Traditions and Encounters, Volume A From the Beginnings to 1000 with Powerweb; MP

by Bentley, Jerry H; Ziegler, Herbert F

• ISBN13: 9780072565010
• ISBN10: 0072565012
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2002-06-06
• Publisher: MCG

Summary

From the Beginnings to 1000, Chapters 1-17This groundbreaking world history text has, in its first edition, become a market leader by offering a fresh, global perspective on the past. The text is unique in approach; covering the world as a whole, examining the formations and development of the world’s major societies (“traditions”), and also systematically exploring cross-cultural interactions and exchanges that have been some of the most effective agents of change in all of world history (“encounters”). In addition, the authors have taken great care in constructing a coherent vision of the past that is not weighed down by a mass of detail, thus enabling instructors to incorporate additional readings of their choosing. Finally the text emphasizes that historical processes work themselves out through the lives and experiences of individual human beings, opening each chapter with an account of individual experiences that illuminate themes in that chapter. The second edition includes scholarship updates throughout and revisions to organization and content.d content.

Table of Contents

List of Maps	xiv
List of Sources from the Past	xv
Preface	xvi
Acknowledgments	xxvi
PART I THE EARLY COMPLEX SOCIETIES, 3500 TO 500 B.C.E.	2	(158)
Before History	7	(26)
The Evolution of Homo Sapiens	8	(5)
The Hominids	9	(3)
Homo Sapiens	12	(1)
Sources from the Past: Richard E. Leakey on the Nature of Homo Sapiens Sapiens	13	(1)
Paleolithic Society	13	(7)
Economy and Society of Hunting and Gathering Peoples	14	(3)
Paleolithic Culture	17	(3)
The Neolithic Era and the Transition to Agriculture	20	(9)
The Origins of Agriculture	20	(3)
Early Agricultural Society	23	(4)
Neolithic Culture	27	(1)
The Origins of Urban Life	28	(1)
Summary	29	(1)
Chronology	29	(2)
For Further Reading	31	(2)
Early Societies in Southwest Asia and the Indo-European Migrations	33	(28)
The Quest for Order	34	(7)
Mesopotamia: ``The Land between the Rivers''	35	(2)
The Course of Empire	37	(2)
The Later Mesopotamian Empires	39	(2)
The Formation of a Complex Society and Sophisticated Cultural Traditions	41	(6)
Economic Specialization and Trade	41	(2)
The Emergence of a Stratified Patriarchal Society	43	(2)
The Development of Written Cultural Traditions	45	(1)
Sources from the Past: Hammurabi's Laws on Family Relationships	46	(1)
The Broader Influence of Mesopotamian Society	47	(7)
Hebrews, Israelites, and Jews	48	(3)
The Phoenicians	51	(1)
Sources from the Past: Israelites' Relations with Neighboring Peoples	52	(2)
The Indo-European Migrations	54	(4)
Indo-European Origins	54	(1)
Indo-European Expansion and Its Effects	55	(3)
Summary	58	(1)
Chronology	58	(1)
For Further Reading	58	(3)
Early African Societies and the Bantu Migrations	61	(28)
Early Agricultural Society in Africa	62	(9)
Climatic Change and the Development of Agriculture in Africa	63	(1)
Egypt and Nubia: ``Gifts of the Nile''	64	(1)
The Unification of Egypt	65	(2)
Turmoil and Empire	67	(1)
Sources from the Past: Harkhuf's Expeditions to Nubia	68	(3)
The Formation of Complex Societies and Sophisticated Cultural Traditions	71	(11)
The Emergence of Cities and Stratified Societies	72	(2)
Economic Specialization and Trade	74	(3)
Early Writing in the Nile Valley	77	(1)
The Development of Organized Religious Traditions	78	(2)
Sources from the Past: The Great Hymn to Aten	80	(2)
Bantu Migrations and Early Agricultural Societies of Sub-Saharan Africa	82	(3)
The Dynamics of Bantu Expansion	82	(2)
Early Agricultural Societies of Sub-Saharan Africa	84	(1)
Summary	85	(1)
Chronology	85	(1)
For Further Reading	86	(3)
Early Societies in South Asia	89	(22)
Harappan Society	90	(6)
Foundations of Harappan Society	91	(2)
Harappan Society and Culture	93	(3)
The Indo-European Migrations and Early Aryan India	96	(6)
The Aryans and India	96	(2)
Origins of the Caste System	98	(2)
Sources from the Past: The Rig Veda on the Origin of the Castes	100	(1)
The Development of Patriarchal Society	101	(1)
Religion in the Vedic Age	102	(5)
Aryan Religion	102	(2)
The Blending of Aryan and Dravidian Values	104	(1)
Sources from the Past: The Chandogya Upanishad on the Nature of Reality	105	(2)
Summary	107	(1)
Chronology	107	(1)
For Further Reading	108	(3)
Early Society in East Asia	111	(24)
Political Organization in Early China	112	(8)
Early Agricultural Society and the Xia Dynasty	112	(2)
The Shang Dynasty	114	(3)
The Zhou Dynasty	117	(3)
Society and Family in Ancient China	120	(5)
The Social Order	120	(2)
Sources from the Past: Peasants' Protest	122	(1)
Family and Patriarchy	123	(1)
Sources from the Past: Family Solidarity in Ancient China	124	(1)
Early Chinese Writing and Cultural Development	125	(4)
Oracle Bones and Early Chinese Writing	126	(2)
Thought and Literature in Ancient China	128	(1)
Ancient China and the Larger World	129	(3)
Chinese Cultivators and Nomadic Peoples of Central Asia	129	(2)
The Southern Expansion of Chinese Society	131	(1)
Summary	132	(1)
Chronology	132	(1)
For Further Reading	132	(3)
Early Societies in the Americas and Oceania	135	(25)
Early Societies of Mesoamerica	137	(11)
The Olmecs	137	(3)
Heirs of the Olmecs: The Maya	140	(2)
Maya Society and Religion	142	(3)
Sources from the Past: The Popol Vuh on the Creation of Human Beings	145	(1)
Heirs of the Olmecs: Teotihuacan	146	(2)
Early Societies of South America	148	(4)
Early Andean Society and the Chavin Cult	149	(1)
Early Andean States: Mochica	150	(2)
Early Societies of Oceania	152	(5)
Early Societies in Australia and New Guinea	152	(2)
The Peopling of the Pacific Islands	154	(2)
Sources from the Past: The Voyage of Ru	156	(1)
Summary	157	(1)
Chronology	158	(1)
For Further Reading	158	(2)
PART II THE FORMATION OF CLASSICAL SOCIETIES, 500 B.C.E. TO 500 C.E.	160	(162)
The Empires of Persia	165	(22)
The Rise and Fall of the Persian Empires	166	(9)
The Achaemenid Empire	166	(4)
Decline and Fall of the Achaemenid Empire	170	(3)
The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanid Empires	173	(2)
Imperial Society and Economy	175	(4)
Social Development in Classical Persia	176	(2)
Economic Foundations of Classical Persia	178	(1)
Religions of Salvation in Classical Persian Society	179	(5)
Zarathustra and His Faith	180	(2)
Sources from the Past: Zarathustra on Good and Evil	182	(1)
Religions of Salvation in a Cosmopolitan Society	182	(2)
Summary	184	(1)
Chronology	185	(1)
For Further Reading	185	(2)
The Unification of China	187	(26)
In Search of Political and Social Order	188	(7)
Confucius and His School	188	(3)
Sources from the Past: Confucius on Good Government	191	(1)
Daoism	192	(2)
Sources from the Past: Laozi on Living in Harmony with Dao	194	(1)
Legalism	194	(1)
The Unification of China	195	(8)
The Qin Dynasty	196	(4)
The Early Han Dynasty	200	(3)
From Economic Prosperity to Social Disorder	203	(6)
Productivity and Prosperity during the Former Han	204	(2)
Economic and Social Difficulties	206	(2)
The Later Han Dynasty	208	(1)
Summary	209	(1)
Chronology	210	(1)
For Further Reading	210	(3)
State, Society, and the Quest for Salvation in India	213	(26)
The Fortunes of Empire in Classical India	214	(6)
The Mauryan Dynasty and the Temporary Unification of India	214	(4)
The Emergence of Regional Kingdoms and the Revival of Empire	218	(2)
Economic Development and Social Distinctions	220	(4)
Towns and Trade	220	(2)
Family Life and the Caste System	222	(2)
Religions of Salvation in Classical India	224	(11)
Jainism and the Challenge to the Established Cultural Order	224	(2)
Early Buddhism	226	(3)
Mahayana Buddhism	229	(1)
Sources from the Past: Ashoka as a Teacher of Humility and Equality according to the Ashokavadana	230	(2)
The Emergence of Popular Hinduism	232	(2)
Sources from the Past: Caste Duties according to the Bhagavad Gita	234	(1)
Summary	235	(1)
Chronology	235	(1)
For Further Reading	235	(4)
Mediterranean Society: The Greek Phase	239	(30)
Early Development of Greek Society	240	(6)
Minoan and Mycenaean Societies	240	(3)
The World of the Polis	243	(3)
Greece and the Larger World	246	(9)
Greek Colonization	246	(2)
Conflict with Persia and Its Results	248	(2)
The Macedonians and the Coming of Empire	250	(2)
Sources from the Past: Arrian on the Character of Alexander of Macedon	252	(1)
The Hellenistic Empires	253	(2)
The Fruits of Trade: Greek Economy and Society	255	(3)
Trade and the Integration of the Mediterranean Basin	255	(2)
Family and Society	257	(1)
The Cultural Life of Classical Greece	258	(7)
Rational Thought and Philosophy	259	(1)
Sources from the Past: Socrates' View of Death	260	(2)
Popular Religion and Greek Drama	262	(2)
Hellenistic Philosophy and Religion	264	(1)
Summary	265	(1)
Chronology	265	(1)
For Further Reading	265	(4)
Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase	269	(26)
From Kingdom to Republic	270	(5)
The Etruscans and Rome	270	(2)
The Roman Republic and Its Constitution	272	(1)
The Expansion of the Republic	273	(2)
From Republic to Empire	275	(7)
Imperial Expansion and Domestic Problems	275	(2)
The Foundation of Empire	277	(1)
Continuing Expansion and Integration of the Empire	278	(2)
Sources from the Past: Tacitus on Corruption in the Early Roman Empire	280	(2)
Economy and Society in the Roman Mediterranean	282	(5)
Trade and Urbanization	282	(3)
Family and Society in Roman Times	285	(2)
The Cosmopolitan Mediterranean	287	(6)
Greek Philosophy and Religions of Salvation	287	(2)
Judaism and Early Christianity	289	(2)
Sources from the Past: Jesus' Moral and Ethical Teachings	291	(2)
Summary	293	(1)
Chronology	293	(1)
For Further Reading	293	(2)
Cross-Cultural Exchanges on the Silk Roads	295	(27)
Long-Distance Trade and the Silk Roads Network	296	(6)
Trade Networks of the Hellenistic Era	297	(1)
The Silk Roads	298	(4)
Cultural and Biological Exchanges along the Silk Roads	302	(8)
The Spread of Buddhism and Hinduism	303	(2)
The Spread of Christianity	305	(1)
The Spread of Manichaeism	306	(2)
The Spread of Epidemic Disease	308	(1)
Sources from the Past: St. Cyprian on Epidemic Disease in the Roman Empire	309	(1)
China after the Han Dynasty	310	(3)
Internal Decay of the Han State	310	(2)
Cultural Change in Post-Han China	312	(1)
The Fall of the Roman Empire	313	(6)
Internal Decay in the Roman Empire	313	(2)
Germanic Invasions and the Fall of the Western Roman Empire	315	(2)
Cultural Change in the Late Roman Empire	317	(2)
Summary	319	(1)
Chronology	319	(1)
For Further Reading	319	(3)
PART III THE POSTCLASSICAL ERA, 500 TO 1000 C.E.	322	(5)
The Commonwealth of Byzantium	327	(28)
The Early Byzantine Empire	328	(7)
The Later Roman Empire and Byzantium	329	(2)
Justinian and His Legacy	331	(2)
Islamic Conquests and Byzantine Revival	333	(2)
Byzantium and Western Europe	335	(1)
Byzantine Economy and Society	335	(4)
Rural Economy and Society	336	(1)
Industry and Trade	337	(1)
Urban Life	338	(1)
Classical Heritage and Orthodox Christianity	339	(7)
The Legacy of Classical Greece	339	(1)
Sources from the Past: The Wealth and Commerce of Constantinople	340	(1)
The Byzantine Church	341	(2)
Monasticism and Popular Piety	343	(1)
Sources from the Past: Anna Comnena on the Suppression of Bogomil Heretics	344	(1)
Tensions between Eastern and Western Christianity	345	(1)
The Influence of Byzantium in Eastern Europe	346	(5)
Domestic Problems and Foreign Pressures	346	(3)
Early Relations between Byzantium and Slavic Peoples	349	(1)
Byzantium and Russia	350	(1)
Summary	351	(1)
Chronology	351	(1)
For Further Reading	352	(3)
The Expansive Realm of Islam	355	(28)
A Prophet and His World	356	(6)
Muhammad and His Message	357	(1)
Muhammad's Migration to Medina	358	(2)
Sources from the Past: The Quran on Allah and His Expectations of Humankind	360	(1)
The Establishment of Islam in Arabia	361	(1)
The Expansion of Islam	362	(6)
The Early Caliphs and the Umayyad Dynasty	363	(2)
The Abbasid Dynasty	365	(2)
Sources from the Past: Benjamin of Tudela on the Caliph's Court at Baghdad	367	(1)
Economy and Society of the Early Islamic World	368	(6)
New Crops, Agricultural Experimentation, and Urban Growth	368	(1)
The Formation of a Hemispheric Trading Zone	369	(4)
The Changing Status of Women	373	(1)
Islamic Values and Cultural Exchanges	374	(5)
The Formation of an Islamic Cultural Tradition	374	(3)
Islam and the Cultural Traditions of Persia, India, and Greece	377	(2)
Summary	379	(1)
Chronology	379	(1)
For Further Reading	379	(4)
The Resurgence of Empire in East Asia	383	(30)
The Restoration of Centralized Imperial Rule in China	384	(7)
The Sui Dynasty	384	(2)
The Tang Dynasty	386	(3)
Sources from the Past: The Poet Du Fu on Tang Dynasty Wars	389	(1)
The Song Dynasty	390	(1)
The Economic Development of Tang and Song China	391	(8)
Agricultural Development	392	(2)
Technological and Industrial Development	394	(2)
The Emergence of a Market Economy	396	(2)
Sources from the Past: The Arab Merchant Suleiman on Business Practices in Tang China	398	(1)
Cultural Change in Tang and Song China	399	(4)
The Establishment of Buddhism	399	(3)
Neo-Confucianism	402	(1)
Chinese Influence in East Asia	403	(5)
Korea and Vietnam	404	(1)
Early Japan	405	(3)
Medieval Japan	408	(1)
Summary	408	(1)
Chronology	409	(1)
For Further Reading	409	(4)
India and the Indian Ocean Basin	413	(28)
Islamic and Hindu Kingdoms	414	(5)
The Quest for Centralized Imperial Rule	414	(2)
The Introduction of Islam to Northern India	416	(1)
The Hindu Kingdoms of Southern India	417	(2)
Production and Trade in the Indian Ocean Basin	419	(8)
Agriculture in the Monsoon World	419	(1)
Trade and the Economic Development of Southern India	420	(1)
Sources from the Past: Cosmas Indicopleustes on Trade in Southern India	421	(1)
Cross-Cultural Trade in the Indian Ocean Basin	422	(4)
Caste and Society	426	(1)
The Meeting of Hindu and Islamic Traditions	427	(5)
The Development of Hinduism	427	(2)
Sources from the Past: The Bhagavata Purana on Devotion to Vishnu	429	(1)
Islam and Its Appeal	430	(2)
The Influence of Indian Society in Southeast Asia	432	(5)
The States of Southeast Asia	432	(4)
The Arrival of Islam	436	(1)
Summary	437	(1)
Chronology	437	(1)
For Further Reading	438	(3)
The Fundations of Christian Society in Western Europe	441	(1)
The Quest for Political Order	442	(10)
Germanic Successor States	443	(1)
The Franks and the Temporary Revival of Empire	443	(1)
Decline and Dissolution of the Carolingian Empire	443	(3)
Sources from the Past: Gregory of Tours on the Conversion of Clovis	446	(5)
The Establishment of Regional Authorities	451	(1)
Early Medieval Society	452	(6)
Organizing a Decentralized Society	452	(2)
Serfs and Manors	454	(1)
The Economy of Early Medieval Europe	455	(1)
Sources from the Past: Life on an Early Medieval Manor	456	(2)
The Formation of Christian Europe	458	(4)
The Politics of Conversion	459	(1)
The Papacy	459	(1)
Monasticism	460	(2)
Summary	462	(1)
Chronology	463	(1)
For Further Reading	463
Glossary
Credits	1	(1)
Index	1