Treatment of Pediatric Neurologic Disorders

by Singer; Harvey S.

• ISBN13: 9780824726935
• ISBN10: 0824726936
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-04-12
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

This reference discusses state-of-the-art methods for the management of children with conditions affecting the nervous system-providing over 80 chapters that outline direct, logical approaches to numerous pediatric neurologic disorders using clear tables, algorithms, and figures for quick reference to key material.

Table of Contents

Preface	xvii
Contributors	xxi
Craniosynostosis	1	(6)
Benjamin S. Carson, Sr.
Introduction	1	(1)
Differential Diagnosis	2	(2)
Treatment	4	(1)
Surgical Intervention	5	(2)
Neurological Management of Myelomeningocele and Holoprosencephaly	7	(8)
Stephen L. Kinsman
Introduction	7	(1)
Myelomeningocele	7	(3)
Holoprosencephaly	10	(5)
Spasticity / Cerebral Palsy	15	(10)
April Puscavage
Alec Hoon
Introduction	15	(1)
Diagnosis/Clinical Features	15	(1)
Therapy Overview	16	(1)
Treatment of Spasticity	16	(4)
Treatment of Extrapyramidal Disorders	20	(1)
Medication Management	21	(1)
Associated Problems	21	(1)
Complementary Alternative Medicine (CAM)	21	(1)
Conclusions	22	(3)
Hydrocephalus	25	(12)
Anthony M. Avellino
Introduction	25	(1)
Clinical Pathology---Site of Obstruction	25	(3)
Clinical Features	28	(1)
Diagnosis	29	(1)
Treatment	30	(5)
Prognosis	35	(1)
Summary	35	(2)
Scoliosis	37	(6)
Leslie A. Morrison
Introduction	37	(1)
Diagnosis and Evaluation	37	(2)
Treatment	39	(2)
Summary	41	(2)
Chiari Malformations	43	(6)
Jon Weingart
Introduction	43	(1)
Clinical Presentation	44	(1)
Treatment	45	(2)
Outcomes	47	(2)
Status Epilepticus	49	(6)
Elizabeth A. Thiele
Introduction	49	(1)
Etiology	49	(2)
Therapy	51	(4)
The Evaluation of a Child with a First Seizure	55	(6)
John M. Freeman
Introduction	55	(1)
Importance of History in Diagnosis of an Episode	55	(6)
Neonatal Seizures	61	(8)
Ann M. Bergin
Introduction	61	(1)
Clinical Features	61	(1)
Therapy	62	(4)
Prognosis	66	(1)
Summary	67	(2)
Absence Seizures	69	(4)
Edwin C. Myer
Introduction	69	(1)
Diagnosis	69	(1)
Evaluation	70	(1)
Treatment	71	(2)
Febrile Seizures	73	(6)
Shlomo Shinnar
Introduction	73	(1)
Diagnostic Evaluation	74	(1)
Therapy	75	(2)
Prognosis	77	(1)
Conclusions	78	(1)
Lennox--Gastaut Syndrome	79	(6)
Adeline Vanderver
William Davis Gaillard
Introduction	79	(1)
Diagnosis	79	(1)
Evaluation---Etiology	80	(1)
Treatment	81	(2)
Prognosis	83	(1)
Summary	83	(2)
Landau--Kleffner Syndrome (LKS) and Epilepsy with Continuous Spike-Waves During Slow-Wave Sleep (CSWS)	85	(6)
William H. Trescher
Introduction	85	(1)
Clinical Features	85	(1)
Diagnosis	86	(1)
Treatment	87	(1)
Prognosis	88	(1)
Summary	88	(1)
Diagnosis and Treatment of Subacute Language Regression, With or Without Seizures	88	(3)
Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy	91	(6)
Traci D. Swink
Introduction	91	(1)
Clinical Features	91	(1)
Differential Diagnosis	92	(2)
Treatment	94	(2)
Summary	96	(1)
Progressive Myoclonic Epilepsy	97	(6)
Joan A. Conry
Introduction	97	(1)
Unverricht--Lundorg Disease	97	(1)
Mitochondrial Epilepsy With Ragged Red Fibers (MERRF)	98	(1)
Lafora Body Disease	98	(1)
Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis (NCL)	99	(1)
Sialidosis (Cherry-Red Spot Myoclonus Syndrome)	99	(1)
Uncommon Causes of PME	99	(1)
Diagnosis	100	(1)
Treatment	101	(1)
Summary	101	(2)
Intractable Epilepsy	103	(8)
Eric H. Kossoff
Introduction	103	(1)
Diagnostic Options	103	(3)
Treatment	106	(5)
Infantile Spasms	111	(6)
Eric H. Kossoff
Introduction	111	(1)
Diagnosis and Evaluation	111	(1)
Treatment	111	(3)
Prognosis	114	(1)
Summary	114	(3)
Benign Epilepsy with Centrotemporal Spikes	117	(4)
James E. Rubenstein
Introduction	117	(1)
Diagnosis and Evaluation	117	(1)
Treatment	118	(1)
Summary	118	(3)
Rasmussen's Syndrome	121	(4)
Eileen P.G. Vining
Introduction	121	(1)
Etiology	121	(1)
Clinical Aspects	122	(1)
Treatment	123	(1)
The Future	123	(2)
Treatment of Tourette Syndrome	125	(8)
Harvey S. Singer
Overview	125	(1)
Evaluation and Education	126	(1)
Treatment	126	(7)
Chorea in Children	133	(6)
Lori C. Jordan
Harvey S. Singer
Introduction	133	(1)
Diagnosis/Clinical Features	133	(1)
Therapy	133	(4)
Prognosis	137	(1)
Summary	137	(2)
Dystonia (DRD, Primary, and Secondary)	139	(6)
Jonathan W. Mink
Introduction	139	(1)
Diagnosis and Evaluation	139	(1)
Specific Disorders and Treatment	139	(4)
Prognosis	143	(1)
Summary	144	(1)
Tremor in Childhood	145	(6)
Leon S. Dure, IV
Introduction	145	(1)
Diagnosis/Clinical Features	145	(1)
Evaluation	146	(1)
Treatment	147	(1)
Summary	148	(3)
Myoclonus	151	(10)
Michael R. Pranzatelli
Introduction	151	(1)
Diagnosis/Clinical Features	151	(1)
Therapy	152	(5)
Prognosis	157	(1)
Summary	158	(3)
Combined Muscle and Brain Diseases	161	(6)
Ronald D. Cohn
Disorders of Protein Glycosylation, ``Dystroglycanopathies''	161	(2)
Congenital Muscular Dystrophy Due To Laminin α2 Deficiency	163	(1)
Myotonic Dystrophy, Steinert's Disease, DM1	163	(2)
Congenital Fiber Type Disproportion	165	(2)
Inflammatory Neuropathies: Guillan-Barre Syndrome (GBS) and Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP)	167	(10)
Charlotte J. Sumner
Introduction	167	(1)
Guillan-Barre Syndrome (GBS)	167	(4)
Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculopathy (CIDP)	171	(3)
Summary	174	(3)
Treatment of Peripheral Neuropathies	177	(8)
Robert Ouvrier
Monique M. Ryan
Anthony Redmond
Introduction	177	(1)
Diagnosis	177	(1)
General Management	178	(6)
Prognosis	184	(1)
Congenital Myopathies	185	(6)
Monique M. Ryan
Kathryn N. North
Introduction	185	(1)
Diagnosis and Clinical Features	185	(1)
Therapeutic Concerns	185	(1)
Prevention	186	(1)
Monitoring and Prospective Detection of Medical Complications	187	(1)
Risk Management	187	(1)
Symptomatic Therapy and Rehabilitation	187	(3)
Prognosis	190	(1)
Therapy for Spinal Muscular Atrophy	191	(10)
Thomas O. Crawford
Introduction	191	(1)
SMN-Related SMA	191	(8)
Other Spinal Muscular Atrophy Syndromes	199	(2)
Therapy for Neuromuscular Junction Disorders	201	(8)
Thomas O. Crawford
Introduction	201	(1)
Specific Disorders	202	(7)
Therapy for Muscular Dystrophies	209	(8)
Richard T. Moxley, III
Michael E. Yurcheshen
Duchenne Dystrophy	209	(5)
Myotonic Dystrophies	214	(1)
Limb--Girdle Muscular Dystrophies	215	(1)
Other Muscular Dystrophies	216	(1)
Dysphagia	217	(8)
Maureen A. Lefton-Greif
Introduction	217	(1)
Normal Swallowing	217	(1)
Conditions and Clinical Presentations Associated with Neurogenic Dysphagia	218	(1)
Evaluation	219	(1)
Treatment	220	(2)
Summary	222	(3)
Migraine Prevention	225	(6)
Donna J. Stephenson
First Line Therapies	227	(1)
Alternatives	228	(1)
Long-Term Control	228	(1)
Summary	228	(3)
Abortive (Acute) Treatment of Migraine	231	(6)
Eric M. Pearlman
Introduction	231	(4)
Summary	235	(2)
Pseudotumor Cerebri	237	(6)
Michael X. Repka
Introduction	237	(1)
Diagnosis/Clinical Features	237	(1)
Evaluation	238	(3)
Therapy	241	(1)
Prognosis	242	(1)
Summary	242	(1)
The Management of Pediatric Pain	243	(12)
Benjamin H. Lee
Myson Yaster
Introduction	243	(1)
Measurement of Pain in Children	243	(1)
Developmental Pharmacology	244	(1)
Nociceptive Pain	244	(4)
Neuropathic Pain	248	(5)
Conclusion	253	(2)
Neurologic Effects of Cancer and Its Therapies	255	(10)
Paul Grahan Fisher
Introduction	255	(1)
Encephalopathy	255	(2)
Increased Intracranial Pressure	257	(1)
Seizures	257	(1)
Myelopathy	257	(3)
Spinal Cord Compression	260	(1)
Ataxia	261	(1)
Neuropathy	262	(1)
Myopathy	263	(2)
Supratentorial Tumors of Childhood	265	(6)
Kaleb Yohay
Introduction	265	(1)
Overall Management	265	(1)
Specific Therapies	266	(3)
Summary	269	(2)
Posterior Fossa Tumors of Childhood	271	(8)
Roger J. Packer
Introduction	271	(1)
Diagnosis and Evaluation	271	(1)
Treatment	272	(6)
Prognosis	278	(1)
Summary	278	(1)
Congenital Infections and the Nervous System	279	(8)
Lonnie J. Miner
James F. Bale
Introduction	279	(1)
Epidemiology	279	(1)
Clinical Manifestations	280	(1)
Diagnosis	281	(2)
Therapy and Prognosis	283	(4)
Meningitis	287	(6)
Charlotte Jones
Introduction	287	(1)
Etiology	287	(1)
Pathogenesis	288	(1)
Diagnosis	288	(1)
Treatment	289	(1)
Prognosis	290	(1)
Summary	290	(3)
Treatment of Pediatric Neurological Disorders: Encephalitis	293	(10)
Fiona Goodwin
Colin Kennedy
Introduction	293	(1)
Diagnosis	293	(1)
Brief Description of Disease and Treatment	294	(2)
Public Health Measures and Prevention	296	(4)
Prognosis	300	(1)
Summary	300	(3)
Neurocysticercosis	303	(6)
Constance Smith-Hicks
Eric H. Kossoff
Introduction	303	(1)
Diagnosis	304	(1)
Treatment	304	(2)
Prognosis	306	(3)
Neurologic Complications of HIV Infection in Infants and Children	309	(10)
George K. Siberry
Robert M. Gray
Introduction	309	(1)
Diagnosis and Evaluation by Clinical Presentation	309	(5)
Treatment	314	(2)
Summary	316	(3)
Neurologic Manifestations of Lyme Disease	319	(10)
David Lieberman
Julia McMillan
Introduction	319	(1)
Epidemiology	319	(1)
Clinical Presentation	320	(1)
Clinical Signs	320	(1)
Early Disease	320	(2)
Late Disease	322	(2)
Treatment	324	(3)
Conclusions	327	(2)
Shaken Baby Syndrome (Shaken-Impact Syndrome)	329	(6)
Richard Kaplan
Introduction	329	(1)
Incidence and Epidemiology	329	(1)
Clincial Presentation and Evaluation	329	(2)
Differential Diagnosis	331	(1)
Medicolegal Issues	332	(1)
Treatment	332	(1)
Outcome	333	(2)
Coma	335	(10)
J. Michael Hemphill
Introduction	335	(1)
Early Assessment and Intervention	335	(5)
Long-Term Management and Prognosis	340	(1)
Brain Death	340	(1)
Summary	341	(1)
Appendix	342	(3)
Postconcussion Syndrome	345	(4)
William R. Leahy
Introduction	345	(1)
Diagnosis/Clinical Features	345	(1)
Natural History	346	(1)
Evaluation	346	(1)
Treatment	347	(2)
Neonatal Encephalopathy	349	(6)
Michael V. Johnston
Introduction	349	(1)
Diagnosis and Clinical Features	349	(1)
Differential Diagnosis	350	(1)
Genetic and Metabolic Disorders Causing Encephalopathy	350	(1)
Diagnostic Evaluation	351	(1)
Therapy	352	(1)
Prognosis	352	(1)
Summary	353	(2)
Pantothenate Kinase-Associated Neurodegeneration (PKAN)	355	(6)
Susan J. Hayflick
Introduction	355	(1)
Clinical Features and Diagnosis	355	(2)
Therapy	357	(1)
Palliative Therapies	357	(1)
Supportive Care	357	(1)
Developing Additional Rational Therapies	357	(2)
Prognosis	359	(1)
Summary	359	(2)
Copper (Menkes/Wilson)	361	(6)
Tyler Reimschisel
Introduction	361	(1)
Menkes Disease	361	(2)
Wilson Disease	363	(4)
Metachromatic Leukodystrophy	367	(4)
Gerald V. Raymond
Introduction	367	(1)
Diagnosis and Clinical Features	367	(2)
Treatment	369	(1)
Prognosis	370	(1)
Summary	370	(1)
Lesch--Nyhan Disease	371	(6)
H.A. Jinnah
Introduction	371	(1)
Diagnosis and Evaluation	371	(1)
Treatment	372	(2)
Prognosis	374	(1)
Summary	374	(3)
X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy	377	(8)
Hugo W. Moser
Introduction	377	(1)
Clinical Presentation	377	(2)
Laboratory Diagnosis	379	(1)
Treatment	379	(3)
Supportive Care	382	(1)
Prognosis	383	(1)
Prevention of X-ALD	383	(1)
Summary	383	(2)
Mitochondrial Diseases	385	(8)
Adam L. Hartman
Anne M. Comi
Introduction	385	(1)
Background	385	(1)
Diagnosis	385	(1)
Therapy	386	(4)
Conclusion	390	(3)
Plumbism: Elevated Lead Levels in Children	393	(8)
Cecilia T. Davoli
Introduction	393	(1)
Diagnosis/Clinical Features	393	(2)
Therapy	395	(2)
Environmental Intervention	397	(2)
Prognosis	399	(1)
Summary	400	(1)
Stroke in Childhood	401	(8)
Rebecca N. Ichord
Introduction	401	(1)
Evaluation and Treatment: Parallel Processes in Stroke	401	(4)
Prognosis	405	(1)
Summary	406	(3)
Vascular Malformations	409	(6)
Judy Huang
Philippe H. Gailloud
Rafael J. Tamargo
Introduction	409	(1)
Arteriovenous Malformations	409	(1)
Cerebral Aneurysms	410	(1)
Cavernous Malformations	411	(1)
Vein of Galen Aneurysmal Malformations	412	(3)
Ataxia	415	(8)
Donald L. Gilbert
Introduction	415	(1)
Approach/Clinical Features	415	(2)
Diagnostic Genetic Testing For Progressive and Familial Ataxias	417	(2)
Selected Categories of Ataxia and Their Therapy	419	(2)
Summary	421	(2)
Dysautonomias	423	(6)
Natan Gadoth
Introduction	423	(1)
Diagnosis and Evaluation	423	(1)
Treatment	424	(3)
Prognosis	427	(1)
Summary	428	(1)
Syncope	429	(4)
Xue Ming
Sina Zaim
Introduction	429	(1)
Pathophysiology	429	(1)
Diagnostic Evaluation	430	(1)
Therapeutic Approach	431	(2)
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis	433	(6)
Anita L. Belman
Introduction	433	(1)
Diagnosis and Evaluation	433	(2)
Therapy	435	(1)
Prognosis	436	(1)
Summary	436	(3)
Childhood Multiple Sclerosis	439	(6)
Annapurna Poduri
Gihan Tennekoon
Introduction	439	(1)
Epidemiology	439	(1)
Etiology	439	(1)
Clinical Presentation	440	(2)
Management	442	(3)
Acute Transverse Myelitis	445	(8)
Douglas Kerr
Chitra Krishnan
Frank S. Pidcock
Introduction	445	(1)
Diagnosis and Clinical Features	445	(1)
Diagnostic Evaluation	446	(1)
Therapy	447	(2)
Prognosis	449	(2)
Summary	451	(2)
Optic Neuritis	453	(4)
Linda M. Famiglio
Introduction	453	(1)
Diagnosis/Clinical Features	453	(2)
Treatment	455	(1)
Prognosis	456	(1)
Summary	456	(1)
Rett Syndrome	457	(6)
Genila M. Bibat
SakkuBai Naidu
Introduction	457	(1)
Diagnosis and Evaluation	457	(1)
Treatment	458	(2)
Prognosis	460	(1)
Summary	461	(2)
Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder	463	(6)
Marco A. Grados
Introduction	463	(1)
Diagnosis and Evaluation	463	(2)
Treatment	465	(2)
Prognosis	467	(1)
Summary	468	(1)
Learning Disabilities	469	(6)
Martha Bridge Denckla
Introduction	469	(1)
Diagnosis	469	(1)
Accommodations and Therapy	470	(2)
Prognosis	472	(1)
Summary	472	(3)
Behavioral Interventions	475	(6)
Dana D. Cummings
Introduction	475	(1)
Behavior Modification	476	(1)
Relaxation Training and Biofeedback	477	(4)
Interpretation of Neuropsychological Testing	481	(8)
E. Mark Mahone
Introduction	481	(1)
Overview of Pediatric Neuropsychological Assessment	482	(1)
Challenges for the Conceptualization and Description of Various Conditions	483	(1)
Steps in the Assessment Process	483	(4)
Summary	487	(2)
Autism Spectrum Disorders	489	(6)
Andrew W. Zimmerman
Introduction	489	(1)
Diagnosis and Evalution	490	(1)
Laboratory Testing	491	(1)
Treatment	492	(1)
Summary	493	(2)
ADHD	495	(6)
Stewart Mostofsky
Introduction	495	(1)
Clinical Features	495	(1)
Pathobiology	496	(1)
Diagnosis and Evaluation	497	(1)
Therapeutic Interventions	498	(2)
Summary	500	(1)
Anxiety Disorders in Children	501	(6)
Julie Newman Kingery
John T. Walkup
Introduction	501	(1)
Etiology	501	(1)
Diagnosis and Clinical Features	501	(3)
Treatment for Anxiety Disorders	504	(2)
Summary	506	(1)
Mood Disorders in Children	507	(6)
Helen E. Courvoisie
Introduction	507	(1)
Etiology	507	(1)
Diagnostic and Clinical Features	508	(2)
Treatment	510	(2)
Summary	512	(1)
Conduct Disorder	513	(6)
Shannon Barnett
Mark Riddle
Introduction	513	(1)
Co-Morbidities and Differential Diagnosis	514	(1)
Prevention	515	(1)
Treatment	515	(1)
Multimodal Approaches	516	(1)
Psychopharmacologic Approaches	516	(1)
Conclusion	517	(2)
Substance Abuse	519	(6)
Nancy P. Dalos
Introduction	519	(1)
Diagnosis and Evaluation	520	(1)
Treatment	521	(2)
Chronic Treatment of Established Dependence/Addiction	523	(2)
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome, Serotonin Syndrome, and Malignant Hyperthermia	525	(8)
Ian Butler
Pedro Mancias
Introduction	525	(1)
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS)	525	(1)
Diagnosis and Evaluation	526	(1)
Management	526	(1)
Serotonin Syndrome (SS)	527	(1)
Diagnosis and Clinical Features	527	(1)
Management	528	(1)
Malignant Hyperthermia (MH)	528	(1)
Diagnosis and Evaluation	528	(2)
Management	530	(1)
Conclusion	530	(3)
Pediatric Sleep Disorders	533	(6)
Carolyn Elizabeth Hart
Introduction	533	(1)
Diagnosis	533	(1)
Normal Sleep Development	533	(1)
Specific Disorders and Treatment	534	(5)
Sturge--Weber Syndrome	539	(6)
Anne M. Comi
Bernard L. Maria
Introduction	539	(1)
Presentations	539	(2)
Diagnosis and Evaluation	541	(1)
Therapy	541	(4)
Neurofibromatosis	545	(8)
Kaleb Yohay
Introduction	545	(1)
Neurofibromatosis 1: Clinical Features and Treatment	546	(5)
Neurofibromatosis 2: Clinical Manifestations and Treatment	551	(1)
Summary	552	(1)
Tuberous Sclerosis Complex	553	(8)
Raymond S. Kandt
Introduction	553	(1)
Diagnosis and Evaluation	553	(4)
Treatment	557	(1)
Prognosis	558	(3)
Hypomelanosis of Ito	561	(4)
Lori L. Olson
Bernard L. Maria
Introduction	561	(1)
Diagnosis	561	(1)
Clinical Features	561	(1)
Evaluation	562	(1)
Genetics of HI	562	(1)
Differential Diagnosis	563	(1)
Treatment	563	(1)
Prognosis	563	(1)
Summary	564	(1)
Index	565