Tourism Management, 3rd edition

by Weaver, David; Lawton, Laura

• ISBN13: 9780470809549
• ISBN10: 047080954X
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2007-01-02
• Publisher: Wiley

Summary

Tourism Management, Third Edition, builds upon the strength of the previous editions by introducing students to the complexities of the tourism system. The third edition has been updated with recent industry and research developments and retains the thoroughness of content and application that had been established in the previous editions. A theme of this edition is looking at the challenges of tourism in a time of regional and international uncertainties and complexities as a consequence of terrorism and security threats, health issues such as SARS, natural events like the Boxing Day Tsunami and the changing geo-political landscape.

Author Biography

David Weaver is Emeritus Professor at the University of Missouri-Columbia and a Specialist in Cattle Health and Production.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xi
Acknowledgements	p. xiii
Introduction to tourism management	p. 1
Introduction	p. 2
The phenomenon of tourism	p. 2
Definition of tourism	p. 3
The importance of tourism	p. 3
Tourism as an academic field of study	p. 4
Obstacles to development	p. 4
Indications of development	p. 8
A sequence of tourism platforms	p. 12
Universities and community colleges	p. 14
Characteristics, outline and structure	p. 15
Characteristics	p. 15
Chapter outline	p. 16
Chapter structure	p. 17
Chapter review	p. 18
Summary of key terms	p. 18
Questions	p. 20
Exercises	p. 20
Further reading	p. 21
The tourism system	p. 22
Introduction	p. 23
A systems approach to tourism	p. 23
The basic whole tourism system	p. 23
The tourist	p. 26
Spatial component	p. 26
Temporal component	p. 28
Travel purpose	p. 29
Major tourist categories	p. 34
Data problems	p. 37
Origin region	p. 38
Origin community	p. 38
Origin government	p. 39
Transit region	p. 40
Management implications of transit regions	p. 41
Effects of technology	p. 41
Destination region	p. 43
Destination communities	p. 45
Destination governments	p. 46
The tourism industry	p. 46
Chapter review	p. 48
Summary of key terms	p. 48
Questions	p. 50
Exercises	p. 51
Further reading	p. 51
Case study	p. 53
The evolution and growth of tourism	p. 55
Introduction	p. 56
Premodern tourism	p. 56
Mesopotamia, Egypt and the Indus Valley	p. 56
Ancient Greece and Rome	p. 57
The Dark Ages and Middle Ages	p. 59
Early modern tourism (1500-1950)	p. 61
The Grand Tour	p. 61
Spa resorts	p. 62
Seaside resorts	p. 62
Thomas Cook	p. 65
The post-Cook period (1880-1950)	p. 66
Contemporary tourism (1950 onwards)	p. 67
The world's biggest industry?	p. 67
Factors associated with increased tourism demand	p. 69
Economic factors	p. 69
Social factors	p. 72
Demographic factors	p. 75
Technological factors	p. 79
Political factors	p. 81
Australian tourism participation	p. 81
Future growth prospects	p. 83
Chapter review	p. 84
Summary of key terms	p. 85
Questions	p. 87
Exercises	p. 88
Further reading	p. 88
Case study	p. 89
Destinations	p. 91
Introduction	p. 92
Global destination patterns: MDCs and LDCs	p. 92
Tourism market share and growth	p. 93
Reasons for the emergence of the LDCs as destinations	p. 93
Pull factors influencing a destination	p. 97
Geographical proximity to markets	p. 97
Accessibility to markets	p. 98
Availability of attractions	p. 100
Cultural links	p. 101
Availability of services	p. 102
Affordability	p. 102
Peace, stability and safety	p. 103
Positive market image	p. 105
Pro-tourism policies	p. 106
Regional destination patterns	p. 107
Europe	p. 107
The Americas	p. 110
Asia-Pacific	p. 111
Africa	p. 113
The Middle East	p. 113
Australia	p. 114
Internal destination patterns	p. 117
The Australian pattern	p. 119
Chapter review	p. 121
Summary of key terms	p. 122
Questions	p. 123
Exercises	p. 124
Further reading	p. 124
Case study	p. 125
The tourism product	p. 128
Introduction	p. 129
Tourist attractions	p. 129
Natural sites	p. 130
Natural events	p. 136
Cultural sites	p. 137
Cultural events	p. 144
Attraction attributes	p. 146
The tourism industry	p. 151
Travel agencies	p. 151
Transportation	p. 152
Accommodation	p. 155
Tour operators	p. 157
Merchandise	p. 158
Industry structure	p. 160
Chapter review	p. 162
Summary of key terms	p. 162
Questions	p. 165
Exercises	p. 165
Further reading	p. 166
Case study	p. 167
Tourist markets	p. 170
Introduction	p. 171
Tourist market trends	p. 171
The democratisation of travel	p. 171
The emergence of simple market segmentation and multilevel segmentation	p. 171
Niche markets and 'markets of one'	p. 172
The destination selection process	p. 173
Multiple decision makers	p. 175
Tourist market segmentation	p. 175
Geographic segmentation	p. 176
Sociodemographic segmentation	p. 177
Psychographic segmentation	p. 185
Behavioural segmentation	p. 189
Chapter review	p. 195
Summary of key terms	p. 195
Questions	p. 197
Exercises	p. 197
Further reading	p. 198
Case study	p. 199
Tourism marketing	p. 202
Introduction	p. 203
The nature of marketing	p. 203
Definition of marketing	p. 203
Services marketing	p. 204
Intangibility	p. 204
Inseparability	p. 205
Variability	p. 206
Perishability	p. 207
Managing supply and demand	p. 207
Daily variations in demand	p. 208
Weekly variations in demand	p. 209
Seasonal variations in demand	p. 209
Long-term variations in demand	p. 210
Supply/demand matching strategies	p. 210
Market failure	p. 214
Government tourism organisations	p. 214
Strategic tourism marketing	p. 216
SWOT analysis and objectives	p. 217
Objectives	p. 218
Control/evaluation	p. 219
Marketing mix	p. 219
Place	p. 219
Product	p. 220
People	p. 220
Price	p. 222
Packaging	p. 223
Programming	p. 223
Promotion	p. 223
Partnerships	p. 228
Chapter review	p. 230
Summary of key terms	p. 230
Questions	p. 232
Exercises	p. 233
Further reading	p. 233
Case study	p. 235
Economic impacts of tourism	p. 238
Introduction	p. 239
Economic benefits	p. 239
Direct revenue	p. 239
Indirect revenue	p. 245
Economic integration and diversification	p. 247
Employment (direct and indirect)	p. 247
Regional development	p. 248
Formal and informal sectors	p. 250
Economic costs	p. 251
Direct financial costs	p. 252
Indirect financial costs	p. 253
Fluctuations in intake	p. 256
Competition with other sectors	p. 260
Employment problems	p. 261
Chapter review	p. 263
Summary of key terms	p. 264
Questions	p. 265
Exercises	p. 266
Further reading	p. 267
Case study	p. 268
Sociocultural and environmental impacts of tourism	p. 271
Introduction	p. 272
Sociocultural benefits	p. 272
Promotion of cross-cultural understanding	p. 272
Incentive to preserve culture and heritage	p. 275
Promoting social wellbeing and stability	p. 275
Sociocultural costs	p. 276
Commodification	p. 276
The demonstration effect revisited	p. 280
The relationship between tourism and crime	p. 281
Factors contributing to the increased likelihood of sociocultural costs	p. 283
The irridex	p. 287
Environmental benefits	p. 288
Environmental costs	p. 289
Environmental impact sequence	p. 289
'Permanent' environmental restructuring	p. 290
Generation of waste residuals	p. 292
Tourist activities	p. 293
Indirect and induced activities	p. 294
Management implications of sociocultural and environmental impacts	p. 296
Chapter review	p. 298
Summary of key terms	p. 299
Questions	p. 300
Exercises	p. 301
Further reading	p. 301
Case study	p. 303
Destination development	p. 305
Introduction	p. 306
Destination lifecycle	p. 306
The Butler sequence	p. 307
Critique of the Butler sequence	p. 317
Factors that change the destination lifecycle	p. 323
Internal-intentional actions	p. 324
External-unintentional actions	p. 324
Internal-unintentional actions	p. 324
External-intentional actions	p. 324
National tourism development	p. 326
Spatial diffusion	p. 326
Effects of hierarchical diffusion	p. 327
Effects of contagious diffusion	p. 327
Model of national tourism development	p. 328
Chapter review	p. 330
Summary of key terms	p. 330
Questions	p. 332
Exercises	p. 332
Further reading	p. 333
Case study	p. 334
Sustainable tourism	p. 337
Introduction	p. 338
A paradigm shift?	p. 338
Dominant Western environmental paradigm	p. 339
Contradictions in the dominant Western environmental paradigm	p. 340
Towards a green paradigm?	p. 341
Sustainable tourism	p. 343
Indicators	p. 343
Sustainability and mass tourism	p. 345
Reasons for adoption	p. 346
Practices	p. 349
Quality control	p. 350
Sustainability and small-scale tourism	p. 354
Alternative tourism	p. 354
Manifestations	p. 356
Critique of alternative tourism	p. 357
Ecotourism	p. 359
Soft and hard ecotourism	p. 359
Magnitude	p. 361
Location	p. 362
Destination sustainability	p. 364
Extending the Butler sequence	p. 365
Chapter review	p. 368
Summary of key terms	p. 369
Questions	p. 371
Exercises	p. 372
Further reading	p. 372
Case study	p. 374
Tourism research	p. 377
Introduction	p. 378
Types of research	p. 378
Basic research	p. 378
Applied research	p. 381
Cross-sectional research	p. 382
Longitudinal research	p. 383
Qualitative research	p. 383
Quantitative research	p. 384
Primary research	p. 385
Secondary research	p. 391
The research process	p. 394
Problem recognition	p. 395
Question formulation	p. 395
Identification of research methodology or methods	p. 397
Data collection	p. 399
Data analysis	p. 399
Data presentation	p. 400
Data interpretation	p. 400
Chapter review	p. 402
Summary of key terms	p. 402
Questions	p. 404
Exercises	p. 405
Further reading	p. 405
Case study	p. 407
Selected international and Australian tourism organisations	p. 411
Refereed English language tourism journals (2005)	p. 413
Inbound and outbound tourism data	p. 416
References	p. 425
Glossary	p. 460
Index	p. 477
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