Toxicity Assessment Alternatives

by Salem, Harry; Katz, Sidney A.

• ISBN13: 9780896037878
• ISBN10: 0896037878
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1999-07-01
• Publisher: Humana Pr Inc

Summary

Internationally known scientists review what has been accomplished thus far in developing acceptable alternatives to classical animal toxicity assessment methods. Authoritative chapters describe not only the many practical alternative approaches that have recently emerged, but also consider current trends and likely future approaches, as well as emerging automated assessment techniques. Hazard assessment applications and the validation of new alternative methods are also discussed. The methods presented here will help toxicologists, cosmetic chemists, and pharmacologists greatly reduce, refine, or even possibly replace, the use of laboratory animals in their work. Life science researchers will also find many new opportunities for detecting endocrine disruptions. Regulatory officers will gain a new perspective on alternative assessment, environmental assessment, and risk assessment. Significantly extending the efforts of the National Institutes of Health, the European Union, and the ICCVAM, Toxicity Assessment Alternatives offers all those evaluating toxicity today a cutting-edge collection of practical and highly effective alternatives.

Table of Contents

Preface	v
Contributors	xi
I. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS ON ALTERNATIVES
Tissue Engineering: An Important Technology for Assessment of Toxicity	3	(12)
Edith R. Schwartz
Tissue Engineering: Technology Applications and FDA Initiatives	15	(4)
Kiki B. Hellman
Electrical Resistance Method for Measuring Volume Changes in Astrocytes	19	(16)
Michael Aschner
Cytotoxicity Profiles for a Series of Investigational Compounds Using Liver Slice Technology and Human-Derived Cell Cultures	35	(18)
Sanjeev Thohan
Ho Chung
Antagonistic Interaction of Sodium Arsenite and Lead Sulfate with UV Light on Sister Chromatid Exchanges in Human Peripheral Lymphocytes	53	(10)
Spiros P. Katsifis
Patrick L. Kinney
The Role of Upper Airway Heat and Water Vapor Exchange in Hygroscopic Aerosol Deposition in the Human Airway: A Deposition Model	63	(8)
Jonathan W. Kaufman
Moving Average Interpolation for Malathion LC50 Estimation on Dugesia tigrina: Comparison with Probit and ``One-Point'' Methods	71	(8)
R. B. Worobec
Physiological Modeling of Benzo(a)pyrene Pharmacokinetics in the Rat	79	(20)
David Moir
II. CURRENT TRENDS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
Resources for Biomedical Research: Opportunities for Alternatives	99	(6)
Elaine Young
III. MECHANISTICALLY BASED TEST METHODS AS ALTERNATIVES
Endocrine Disruption in Wildlife: Scientific Processes and Principles for Evaluating Effects	105	(10)
Richard Dickerson
Ronald Kendall, Sr.
Mechanistic Animal-Replacement Approaches for Predicting Pharmacokinetics of Organic Chemicals	115	(28)
Patrick Poulin
Martin Beliveau
Kannan Krishnan
IV. USE OF ALTERNATIVES IN HAZARD ASSESSMENT INITIATIVES
Validation of the Cytosensor™ Microphysiometer for In Vitro Cytotoxicity Testing	143	(12)
R. J. Mioduszewski
C. J. Cao
M. E. Eldefrawi
A. T. Eldefrawi
D. E. Menking
J. J. Valdes
Sulfur Mustard Effects on Cell Yield Alter Viability Assessment in Normal Human Epidermal Keratinocytes	155	(10)
Janet Moser
Susan A. Kelly
Henry L. Meier
Development of Human Keratinocyte Colonies for Confocal Microscopy and for Study of Calcium Effects on Growth Differentiation and Sulfur Mustard Lesions: A Model	165	(10)
Robert J. Werrlein
Tracey A. Hamilton
Janna S. Madren-Whalley
Phosgene-Induced Calcium Changes in Pulmonary Artery Endothelial Cells	175	(10)
Robert J. Werrlein
Stephen D. Kirby
Janna S. Madren-Whalley
Enhanced Proteolytic Activity and Fc Receptor Expression in Human Epithelial Cells Following Exposure to Sulfur Mustard	185	(8)
Fred M. Cowan
Clarence A. Broomfield
William J. Smith
Altered Expression of Intracellular and Surface Antigens by Cultured Human Epidermal Keratinocytes Exposed to Sulfur Mustard	193	(4)
William J. Smith
Effect of Sulfur Mustard Exposure on Human Epidermal Keratinocyte Viability and Protein Content	197	(8)
William J. Smith
James A. Blank
Rebekah A. Starner
Ronald G. Menton
Joy L. Harris
The Use of In Vitro Systems to Define Therapeutic Approaches to Cutaneous Injury by Sulfur Mustard	205	(8)
William J. Smith
Margaret E. Martens
Clark L. Gross
Offie E. Clark
Fred M. Cowan
Jeffrey J. Yourick
Effects of Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors on the Sulfur Mustard-Induced Disruption of the Higher-Order Nuclear Structure of Human Lymphocytes	213	(10)
Henry L. Meier
Charles B. Millard
DNA Repair Enzymatic Response in Cultured Human Epidermal Keratinocytes Following Sulfur Mustard Exposure	223	(4)
K. Ramachandra Bhat
Betty J. Benton
Radharaman Ray
Human Hepatocytes: A Novel Animal Alternative	227	(16)
John C. Lipscomb
Patricia D. Confer
V. VALIDATION, REGULATORY ACCEPTANCE, AND ANIMAL PROTECTION PERSPECTIVES
An Animal Protection Perspective	243	(4)
Martin L. Stephens
Federal Interagency Activities Toward Validation and Regulatory Acceptance of Alternative Tests	247	(10)
Errol Zeiger
Index	257