Tourism Management, 2nd Edition

by David Weaver; Laura Lawton

• ISBN13: 9780470800669
• ISBN10: 0470800666
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2002-12-01
• Publisher: Wiley

Summary

Tourism Management 2nd Edition introduces students to the complexities of the tourism system so that they will be better positioned to eventually assume the managerial challenges and responsibilities in a diverse and challenging industry. As with the first edition, the emphasis is on Australia, but numerous regional and global case studies and examples are included to provide an appropriately broad geographic context. The new edition has been updated to reflect the latest available advancements in tourism theory and thinking, retaining the thoroughness of content and diversity of applications and include more regional and international issues, economic significance, tourism operators and the role of technology in the tourism industry. New to this edition: * New "Technology in Tourism" features highlights the increasing role of technology tools and systems in the tourism industry * Up-to-date Australian and international statistics * Increased coverage of regional tourism issues and initiatives * More coverage of the key tourism players - government, industry and individuals Features: * A thorough discussion of the economic, sociocultural and environmental impacts of tourism * A chapter on sustainable tourism including ecotourism, sustainable mass tourism and industry responses and practives * A chapter on tourism research which introduces students to the function and scope of research in this area * Four practical features in each chapter to illustrate and reinforce the theory: -- Managing tourism: illustrates how a tourism-related process or company has been managed and the issues involved in doing so -- Contemporary issue: a brief case study which discusses a contemporary tourism issue such as the formation of strategic airline alliances, sex tourism, and the importance of international students as a component of Australian tourism -- Breakthrough tourism: discusses a leading edge company, destination or development in the tourism sector -- Technology in tourism: highlights the increasing role of technology tools and systems in the tourism industry * A chapter review which summarises the key points of each chapter and contains a summary of key concepts arranged to show the links between concepts and their subconcepts * Discussion questions, practical exercises and a case study in each chapter

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
Acknowledgements	xv
Introduction to tourism management	1	(20)
Introduction	2	(1)
The phenomenon of tourism	2	(2)
Definition of tourism	2	(1)
The importance of tourism	3	(1)
Tourism as an academic field of study	4	(10)
Obstacles to development	4	(4)
Indications of development	8	(3)
A sequence of tourism platforms	11	(2)
Universities and community colleges	13	(1)
Themes, outline and structure	14	(7)
Underlying themes	14	(1)
Chapter outline	15	(1)
Chapter structure	16	(1)
Chapter review	17	(1)
Summary of key terms	18	(1)
Questions	19	(1)
Exercises	19	(1)
Further reading	20	(1)
The tourism system	21	(34)
Introduction	22	(1)
A systems approach to tourism	22	(3)
The basic whole tourism system	22	(3)
The tourist	25	(12)
Spatial component	25	(2)
Temporal component	27	(1)
Travel purpose	28	(6)
Major tourist categories	34	(2)
Definition and data problems	36	(1)
Origin region	37	(2)
Origin community	37	(1)
Origin government	38	(1)
Transit region	39	(4)
Management implications of transit regions	40	(1)
Effects of technology	41	(2)
Destination region	43	(4)
Destination communities	46	(1)
Destination governments	46	(1)
The tourism industry	47	(8)
Chapter review	48	(1)
Summary of key terms	48	(2)
Questions	50	(1)
Exercises	51	(1)
Further reading	51	(1)
Case study	52	(3)
The evolution and growth of tourism	55	(37)
Introduction	56	(1)
Pre-modern tourism	56	(6)
Mesopotamia	56	(1)
Egypt and the Indus Valley	57	(1)
Ancient Greece	57	(2)
Ancient Rome	59	(1)
The Dark Ages (c.500--1100)	60	(1)
The Middle Ages (c.1100--1500)	61	(1)
Early modern tourism (1500--1950)	62	(6)
The Grand Tour	62	(1)
Spa resorts	63	(1)
Seaside resorts	64	(1)
Thomas Cook	65	(1)
The post-Cook period (1880--1950)	66	(2)
Contemporary tourism (1950 onwards)	68	(2)
The world's biggest industry?	70	(1)
Factors associated with increased tourism demand	70	(12)
Economic factors	70	(3)
Social factors	73	(2)
Demographic factors	75	(4)
Technological factors	79	(3)
Political factors	82	(1)
Australian tourism participation	82	(2)
Future growth prospects	84	(8)
Chapter review	85	(1)
Summary of key terms	86	(2)
Questions	88	(1)
Exercises	89	(1)
Further reading	89	(1)
Case study	90	(2)
Destinations	92	(37)
Introduction	93	(1)
Global destination patterns: MDCs and LDCs	93	(4)
Tourism market share and growth	94	(1)
Reasons for the emergence of the LDCs as destinations	94	(3)
Pull factors influencing a destination	97	(10)
Geographical proximity to markets	98	(1)
Accessibility to markets	99	(1)
Availability of attractions	100	(1)
Cultural links	101	(1)
Availability of services	102	(1)
Affordability	102	(1)
Peace and stability	103	(2)
Positive market image	105	(2)
Pro-tourism policies	107	(1)
Regional destination patterns	107	(11)
Europe	109	(2)
The Americas	111	(1)
East Asia/Pacific	112	(1)
Africa	113	(1)
The Middle East	114	(1)
South Asia	114	(2)
Australia	116	(2)
Internal destination patterns	118	(11)
The Australian pattern	119	(3)
Chapter review	122	(1)
Summary of key terms	123	(1)
Questions	124	(1)
Exercises	124	(1)
Further reading	125	(1)
Case study	126	(3)
The tourism product	129	(42)
Introduction	130	(1)
Tourist attractions	130	(21)
Natural sites	131	(7)
Natural events	138	(1)
Cultural sites	138	(8)
Cultural events	146	(2)
Attraction attributes	148	(3)
The tourism industry	151	(20)
Travel agencies	152	(1)
Transportation	153	(5)
Accommodation	158	(2)
Tour operators	160	(1)
Merchandise	160	(1)
Industry structure	161	(2)
Chapter review	163	(1)
Summary of key terms	164	(2)
Questions	166	(1)
Exercises	166	(1)
Further reading	167	(1)
Case study	168	(3)
Tourist markets	171	(33)
Introduction	172	(1)
Tourist market trends	172	(2)
The democratisation of travel	172	(1)
The emergence of simple market segmentation and multilevel segmentation	172	(1)
Niche markets and `markets of one'	173	(1)
The destination selection process	174	(2)
Multiple decision makers	176	(1)
Tourist market segmentation	176	(28)
Geographical segmentation	177	(3)
Sociodemographic segmentation	180	(6)
Psychographic segmentation	186	(5)
Behavioural segmentation	191	(6)
Chapter review	197	(1)
Summary of key terms	197	(2)
Questions	199	(1)
Exercises	200	(1)
Further reading	200	(1)
Case study	201	(3)
Tourism marketing	204	(35)
Introduction	205	(1)
The nature of marketing	205	(1)
Definition of marketing	205	(1)
Services marketing	206	(3)
Intangibility	206	(1)
Inseparability	207	(1)
Variability	207	(1)
Perishability	208	(1)
Managing supply and demand	209	(7)
Daily variations in demand	209	(1)
Weekly variations in demand	210	(1)
Seasonal variations in demand	211	(1)
Long-term variations in demand	211	(1)
Supply/demand matching strategies	211	(5)
Market failure	216	(4)
Marketing functions of NTOs	217	(3)
Strategic tourism marketing	220	(2)
SWOT analysis and objectives	220	(1)
Objectives	221	(1)
Control/evaluation	222	(1)
Marketing mix	222	(17)
Place	223	(1)
Product	223	(1)
People	223	(1)
Price	224	(2)
Packaging	226	(1)
Promotion	226	(6)
Chapter review	232	(1)
Summary of key terms	232	(2)
Questions	234	(1)
Exercises	235	(1)
Further reading	235	(2)
Case study	237	(2)
Economic impacts of tourism	239	(33)
Introduction	240	(1)
Economic benefits	240	(14)
Direct revenue	240	(6)
Indirect revenue	246	(2)
Economic integration and diversification	248	(2)
Employment (direct and indirect)	250	(1)
Regional development	251	(1)
Growth potential	252	(1)
Formal and informal sectors	253	(1)
Economic costs	254	(18)
Direct financial costs	254	(1)
Indirect financial costs	255	(2)
Fluctuations in intake	257	(5)
Competition with other sectors	262	(1)
Employment problems	262	(2)
Chapter review	264	(1)
Summary of key terms	265	(2)
Questions	267	(1)
Exercises	267	(1)
Further reading	268	(1)
Case study	269	(3)
Sociocultural and environmental impacts of tourism	272	(35)
Introduction	273	(1)
Sociocultural benefits	273	(4)
Promotion of cross-cultural understanding	273	(2)
Incentive to preserve culture and heritage	275	(1)
Fostering of social wellbeing and stability	276	(1)
Sociocultural costs	277	(12)
Commodification	277	(5)
The demonstration effect revisited	282	(1)
The relationship between tourism and crime	282	(2)
Factors contributing to the increased likelihood of sociocultural costs	284	(4)
The irridex	288	(1)
Environmental benefits	289	(1)
Environmental costs	289	(18)
Environmental impact sequence	290	(1)
`Permanent' environmental restructuring	291	(2)
Generation of waste residuals	293	(2)
Tourist activities	295	(2)
Indirect and induced activities	297	(1)
Management implications of sociocultural and environmental impacts	298	(1)
Chapter review	299	(1)
Summary of key terms	300	(1)
Questions	301	(1)
Exercises	302	(1)
Further reading	302	(2)
Case study	304	(3)
Destination development	307	(33)
Introduction	308	(1)
Destination life cycle	308	(16)
The Butler sequence	309	(9)
Critique of the Butler sequence	318	(6)
Factors that change the destination life cycle	324	(4)
Internal-intentional actions	325	(1)
External-unintentional actions	326	(1)
Internal-unintentional actions	326	(1)
External-intentional actions	326	(2)
National tourism development	328	(12)
Spatial diffusion	328	(1)
Effects of hierarchical diffusion	329	(1)
Effects of contagious diffusion	329	(1)
Model of national tourism development	330	(3)
Chapter review	333	(1)
Summary of key terms	333	(2)
Questions	335	(1)
Exercises	335	(1)
Further reading	336	(1)
Case study	337	(3)
Sustainable tourism	340	(42)
Introduction	341	(1)
A paradigm shift?	341	(5)
Dominant western environmental paradigm	342	(1)
Contradictions in the dominant western environmental paradigm	343	(1)
Towards a green paradigm?	344	(2)
Sustainable tourism	346	(3)
Indicators	346	(3)
Sustainability and mass tourism	349	(10)
Reasons for adoption	349	(1)
Practices	350	(4)
Codes of practice	354	(2)
Industry organisations	356	(2)
Critique of industry efforts to implement sustainable tourism	358	(1)
Sustainability and small-scale tourism	359	(10)
Alternative tourism	359	(2)
Sociocultural alternative tourism	361	(1)
Ecotourism	362	(4)
Ecotourism in Australia	366	(1)
Critique of alternative tourism	367	(1)
Relationship between sustainability, mass tourism and alternative tourism	368	(1)
Extending the Butler sequence	369	(13)
Possible paths of evolution	370	(1)
Application of the broad context model to the Gold Coast	371	(1)
Chapter review	372	(1)
Summary of key terms	372	(2)
Questions	374	(1)
Exercises	375	(1)
Further reading	376	(1)
Case study	377	(5)
Tourism research	382	(31)
Introduction	383	(1)
Types of research	383	(15)
Basic research	383	(2)
Applied research	385	(1)
Cross-sectional research	386	(1)
Longitudinal research	387	(1)
Qualitative research	388	(1)
Quantitative research	389	(1)
Primary research	390	(5)
Secondary research	395	(3)
The research process	398	(15)
Problem recognition	398	(1)
Question formulation	399	(2)
Identification of research methodology and/or methods	401	(2)
Data collection	403	(1)
Data analysis	403	(1)
Data presentation	404	(1)
Data interpretation	404	(2)
Chapter review	406	(1)
Summary of key terms	406	(2)
Questions	408	(1)
Exercises	409	(1)
Further reading	409	(1)
Case study	410	(3)
Appendix 1 Selected international and Australian tourism organisations	413	(2)
Appendix 2 Refereed English language tourism journals (2000)	415	(2)
Appendix 3 Inbound and outbound tourism data	417	(9)
Appendix 4 Groupe Development Candidate Sustainable Tourism Indicators	426	(3)
References	429	(30)
Glossary	459	(13)
Index	472