Trees and Forests: A Colour Guide: Biology, Pathology, Propagation, Silviculture, Surgery, Biomes, Ecology, Conservation

by Bowes, Bryan G.

• ISBN13: 9780123821737
• ISBN10: 0123821738
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2010-03-26
• Publisher: Academic Pr

Summary

Trees are a dominant feature of life on earth, and yet are under severe threat. The aim of this timely volume is to gather together aspects of trees, forests, their development, environments and ecology that are usually considered separately. Chapters deal with various world habitats, ranging from northern coniferous forests to tropical rainforests. Topics include tree morphology, diseases and pests, forest ecology, management, surgery, propagation and conservation. Concise text is illustrated throughout by color photos, diagrams and summary tables.Trees and Forests-A Color Guide is designed to appeal to professionals and students in plant science, plant biology, ecology and conservation, to those working in forestry and arboriculture and to interested non-specialist readers.Key Features*Includes ecology and conservation, tree anatomy and evolution, pathology, silviculture, propagation and surgery.*Chapters cover trees from all different habitats around the world.*Highest quality of colour photos.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. 5
Contributors	p. 6
Abbreviations	p. 7
Dedications	p. 8
Introduction to Woody Habitat
Survey of trees: their global significance, architecture, and early evolution	p. 9
Introduction	p. 9
Types of trees	p. 11
Importance of trees for civilization	p. 17
Tree architecture	p. 24
The evolution of land plants and trees	p. 32
World Distribution of Forests
Northern boreal and montane coniferous forests	p. 40
Introduction	p. 40
Conifers of the boreal forest belt	p. 41
Montane conifers	p. 44
Coastal conifers	p. 46
Concluding remarks	p. 50
Temperate deciduous and temperate rain forests	p. 51
Temperate deciduous forests (TDFs)	p. 51
Temperate rain forests (TRFs)	p. 61
Temperate mixed evergreen forests	p. 68
Introduction	p. 68
Temperate evergreen forests of Australia	p. 70
Temperate evergreen forests of Tasmania and New Zealand	p. 76
Temperate evergreen forests of South Africa	p. 77
Temperate evergreen forests of northern and central Chile	p. 80
Temperate mixed evergreen forests of the Mediterranean	p. 82
Tropical and sub-tropical rain and dry forests	p. 87
Introduction	p. 87
The forests of tropical America	p. 90
The forests of southeast Asia and Australia	p. 97
The forests of Africa	p. 99
Old world dry semi-deciduous forests	p. 101
Montane forests	p. 101
Secondary forests	p. 102
Tree Morphology, Anatomy, and Histology
Woody thickening in trees and shrubs	p. 104
Introduction	p. 104
Vascular activity in broadleaved and coniferous trees	p. 107
Structure and function of bark	p. 120
Tree Pathology
The role of cell-wall polymers in disease resistance in woody plants	p. 126
Introduction	p. 126
The molecular structure of cell-wall polymers	p. 128
The cell wall as a physical barrier to infection	p. 133
Active defence mechanisms involving the cell wall	p. 135
Future developments	p. 137
Microbial and viral pathogens, and plant parasites of plantation and forest trees	p. 139
Introduction	p. 139
Tree root diseases	p. 140
Diseases of stems	p. 149
Diseases of foliage	p. 155
Decay	p. 160
Rust diseases	p. 165
Wilt diseases	p. 169
Virus diseases	p. 173
Parasitic plants	p. 174
Acknowledgements	p. 177
Insect pests of some important forest trees	p. 178
Introduction	p. 178
Sap feeders	p. 179
Bark and stem borers	p. 183
Shoot borers	p. 188
Bark chewers	p. 191
Defoliators	p. 192
Termites	p. 195
Concluding remarks	p. 197
Forest Ecology and Management, Tree Surgery, Propagation, and Conservation
General forest ecological processes	p. 198
Introduction	p. 198
Size and growth	p. 198
Light	p. 199
Water	p. 203
Nutrients	p. 203
Coarse woody debris	p. 206
Evergreen and deciduous leaves	p. 207
Concluding remarks	p. 209
Silvicultural systems	p. 210
Introduction	p. 210
Ecological principles in forest regeneration	p. 210
Classification of systems	p. 212
Even-aged systems	p. 212
Uneven-aged systems	p. 218
Silvicultural systems in different parts of the tropics	p. 220
Concluding remarks	p. 224
Tree pruning and surgery in arboriculture	p. 225
Introduction	p. 225
Rationale and problems of tree surgery	p. 229
Tree pruning techniques	p. 230
Phenology	p. 234
Pollarding	p. 234
Artificial support systems	p. 235
Tree felling	p. 236
Concluding remarks	p. 236
Tree propagation for forestry and arboriculture	p. 238
Introduction	p. 238
Overview of concepts	p. 238
Propagation by seed	p. 239
Vegetative propagation	p. 242
Handling of young propagules	p. 248
Ethics in tree propagation	p. 251
Forest and woodland conservation	p. 252
Introduction	p. 252
Reserve size	p. 253
Population size	p. 255
Conservation genetics	p. 257
The human component	p. 257
Maintaining biological interactions	p. 261
Reserve management	p. 262
Education and capacity building	p. 262
Concluding remarks	p. 262
References and general reading	p. 264
Index	p. 279
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