement	299	(1)
Radiation Exposure	300	(1)
Absorbed Dose	300	(1)
Dose Equivalence	300	(1)
Radiation Protection	300	(1)
Maximum Permissible Dose	300	(1)
ALARA Concept	301	(1)
Biological Effects of Radiation	301	(1)
Cumulative Effects	301	(1)
Acute and Chronic Radiation Exposure	301	(1)
Genetic and Somatic Effects	301	(1)
Patient Protection	301	(2)
Minimizing Genetic Effects	301	(1)
Proper Film Exposure Technique	302	(1)
Film-Holding Instruments	302	(1)
Lead Aprons and Thyroid Collars	302	(1)
Protection of the Operator	303	(1)
Radiation Monitoring	303	(1)
If the Patient Cannot Hold the Film	303	(1)
X-Ray Machine	304	(3)
Components of the Dental X-ray Machine	304	(3)
Image Characteristics	307	(1)
Radiographic Quality	307	(2)
Contrast	307	(1)
Density	307	(1)
Image Distortion	308	(1)
Legal Issues	309	(2)
Documentation	309	(1)
Informed Consent	309	(1)
Ownership of Dental Radiographs	309	(2)
Intraoral Radiographic Techniques	311	(30)
Introduction	311	(1)
Types of Intraoral Radiographs	311	(1)
Periapical	311	(1)
Bite-Wing	311	(1)
Occlusal	312	(1)
Intraoral Dental X-ray Film	312	(2)
Film Packets	313	(1)
Film Speed	313	(1)
Film Sizes	314	(1)
Care of Dental Films	314	(1)
Film Storage	314	(1)
Film Care During Exposure	314	(1)
Infection Control in Dental Radiography	314	(3)
Protective Measures	314	(3)
Standard Operating Procedures	317	(1)
Intraoral Radiography Techniques	317	(16)
Paralleling Technique	317	(13)
Bisection of the Angle Technique	330	(3)
Specialized Intraoral Radiography Techniques	333	(8)
Pediatric Patients	333	(3)
Edentulous Radiography	336	(1)
Endodontic Radiography	337	(1)
Exposure and Technique Errors	338	(3)
Processing Radiographs and Extraoral Radiography	341	(20)
Introduction	341	(1)
Processing Solutions	341	(1)
Care and Maintenance	341	(1)
Developer Solution	342	(1)
Fixer Solution	342	(1)
Replenisher Solutions	342	(1)
Manual Processing	342	(1)
Darkroom	342	(1)
Automatic Film Processing	343	(2)
Care of the Automatic Processor	345	(1)
Processing Errors	345	(2)
Stained Films	345	(1)
Dark Films	345	(2)
Light Films	347	(1)
Fogged Films	347	(1)
Duplicating Radiographs	347	(1)
Equipment	347	(1)
Mounting Radiographs	348	(1)
Selecting the Mount	348	(1)
Film Mounting Methods	348	(1)
Radiographic Appearance of Anatomic Structures	348	(1)
Storage of Radiographic Records	348	(1)
Extraoral Radiography	349	(4)
Equipment	351	(2)
Panoramic Radiography	353	(5)
Equipment	353	(1)
Panoramic X-ray Units	353	(5)
Cephalometric Projections	358	(1)
Temporomandibular Joint Projections	358	(1)
Other Imaging Systems	358	(3)
Computer Digital Imaging	358	(1)
Xeroradiography	359	(1)
Computed Tomography	359	(2)
SECTION SEVEN: DENTAL MATERIALS	361	(70)
Environmental Health and Safety	363	(18)
Introduction	363	(1)
Exposure to Radiation	363	(1)
Exposure to Infectious Diseases	363	(1)
Chemical Safety in the Dental Office	364	(8)
Hazardous Chemicals	364	(1)
Acute and Chronic Chemical Toxicity	364	(1)
Personal Chemical Protection	364	(1)
Control of Chemical Spills	365	(1)
Eye Wash	365	(1)
Ventilation	366	(1)
General Precautions for Storing Chemicals	366	(1)
Disposal of Chemicals	367	(1)
Occupational Safety and Health Administration Hazard Communication Standard	367	(5)
Bioaerosols in the Dental Setting	372	(1)
Dental Bioaerosols	372	(1)
Management of Bioaerosols	372	(1)
Dental Unit Waterlines	373	(3)
Problem With Biofilm	373	(1)
Regulations for Dental Unit Waterline Quality	374	(1)
Methods of Reducing Bacterial Contamination	374	(2)
Nitrous Oxide	376	(1)
Health Hazards to Dental Personnel	376	(1)
Methods of Reducing Health Hazards	376	(1)
Latex Allergies	377	(1)
Types of Latex Allergies	377	(1)
Treatment of Latex Allergies	378	(1)
Ergonomics	378	(3)
Restorative Materials and Dental Cements	381	(20)
Introduction	381	(1)
General Characteristics of Dental Materials	381	(1)
Conditions Affecting Dental Materials	382	(1)
Mechanical Properties	382	(1)
Thermal Change	382	(1)
Electrical Properties	382	(1)
Corrosive Properties	383	(1)
Solubility	383	(1)
Application Properties	383	(1)
Amalgam Restorative Materials	383	(2)
Components of Amalgam	384	(1)
Preparation of Amalgam	384	(1)
Resin Restorative Materials	385	(1)
Components of Resin Materials	385	(1)
Polymerization of Resins	386	(1)
Etching Systems	386	(1)
Bonding Systems	387	(1)
Enamel Bonding	387	(1)
Dentin Bonding	388	(1)
Bonding Process	388	(1)
Cavity-Lining Agents	388	(1)
Cavity Liners	389	(1)
Cavity Varnish	389	(1)
Dentin Sealant	389	(1)
Dental Cements	389	(12)
Uses of Dental Cements	391	(1)
Temporary Restorations	391	(1)
Types of Cements	391	(10)
Impression Materials and Laboratory Procedures	401	(30)
Introduction	401	(1)
Impression Trays	402	(4)
Characteristics	402	(1)
Stock Impression Trays	402	(1)
Custom Impression Trays	403	(3)
Impression Materials	406	(12)
Hydrocolloids	407	(6)
Elastomeric Impression Materials	413	(5)
Occlusal Registration	418	(5)
Wax-Bite Registration	419	(1)
Silicone Occlusal Registration	419	(1)
Triple-Tray Occlusal Registration Technique	419	(4)
Diagnostic Casts	423	(8)
Gypsum Products	423	(1)
Pouring Diagnostic Casts	423	(2)
Finishing of Diagnostic Casts	425	(6)
SECTION EIGHT: COMPREHENSIVE DENTAL CARE	431	(192)
Preventive Dentistry	433	(22)
Introduction	433	(1)
Components of Preventive Dentistry	433	(1)
Pathogenesis of Dental Diseases	434	(1)
Dental Plaque	434	(1)
Patient Education	435	(1)
Motivation	435	(1)
Education	435	(1)
Fluoride	436	(4)
How Fluoride Works	436	(1)
Demineralization and Remineralization	436	(1)
Safe and Toxic Levels of Fluoride	436	(1)
Fluoride Precautions	437	(1)
Sources of Systemic Fluoride	437	(1)
Prescribed Dietary Fluoride Supplements	437	(1)
Sources of Topical Fluoride	437	(3)
Plaque Control (Home Care Techniques)	440	(6)
Disclosing Agents	440	(1)
Toothbrushing Methods	441	(3)
Flossing	444	(1)
Interdental Aids	445	(1)
Oral Irrigation Devices	445	(1)
Antimicrobial Mouth Rinses	446	(1)
Nutrition	446	(9)
Key Nutrients	446	(4)
Dietary Guidelines	450	(1)
The Food Pyramid	451	(1)
Nutrition Information on Food Labels	452	(1)
Dietary Analysis	452	(3)
Coronal Polishing	455	(10)
Introduction	455	(1)
Indications for Coronal Polishing	455	(1)
Contraindications for Coronal Polishing	456	(1)
Stains of the Teeth	456	(1)
Extrinsic Stains	456	(1)
Intrinsic Stains	456	(1)
Methods of Removing Plaque and Stains	457	(1)
Air-Powder Polishing	457	(1)
Rubber Cup Polishing	457	(1)
Setup for Polishing Cup Coronal Polishing	457	(2)
Prophylaxis Angle and Handpiece	457	(1)
Fulcrum and Finger Rest	457	(1)
Polishing Cups	458	(1)
Bristle Brushes	458	(1)
Abrasive Agents	458	(1)
Rubber Cup Coronal Polishing Steps	459	(4)
Positioning the Patient and Operator	459	(1)
Sequence of Polishing	459	(4)
Flossing after Coronal Polishing	463	(1)
Evaluation of Polishing	463	(2)
Restorative and Cosmetic Dentistry	465	(16)
Introduction	465	(1)
Cavity Preparation	465	(3)
Black's Cavity Classification	465	(2)
Terminology of Cavity Preparation	467	(1)
Principles of Cavity Preparation	467	(1)
Initial Cavity Preparation	468	(1)
Final Cavity Preparation	468	(1)
Matrices for Interproximal Restorations	468	(1)
Tofflemire Retainer, Matrix Bands, and Wedges	468	(4)
Tofflemire Retainer	469	(1)
Matrix Bands	469	(1)
Wedges	470	(1)
Automatrix System	471	(1)
Matrices for Composite Restorations	472	(2)
Crown Form	474	(1)
Restorative Procedure	474	(1)
Patient Preparation for Restorative Procedures	474	(1)
Responsibilities of the Chairside Assistant	474	(1)
Amalgam Restorations with Retention Pins	475	(1)
Composite Restorations	475	(2)
Shade Selection	476	(1)
Anterior Composite Restorations	476	(1)
Posterior Composite Restorations	476	(1)
Direct Bonded Composite Veneers	477	(1)
Vital Bleaching	478	(1)
Bleaching Techniques	479	(1)
Dental Assistant's Role in Vital Bleaching	479	(1)
Intermediate Restorations	479	(2)
Fixed Prosthodontics	481	(24)
Introduction	481	(1)
Diagnostic Work-up	481	(1)
Exposure Control and Fixed Prosthodontics	482	(1)
Role of the Dental Laboratory Technician	483	(1)
Laboratory Prescription	483	(1)
Laboratory Working Days	483	(1)
Types of Cast Restorations	483	(2)
Inlays and Onlays	483	(1)
Veneers	483	(1)
Crowns	483	(2)
Fixed Bidges	485	(1)
Materials for Cast Restorations	485	(1)
Metals for Cast Restorations	485	(1)
Tooth-Colored Materials for Cast Restorations	486	(1)
Setups	486	(2)
Preparation Setup	488	(1)
Delivery Setup	488	(1)
Preparation and Placement of a Cast Crown	488	(14)
Preparation Appointment	488	(1)
Delivery Appointment	489	(12)
Fixed Bridge Preparation and Placement	501	(1)
Crown and Bridge Appointments	502	(1)
Preparation Appointment	502	(1)
Try-In Appointment	502	(1)
Cementation Appointment	502	(1)
Resin-Bonded Bridges	502	(3)
Removable Prosthodontics	505	(18)
Introduction	505	(1)
Examination and Case Presentation Visits	505	(2)
Factors Influencing the Choice of a Removable Prosthesis	507	(1)
Extraoral Factors	507	(1)
Intraoral Factors	507	(1)
Infection Control and Removable Prosthodontics	508	(1)
Physical Properties of Removable Prosthodontics Materials	508	(1)
Base Metal Alloys	508	(1)
Denture Resins	509	(1)
Removable Partial Dentures	509	(5)
Components of a Partial Denture	509	(2)
Preliminary Impressions	511	(1)
Final Impressions for Working Casts	512	(1)
Selecting the Artificial Teeth	512	(1)
Laboratory Prescription	512	(1)
Wax Setup Try-In Appointment	512	(1)
Delivery of the Partial Denture	512	(1)
Home Care Instructions to the Patient	512	(2)
Appointment for Postdelivery Check	514	(1)
Complete Dentures	514	(5)
Components of a Complete Denture	514	(2)
Impressions for Diagnostic Casts of Edentulous Arches	516	(1)
Custom Trays for the Final Impression	516	(1)
Final Impressions for Complete Dentures	516	(1)
Baseplates and Occlusal Rims	516	(1)
Try-In of Baseplate---Occlusal Rim Assembly	517	(1)
Selecting the Artificial Teeth	517	(1)
Occlusal Registration	517	(1)
Functionally Generated Path Technique	518	(1)
Wax Setup Try-In Appointment	518	(1)
Home Care Instructions to the Patient	518	(1)
Appointment for Postdelivery of a Complete Denture	519	(1)
Immediate Dentures	519	(1)
Provisional Denture	519	(1)
Construction of the Denture	519	(1)
Surgical Template	519	(1)
Placement of the Immediate Denture	520	(1)
Overdentures and Implants	520	(1)
Overdentures	520	(1)
Bar Attachment	520	(1)
Relining and Rebasing of a Complete or Partial Denture	520	(1)
Tissue Conditioners	520	(1)
Impression for Laboratory Relining	520	(1)
Delivery of a Laboratory-Relined Denture	521	(1)
Denture Repairs	521	(1)
Denture Duplication	521	(2)
Endodontics	523	(12)
Introduction	523	(1)
Endodontic Diagnosis	523	(2)
Radiographic Diagnosis	524	(1)
Diagnostic Testing	524	(1)
Diagnostic Conclusions	525	(1)
Pulp Therapy for Teeth	525	(1)
Indirect Pulp Capping	525	(1)
Direct Pulp Capping	525	(1)
Pulpotomy	525	(1)
Pulpectomy	526	(1)
Case Presentation to the Patient	526	(1)
Instrumentation for Endodontic Procedures	526	(3)
Broaches	526	(1)
Endodontic Files	527	(1)
Sizes and Color Codes	527	(1)
Rubber Stops	528	(1)
Endodontic Explorer	528	(1)
Endodontic Spoon Excavator	528	(1)
Irrigation Solution	528	(1)
Paper Points	528	(1)
Double-Ended Glick No. 1	528	(1)
Spreaders and Pluggers	529	(1)
Gutta Percha Points	529	(1)
Rotary Instruments	529	(1)
Overview of Root Canal Therapy	529	(3)
Anesthesia and Pain Control	529	(1)
Isolation and Disinfection of the Operating Field	530	(1)
Access Preparation	530	(1)
Cleaning and Shaping the Canal	531	(1)
Filling the Canal	531	(1)
Surgical Endodontics	532	(3)
Apicoectomy	533	(1)
Apical Curettage	533	(1)
Retrograde Restoration	533	(1)
Root Amputation and Hemisection	533	(2)
Periodontics	535	(22)
Introduction	535	(1)
Periodontal Diseases	535	(1)
Case Types of Periodontal Disease	535	(2)
Gingivitis	536	(1)
Periodontitis	536	(1)
Bone Loss Associated with Periodontal Disease	537	(1)
Periodontal Pocket	537	(1)
Furcation Involvement	537	(1)
Other Diseases of the Oral Soft Tissues	538	(2)
Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis	538	(1)
Gingival Hyperplasia	538	(1)
Periodontal Abscess	539	(1)
Pericoronitis	539	(1)
Diagnosis of Periodontal Disease	540	(3)
Medical and Dental Histories	540	(1)
Dental Examination	540	(1)
Periodontal Examination	540	(1)
Radiographic Evaluation	541	(2)
Instrumentation for Periodontics	543	(4)
Periodontal Probes	543	(1)
Explorers	544	(1)
Scalers	544	(1)
Curettes	544	(1)
Periodontal Surgical Instruments	545	(1)
Ultrasonic Scalers	546	(1)
Periodontal Treatment Procedures	547	(2)
Dental Prophylaxis	547	(1)
Scaling, Root Planing, and Gingival Curettage	547	(2)
Antimicrobial and Antibiotic Agents for Pocket Treatment	549	(1)
Periodontal Surgery	549	(2)
Excisional Periodontal Surgery	549	(1)
Incisional Periodontal Surgery	550	(1)
Osteoplasty	550	(1)
Postperiodontal Surgery Instructions	551	(1)
Lasers in Periodontics	551	(1)
Advantages of Laser Surgery	551	(1)
Laser Safety	552	(1)
Periodontal Surgical Dressings	552	(1)
Types of Periodontal Dressings	552	(1)
Splinting	553	(2)
Maintenance Recall Therapy	555	(2)
Pediatric Dentistry	557	(14)
Introduction	557	(1)
Pediatric Dental Office	557	(1)
Pediatric Patients	558	(1)
Stages of Childhood	558	(1)
Behavior Management	558	(1)
Special Patients	559	(1)
Pediatric and Adult Disorders	559	(1)
Abused Children	560	(1)
Diagnosis and Treatment Planning	561	(1)
Medical and Dental Histories	561	(1)
Initial Clinical Examination	561	(1)
Clinical Procedures	562	(9)
Operative Procedures	562	(1)
Pit and Fissure Sealants	562	(4)
Stainless Steel Crowns	566	(1)
Pulp Therapy	566	(2)
Traumatic Injuries	568	(2)
Sports Injuries	570	(1)
Orthodontics	571	(20)
Introduction	571	(1)
Malocclusion	571	(2)
Class II (Distoclusion)	571	(1)
Class III (Mesioclusion)	571	(1)
Factors Associated With Malocclusion	572	(1)
Benefits of Orthodontic Treatment	573	(1)
Psychosocial Function	573	(1)
Oral Function	573	(1)
Dental Disease	574	(1)
Management of Orthodontic Problems	574	(1)
Preventive Orthodontics	574	(1)
Interceptive Orthodontics	574	(1)
Corrective Orthodontics	574	(1)
Orthodontic Records and Treatment Planning	575	(2)
Interview Information	575	(1)
Clinical Examination	575	(1)
Diagnostic Records	576	(1)
Case Presentation	577	(1)
Financial Arrangements	577	(1)
Specialized Instrumentation for Orthodontics	577	(1)
Double-Ended Instruments	577	(1)
Pliers	578	(1)
Orthodontic Appliances	578	(10)
Fixed Appliances	579	(1)
Separation of Teeth	580	(1)
Orthodontic Bands	580	(4)
Bonded Brackets	584	(1)
Auxiliary Attachments	584	(4)
Power Products	588	(1)
Headgear	588	(1)
Facebow	588	(1)
Traction Devices	588	(1)
Adjustment Visits	589	(1)
Checking the Appliance	589	(1)
Oral Hygiene and Dietary Instructions	589	(1)
Oral Hygiene	589	(1)
Dietary Instructions	589	(1)
Completed Treatment	589	(2)
Retention	589	(2)
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery	591	(16)
Introduction	591	(1)
Patient Preparation for Surgery	591	(1)
Medical and Dental Records	591	(1)
Physical Examination	592	(1)
Radiographs	592	(1)
Signed Consent	592	(1)
Treatment Room Preparation	592	(6)
Aseptic Principles	592	(1)
Pain Control	592	(1)
Oral Surgery Instrumentation	592	(6)
Role of the Dental Assistant in Oral Surgery	598	(1)
Preparation the Day Before	598	(1)
Treatment Room Preparation	598	(1)
Surgical Procedures	598	(6)
Forceps Extractions	598	(1)
Multiple Extractions and Alveoloplasty	598	(1)
Removal of Impacted Teeth	599	(1)
Sutures	599	(1)
Biopsy	599	(5)
Immediate Postoperative Care	604	(1)
Control of Bleeding	604	(1)
Control of Swelling	604	(1)
Postsurgical Complications	604	(3)
Alveolitis (Dry Socket)	604	(3)
Dental Implants	607	(10)
Introduction	607	(1)
Indications for Dental Implants	608	(1)
Selection of the Dental Implant Patient	608	(1)
Psychological Evaluation	608	(1)
Dental Examination	608	(1)
Medical History and Evaluation	608	(1)
Specialized Radiographs	609	(1)
Diagnostic Casts and Surgical Stents	609	(1)
Osseointegration	609	(1)
Types of Dental Implants	609	(2)
Endosteal Implants	609	(1)
Mandibular Subperiosteal Implants	610	(1)
Transosteal Implants	611	(1)
Surgical Procedures for Implants	611	(1)
Preoperative Guidelines	611	(1)
Surgical Preparation	611	(1)
Prosthodontic Procedures	611	(1)
Maintenance of Dental Implants	611	(6)
Routine Office Visits	614	(1)
Home Care Technique	615	(2)
Expanded Intraoral Functions	617	(6)
Introduction	617	(1)
Credentialing of an Expanded Function	617	(1)
Dental Supervision of the Delegated Function	618	(1)
Working as the Operator	618	(1)
Dental Anatomy	618	(1)
Operator Positioning	618	(1)
Mirror Skills	618	(1)
Use of a Fulcrum	619	(1)
Understanding of Cavity Preparations	619	(1)
Adaptation of Armamentaria	619	(1)
Application of Dental Materials	619	(1)
Evaluation of the Expanded Function	619	(1)
Expanded Functions	619	(4)
Placement and Removal of Dental Dam	619	(1)
Placement and Removal of Matrices	620	(1)
Placement of an Intermediate Restoration	620	(1)
Fabrication of a Temporary Crown	620	(1)
Removal of Excess Cement	620	(1)
Taking Preliminary Alginate Impressions	620	(1)
Coronal Polishing	621	(1)
Placement and Removal of Periodontal Dressing	621	(1)
Removal of Sutures	621	(1)
Monitoring of Nitrous Oxide - Oxygen	621	(2)
SECTION NINE: BUSINESS AND COMMUNICATION SKILLS	623	(64)
Communication Skills	625	(10)
Introduction	625	(1)
Interpersonal Communication Theory	625	(1)
Patients' Needs	626	(1)
Psychological Needs	626	(1)
Physical Needs	627	(1)
Financial Needs	627	(1)
Ensuring that the Patient's Needs are Met	627	(1)
Positive Office Atmosphere	627	(1)
Sincerity	627	(1)
Treating the Patient as a Person	627	(1)
Respecting the Patient's Time	627	(1)
Promptly Resolving Complaints and Misunderstandings	628	(1)
Remaining Approachable	628	(1)
Respecting Patient Confidentiality	628	(1)
Oral Communications	628	(1)
Verbal Communication	628	(1)
Nonverbal Communication	628	(1)
Listening Skills	629	(1)
Intercultural Diversity	629	(1)
Telephone Skills	629	(2)
Courtesy	629	(1)
Incoming Calls	629	(1)
Outgoing Calls	630	(1)
Patient Reception	631	(1)
Amenities	631	(1)
Creeting the Patient	631	(1)
Written Communications	632	(1)
Letters to Professional Colleagues	632	(1)
Letters to Insurance Carriers	632	(1)
Letters to Patients	632	(1)
Producing a Professional-Quality Letter	632	(1)
Practice Newsletter	632	(1)
Patient Education Materials	633	(1)
Marketing	633	(1)
Types of Practice Marketing	633	(1)
Goals of Practice Marketing	633	(1)
Logistics of Marketing	633	(1)
Stress in the Dental Office	633	(2)
Causes	634	(1)
Methods of Stress Reduction	634	(1)
Business Office Systems	635	(30)
Introduction	635	(1)
Business Office Staff	635	(1)
Importance of an Office Manual	636	(1)
Personnel Manual	636	(1)
Business Office Systems	636	(3)
Record Protection and Confidentiality	636	(1)
Types of Practice Records and Files	637	(1)
Guidelines to Efficient Filing	637	(1)
Basic Filing Systems	637	(1)
Active and Inactive Files	638	(1)
Appointment Scheduling	639	(6)
Computerized or Manual Scheduling	639	(1)
Appointment Book Selection	639	(1)
Outlining the Appointment Book	640	(1)
Making Appointment Book and Appointment Card Entries	641	(1)
Scheduling for Maximum Efficiency	642	(1)
Scheduling Special Situations	643	(1)
Confirmation of Appointments	644	(1)
Late Patients	644	(1)
Broken Appointments	644	(1)
Short-Notice Appointments	644	(1)
Daily Treatment Area Schedule	644	(1)
Prior Appointment Preparations	645	(1)
Daily Meeting	645	(1)
Preventive Recall Programs	645	(2)
Placing the Patient on Recall	646	(1)
Notifying Recall Patients	646	(1)
Types of Recall Systems	646	(1)
Accounts Receivable	647	(2)
Types of Accounts Receivable Systems	647	(1)
Accounts Receivable Management Basics	648	(1)
Payment Plans	649	(2)
Payment at the Time of Treatment	649	(1)
Statements	650	(1)
Divided Payment Plans	650	(1)
Preventive Account Management	651	(2)
Gathering Financial Information	651	(1)
Fee Presentation	651	(1)
Making Financial Arrangements	651	(2)
Collections	653	(3)
Accounts Receivable Report	653	(1)
Management of Collection Efforts	653	(1)
Collection Follow-Through	653	(1)
Collection Letters	653	(1)
Collection Telephone Calls	654	(1)
Final Collection Options	655	(1)
Accounts Payable Management	656	(1)
Dental Office Overhead	656	(1)
Gross Versus Net Income	656	(1)
Inventory Management	656	(3)
Inventory System	656	(2)
Guidelines for Ordering Dental Supplies	658	(1)
Backorders	658	(1)
Order Exchange, Return, or Replacement	659	(1)
Requisitions and Purchase Orders	659	(1)
Dental Supply Budget	659	(1)
Consumables and Disposables	659	(1)
Expendables	659	(1)
Nonexpendables	659	(1)
Major Equipment	659	(1)
Equipment Repairs	659	(1)
Equipment Records	659	(1)
Service Contracts	660	(1)
Service Call	660	(1)
Disbursements	660	(2)
Packing Slips, Invoices, and Statements	660	(1)
Organizing Expenditure Records	660	(1)
Payment of Accounts	660	(1)
Cash on Delivery	661	(1)
Petty Cash	661	(1)
Writing Checks	661	(1)
Stop Payment Order	662	(1)
Nonsufficient Funds	662	(1)
Business Summaries	662	(1)
Payroll	662	(3)
Payroll Deductions	663	(1)
Government Remittance	664	(1)
Dental Insurance	665	(10)
Introduction	665	(1)
Insurance Fraud	665	(1)
Parties Involved in Dental Insurance	666	(1)
Types of Prepaid Dental Programs	666	(1)
Usual, Customary, and Reasonable	666	(1)
Schedule of Benefits	666	(1)
Fixed Fee	666	(1)
Alternative Payment Plans	666	(1)
Managed Care	667	(1)
Basic Dental Insurance Terminology	667	(1)
Determining Eligibility	668	(1)
Determining Benefits	668	(1)
Limitations	668	(1)
Dental Procedure Codes	669	(1)
Claim Forms	670	(5)
Claim Form Preparation	670	(2)
Claim Form Processing	672	(1)
Tracking Claims in Process	672	(1)
Payments From Insurance Carriers	672	(1)
Handling Overpayments	673	(2)
Employment	675	(12)
Introduction	675	(1)
Career Objectives	675	(2)
Goals and Philosophy	676	(1)
Career Opportunities	676	(1)
Americans with Disabilities Act	677	(1)
Locating Employment Opportunities	677	(1)
Newspaper Advertisements	677	(1)
Campus Placement	677	(1)
Employment Agencies	677	(1)
Temporary Agencies	677	(1)
Dental Supply Houses	677	(1)
Professional Organizations	678	(1)
Seeking Employment	678	(3)
Telephone Contact	678	(1)
Letter of Application/Cover Letter	678	(1)
Resume	678	(1)
Completing a Job Application Form	679	(1)
Interview	679	(2)
Salary Negotiations	681	(1)
Employment Agreement	681	(2)
Job Termination	683	(1)
Achieving Career Objectives	684	(3)
Positive Attitude	684	(1)
Professional Responsibilities	684	(1)
Physical Well-Being	684	(3)
Glossary	687	(12)
References	699	(6)
Appendix	705	(2)
Index	707