Trichoderma And Gliocladium, Volume 2: Enzymes, Biological Control and commercial applications

by Kubicek; C. P.

• ISBN13: 9780748408054
• ISBN10: 0748408053
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1998-07-31
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

Fungi belonging to the genera Trichoderma and Gliocladium are soil- bourne saprophytes which have been used for industrial and agricultural applications for decades. Some strains produce enzymes and antibiotics while others are useful as biological agents for the protection of plants against pathogens.This second volume of two describes the commercial uses of Trichoderma and Gliocladium, beginning with an in depth discussion of the degradation of polysaccharides and macromolecules by fungal enzymes. The application of the fungi in biocontrol for agricultural purposes is then examined. The final section of this volume deals with protein production and the utilisation of Trichoderma enzymes by various industries.

Table of Contents

Preface
Contributors
PART ONE Degradation of Polysaccharides and Related Macromolecules	1	(128)
Structure-function relationships in Trichoderma cellulolytic enzymes	3	(22)
A. Koivula
M. Linder
T. T. Teeri
Introduction	3	(1)
Domain structures of cellulolytic enzymes	4	(5)
Catalytic reaction mechanisms of T. reesei cellobiohydrolases	9	(5)
Role and function of the cellulose-binding domains	14	(2)
Aspects of crystalline cellulose degradation	16	(9)
References	19	(6)
Enzymology of hemicellulose degradation	25	(24)
P. Biely
M. Tenkanen
Introduction	25	(1)
Xylan structure and enzymes required for its hydrolysis	26	(10)
β-Mannan structures and enzymes required for their hydrolysis	36	(5)
Conclusions	41	(8)
References	42	(7)
Regulation of production of plant polysaccharide degrading enzymes by Trichoderma	49	(24)
C. P. Kubicek
M. E. Penttila
Introduction	49	(2)
Regulation of cellulase expression	51	(12)
Regulation of hemicellulase expression	63	(3)
Conclusions	66	(7)
References	67	(6)
Chitinolytic enzymes and their genes	73	(28)
M. Lorito
Introduction	73	(1)
Chitinolytic enzymes from Trichoderma and Gliocladium	74	(10)
Genes encoding chitinolytic enzymes	84	(4)
Roles of chitinolytic enzymes and their genes	88	(2)
Potential applications and commercial usefulness of chitinolytic enzymes and their genes	90	(11)
Acknolwledgments	92	(1)
References	92	(9)
Glucanolytic and other enzymes and their genes	101	(28)
T. Benitez
C. Limon
J. Delgado-Jarana
M. Rey
Introduction	101	(3)
Glucanolytic enzymes and their genes	104	(10)
Other hydrolases and their genes	114	(4)
Biotechnological applications of hydrolytic enzymes	118	(11)
Acknowledgments	121	(1)
References	121	(8)
PART TWO Application of Trichoderma and Gliocladium in Agriculture	129	(160)
Trichoderma and Gliocladium in biological control: an overview	131	(22)
L. Hjeljord
A. Tronsmo
The need for biologically based fungicides	131	(1)
Suitability of Trichoderma and Gliocladium spp. as biological control agents	132	(7)
Antagonistic mechanisms	139	(3)
Integrated control	142	(1)
Formulation and delivery	143	(1)
Conclusions	144	(9)
References	145	(8)
Mycoparasitism and Iytic enzymes	153	(20)
I. Chet
N. Benhamou
S. Haran
Sequential events involved in mycoparasitism	153	(8)
Heterologous Iytic enzymes as a tool for enhancing biocontrol activity	161	(2)
Ultrastructural changes and cellular mechanisms during the mycoparasitic process	163	(5)
Concluding remarks	168	(5)
References	169	(4)
The role of antibiosis in biocontrol	173	(12)
C. R. Howell
Introduction	173	(1)
Antibiotics associated with disease control by Trichoderma and Gliocladium species	173	(3)
Environmental parameters affecting antibiotic production and activity	176	(2)
Antibiotics as mechanisms in disease biocontrol, and their modes of action	178	(1)
Genetic manipulation of antibiotics and disease control	179	(1)
Concluding remarks	180	(5)
References	180	(5)
Direct effects of Trichoderma and Gliocladium on plant growth and resistance to pathogens	185	(20)
B. A. Bailey
R. D. Lumsden
Introduction	185	(1)
Plant growth inhibition	185	(6)
Plant growth promotion	191	(7)
Unraveling host plant interactions	198	(7)
References	200	(5)
Industrial production of active propagules of Trichoderma for agricultural uses	205	(24)
E. Agosin
J. M. Aguilera
Introduction	205	(1)
Trichoderma propagules for agricultural purposes	205	(1)
Producing high-quality conidial biomass of Trichoderma	206	(10)
Preserving the quality of a dry commercial biopesticide	216	(13)
Acknowledgments	223	(1)
References	223	(6)
Potential and existing uses of Trichoderma and Gliocladium for plant disease control and plant growth enhancement	229	(38)
G. E. Harman
T. Bjorkman
Historical perspective	229	(1)
Requirements for development of successful biocontrol systems and products	230	(2)
Product examples and concepts of use	232	(28)
Summary	260	(7)
References	261	(6)
Trichoderma as a weed mould or pathogen in mushroom cultivation	267	(22)
D. Seaby
Introduction	267	(3)
Green mould epidemic in Ireland	270	(10)
A Trichoderma harzianum group 4 green mould epidemic in North America	280	(1)
Green mould in Australia	280	(1)
The Trichoderma spp. found on mushroom casing	281	(1)
Summary and discussion	281	(3)
Appendix	284	(5)
References	285	(4)
PART THREE Protein Production and Application of Trichoderma Enzymes	289
Industrial mutants and recombinant strains of Trichoderma reesei	291
A. Mantyla
M. Paloheimo
P. Suominen
Introduction	291
Industrial mutants of Trichoderma reesei	292
Industrial recombinant strains of Trichoderma reesei	294
Concluding remarks	304
References	304
Application of Trichoderma enzymes in the textile industry	311
Y. M. Galante
A. De Conti
R. Monteverdi
Introduction and background: why the textile industry?	311
Enzymatic stonewashing of denim garments with fungal cellulases	312
Biofinishing and enzymatic defibrillation of cellulosic fibers	317
Current perspectives and future developments for cellulase applications in textiles	323
Acknowledgments	324
References	324
Application of Trichoderma enzymes in the food and feed industries	327
Y. M. Galante
A. De Conti
R. Monteverdi
Brewing	327
Wine making and fruit juices	329
Olive oil production	332
Animal feed	338
References	341
Applications of Trichoderma reesei enzymes in the pulp and paper industry	343
J. Buchert
T. Oksanen
J. Pere
M. Siika-aho
A. Suurnakki
L. Viikari
Introduction	343
Reasons for modifying the fibre substrates	344
Potential enzymes for commercial applications	346
Applications of T. reesei enzymes in the pulp and paper industry	349
Conclusions	356
References	357
Heterologous protein production in Trichoderma	365
M. Penttila
General features of Trichoderma in protein production	365
Tools and strategies for heterologous protein production	366
Examples of heterologous protein production in T. reesei	367
Conclusions and future aspects	376
References	379