True Visions

by Aarts, E. H. L.; Encarnacao, J. L.

• ISBN13: 9783540289722
• ISBN10: 3540289720
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-08-30
• Publisher: Springer Nature

Summary

Ambient intelligence (AI) refers to a developing technology that will increasingly make our everyday environment sensitive and responsive to our presence. The AI vision requires technology invisibly embedded in our everyday surroundings, present whenever we need it that will lead to the seamless integration of lighting, sounds, vision, domestic appliances, and personal healthcare products to enhance our living experience. Written for the non-specialist seeking an authoritative but accessible overview of this interdisciplinary field, True Visions explains how the devices making up the AI world will operate collectively using information and intelligence hidden in the wireless network connecting them. Expert contributions address key AI components such as smart materials and textiles, system architecture, mobile computing, broadband communication, and underlying issues of human-environment interactions. It seeks to unify the perspectives of scientists from diverse backgrounds ranging from the physics of materials [here I deleted 'science'] to the aesthetics of industrial design as it describes the emergence of ambient intelligence, one of today's most compelling areas of innovation.

Table of Contents

1 Into Ambient Intelligence
E. Aarts and J. Encarnação	1	(16)
1.1 The Vision	1	(1)
1.2 Trends and Opportunities	2	(4)
1.2.1 "More Moore" and "More than Moore"	3	(1)
1.2.2 Weaving the Web	3	(1)
1.2.3 The Experience Economy	4	(1)
1.2.4 Advances in Design	5	(1)
1.3 A Brief History of Ambient Intelligence	6	(4)
1.3.1 Early Developments at Philips	6	(1)
1.3.2 Opening up the Vision	7	(1)
1.3.3 Where Are We Headed?	8	(2)
1.4 Realizing Ambient Intelligence	10	(6)
1.4.1 For the Well-Being	10	(1)
1.4.2 Reorientation	11	(2)
1.4.3 Impact Through Integration	13	(1)
1.4.4 Turning Vision into Reality	14	(2)
1.5 Ambient Intelligence Becomes a Success	16	(1)
2 Information, Society and Technology
J.-C. Burgelman and Y. Punie	17	(18)
2.1 Introduction	17	(2)
2.2 The And Vision: A Different Encounter Between Technology and Society	19	(3)
2.2.1 Shifts from Technology to Usage	19	(1)
2.2.2 Shifts in EU RTD Framework Programmes	20	(1)
2.2.3 Designing Ambient Intelligence is Designing Social Structures	21	(1)
2.3 1ST, the European Social Model and the Lisbon Objectives	22	(2)
2.4 Foresight in IST in Europe	24	(3)
2.4.1 Social Drivers	24	(1)
2.4.2 Promising IST Applications	25	(2)
2.5 And Innovation in Europe	27	(5)
2.5.1 Sharing of Knowledge, Learning and Experiences	27	(1)
2.5.2 Health Care	28	(2)
2.5.3 eGovernance	30	(1)
2.5.4 Biometric Identification	31	(1)
2.6 Conclusions	32	(3)
3 Ambient Culture
S. Marzano	35	(18)
3.1 Prelude	35	(1)
3.2 Questions, Questions, Questions	35	(1)
3.3 What Should Ambient Intelligence Do?	36	(3)
3.3.1 Fundamental Human Drives	36	(2)
3.3.2 Social and Physical Constraints	38	(1)
3.3.3 Potential for Growth, Profit, and Wealth	39	(1)
3.4 How Will Ambient Intelligence Do What It Does?	39	(2)
3.4.1 Relevant, Meaningful, Understandable	40	(1)
3.5 Some Examples	41	(3)
3.5.1 La Casa Prossima Futura	41	(1)
3.5.2 New Nomads	42	(1)
3.5.3 Living Memory	43	(1)
3.6 How Do We Create the "Right" Ambient Intelligence the Relevant Hypothesis for a Desirable Future?	44	(3)
3.6.1 Imagineering	45	(1)
3.6.2 Communication	46	(1)
3.6.3 Getting Real	46	(1)
3.6.4 Into Production	47	(1)
3.7 Business Issues	47	(2)
3.7.1 Partnerships	47	(1)
3.7.2 Bottom of the Pyramid	48	(1)
3.8 Deeper Issues	49	(3)
3.8.1 Educating Our Intelligent Objects	49	(1)
3.8.2 The Next Challenge	50	(1)
3.8.3 Where Is the Boundary?	50	(1)
3.8.4 Which Reality Is Real"	51	(1)
3.9 How to Measure Intelligence?	52	(1)
3.10 The Culture of Ambient Intelligence — Human Culture in the Broadest Sense	52	(1)
4 Smart Materials
D.J. Broer, H. van Houten, M. Ouwerkerk J.M.J. den Toonder P. van der Sluis. S.I. Klink, R.A.M. Hikmet, and R. Balkenende	53	(30)
4.1 Introduction	53	(1)
4.2 Chromogenic Materials	54	(2)
4.3 Thermochromic Skins Based on Liquid Crystals	56	(2)
4.4 Switchable Mirrors	58	(3)
4.5 Switchable Cholesteric Mirrors	61	(2)
4.6 Electronic Skins and Paintable Displays	63	(3)
4.7 Polymers with a Mechanical Response	66	(17)
4.7.1 Electrically Stimulated Responsive Polymers	68	(8)
4.7.2 Temperature-Driven Responsive Polymers	76	(3)
4.7.3 Light-Driven Polymer Smart Materials	79	(2)
4.7.4 Other Stimuli	81	(2)
5 Electronic Dust and e-Grains
H. Reichl and M.J. Wolf	83	(30)
5.1 Introduction	83	(2)
5.2 Basic Construction of Self-Sufficient Wireless Sensor Nodes – e-Grains	85	(2)
5.3 System Design	87	(2)
5.4 System Integration Technologies	89	(12)
5.4.1 Stacking of Organic Substrates	90	(3)
5.4.2 Integration of Flexible Functional Layers	93	(8)
5.5 Embedded Components in Organic Substrates	101	(1)
5.6 Wafer-Level Integration by Chip or Wafer Stacking	102	(3)
5.7 Autonomous Energy Supply for e-Grains	105	(1)
5.8 Wafer-Level Integration of Lithium-Polymer Batteries	106	(1)
5.9 Micro-fuel Cell Integration	107	(3)
5.10 Summary and Outlook	110	(3)
6 Electronic Textiles
H. Reichl, C. Kallmayer, and T. Linz	113	(18)
6.1 Introduction	113	(2)
6.2 Conductors	115	(2)
6.2.1 Textile Wires	115	(1)
6.2.2 Metallized Threads	115	(1)
6.2.3 Intrinsically Conductive Yarn	116	(1)
6.2.4 Resistance	116	(1)
6.3 Textile Processing with Conductive Threads	117	(2)
6.3.1 Weaving	117	(1)
6.3.2 Embroidery	118	(1)
6.4 Interconnection and Packaging	119	(3)
6.4.1 Embroidered Contacts	119	(1)
6.4.2 Detachable Interconnections	120	(1)
6.4.3 Dimensions and Precision	121	(1)
6.4.4 Encapsulation	121	(1)
6.5 Applications	122	(5)
6.5.1 ECG Shirt	122	(2)
6.5.2 Communication Jacket	124	(1)
6.5.3 Textile Transponder	125	(2)
6.6 Future Challenges	127	(2)
6.7 Conclusion and Outlook	129	(2)
7 Computing Platforms
H. De Man and R. Lauwereins	131	(18)
7.1 Reconsidering the Vision	131	(1)
7.2 "More-Moore": Managing Giga-complexity	132	(12)
7.2.1 Managing the Architectural Gap	133	(3)
7.2.2 Managing the Physical Gap: Nano-scale Realities Hit Platform Architects	136	(3)
7.2.3 Future Computing Platforms: Towards Highly Parallel Tile-based Network-on-a-Chip (NoC)	139	(4)
7.2.4 The Devil Is in the Software	143	(1)
7.3 "More-Than-Moore": Ultra-creativity for Ultra-low Power and Cost	144	(2)
7.4 Conclusions	146	(3)
8 Software Platforms
N. Georgantas, P. Inverardi, and V. Issarny	149	(20)
8.1 Introduction	149	(1)
8.2 Software Systems for Ambient Intelligence	150	(5)
8.2.1 Software Architectures	151	(1)
8.2.2 Middleware	152	(1)
8.2.3 Architectural Framework for Software Systems	153	(2)
8.3 Aura: User Task-Driven Environment Configuration	155	(3)
8.3.1 Architecture	155	(1)
8.3.2 Triggers to Dynamic Behavior	156	(1)
8.3.3 Dynamic Behavior	157	(1)
8.4 Gala: Progranunable Active Spaces	158	(4)
8.4.1 Architecture	158	(2)
8.4.2 Triggers to Dynamic Behavior	160	(1)
8.4.3 Dynamic Behavior	161	(1)
8.5 WSAMI: Ad hoc, Decentralized And Environments	162	(4)
8.5.1 Architecture	162	(2)
8.5.2 Triggers to Dynamic Behavior	164	(1)
8.5.3 Dynamic Behavior	165	(1)
8.6 Assessment and Research Challenges	166	(3)
9 Mobile Computing
B. Svendsen	169	(16)
9.1 Computing Everywhere and Anywhere	169	(1)
9.2 Applications of Mobile Computing	170	(4)
9.2.1 Your Personal Economy Will Be in Your Pocket	170	(1)
9.2.2 Electronic Tags Replace Bar Codes and Add More to It	171	(1)
9.2.3 The House Knows What You Are Up To	171	(1)
9.2.4 Attentive Vehicles - Road and Transport Safety	172	(1)
9.2.5 Public Services for Citizens	173	(1)
9.2.6 Monitoring Product Quality Improves Food Safety	173	(1)
9.3 In the Bottom Lies the Technology	174	(5)
9.3.1 Wireless Communication	174	(1)
9.3.2 Wireless Location	175	(1)
9.3.3 Multistandard and Flexible – Software Radio	176	(1)
9.3.4 Wireless Proximity Technologies -- Electronics Tags	176	(2)
9.3.5 Wireless Concepts and Technologies for Novel Applications	178	(1)
9.4 Challenges Imposed on the Domain by Ambient Intelligence	179	(1)
9.5 How Far Have We Come?	180	(4)
9.5.1 Buying and Paying by the Mobile Phone	180	(1)
9.5.2 Retail Chains Is Starting to Use Electronic Tags	180	(1)
9.5.3 Electronic Luggage Tags at Airports	181	(1)
9.5.4 United States Introduces Electronic Passports	181	(1)
9.5.5 Electronic Shepherds and Surveillance	182	(1)
9.5.6 Mobile Phone as Tourist Guide	183	(1)
9.5.7 Attentive Vehicles Seek to Prevent Road Accidents	183	(1)
9.6 Concluding Remarks	184	(1)
10 Broadband Communication
P. Lagasse and I. Moerman	185	(24)
10.1 Vision	185	(1)
10.2 Ongoing Evolutions in Broadband Communication	186	(1)
10.3 Too Many Wireless Technologies Today?	187	(5)
10.3.1 Overview of Existing Wireless Technologies	187	(3)
10.3.2 Do We Really Need All Those Technologies?	190	(2)
10.4 How to Deal with All These Wireless Technologies?	192	(12)
10.4.1 The Concept of Personal Networking	192	(4)
10.4.2 Main Challenges of Personal Networks	196	(3)
10.4.3 Some Personal Network Solutions	199	(5)
10.5 Conclusions	204	(5)
11 e-Infrastructure and e-Science
T. Hey, D. De Roure, and A.E. Trefethen	209	(22)
11.1 Introduction	209	(1)
11.2 e-Science and the Grid	210	(5)
11.2.1 The e-Science Vision	210	(1)
11.2.2 The e-Science Infrastructure	211	(1)
11.2.3 Web Service Grids	212	(1)
11.2.4 The "Data Deluge" as a Driver for e-Science	213	(2)
11.3 Pervasive Computing and Ambient Intelligence	215	(3)
11.3.1 Sensor Networks	216	(1)
11.3.2 Interaction	217	(1)
11.3.3 Intelligence	217	(1)
11.4 The Semantic Web	218	(3)
11.4.1 Towards a Semantic Grid	219	(1)
11.4.2 Semantic Web and Pervasive Computing	220	(1)
11.5 The Symbiosis of Grid and Ambient Intelligent Computing	221	(2)
11.5.1 Devices Need the Grid for Computation	221	(1)
11.5.2 Devices Need the Grid for Integration	221	(1)
11.5.3 The Grid Needs Devices to Interface with the Physical World	222	(1)
11.5.4 Virtualization	222	(1)
11.5.5 The Information Systems Perspective	222	(1)
11.5.6 Grid Computation on Networks of Devices	223	(1)
11.5.7 Self-organization	223	(1)
11.6 Case Studies	223	(4)
11.6.1 CombeChem	224	(1)
11.6.2 Grid Based Medical Devices for Everyday Health	225	(1)
11.6.3 FloodNet	226	(1)
11.7 Challenges to the Vision	227	(1)
11.8 Conclusions	228	(3)
12 Context Aware Services
J.L. Crowley, P. Reignier, and J. Coutaz	231	(14)
12.1 Introduction	231	(1)
12.2 A Brief History of Context	232	(2)
12.2.1 Context in Artificial Intelligence	232	(1)
12.2.2 Context in Computer Vision	233	(1)
12.2.3 Context in Mobile Computing	233	(1)
12.2.4 Defining Context	233	(1)
12.3 A Conceptual Framework for Context Aware Systems	234	(2)
12.3.1 A Layered Model for Context Aware Services	235	(1)
12.4 Defining Situation Models as Interaction Scripts	236	(2)
12.4.1 Principle 1: Keep It Simple	237	(1)
12.4.2 Principle 2: Behaviour Drives Design	237	(1)
12.5 Example: Context Aware Automatic Video Acquisition	238	(4)
12.5.1 Sample Recording from Context Aware Automatic Video Acquisition System	242	(1)
12.6 Learning Context Models: Adaptation and Development	242	(2)
12.7 Conclusions	244	(1)
13 Computational Intelligence
E. Aarts, H. ter Horst, J. Korst, and W. Verhaegh	245	(30)
13.1 Introduction	245	(1)
13.2 Machine Intelligence	246	(4)
13.2.1 Artificial Intelligence	246	(1)
13.2.2 Movie Script Scenarios for Ambient Intelligence	247	(2)
13.2.3 Social Versus Cognitive Intelligence	249	(1)
13.3 AmI Elements of Social Intelligence	250	(7)
13.3.1 See, Hear, Feel	251	(1)
13.3.2 Understand, Interpret, Relate	252	(1)
13.3.3 Look, Find, Remember	253	(2)
13.3.4 Act, Adapt, Learn	255	(1)
13.3.5 Create, Express, Emerge	256	(1)
13.4 Computational Paradigms	257	(14)
13.4.1 Search	257	(4)
13.4.2 Reasoning	261	(4)
13.4.3 Learning	265	(3)
13.4.4 Evolution	268	(3)
13.5 Intrinsic Limitations	271	(1)
13.6 Concluding Challenges	272	(3)
14 Social User Interfaces
A. Nijholt, D. Heylen, B. de Ruyter, and P. Saini	275	(16)
14.1 Introduction	275	(2)
14.2 Social Interfaces and Multimodal Interaction	277	(3)
14.3 The Impact of Affect and Social Intelligence: the iCat Case	280	(5)
14.3.1 Experiment	281	(2)
14.3.2 Tasks	283	(1)
14.3.3 Measures	283	(1)
14.3.4 Results	284	(1)
14.4 Modeling Affect in a Dialogical Robot	285	(4)
14.4.1 Multimodal Interaction	285	(2)
14.4.2 Affective Interactions	287	(2)
14.5 Conclusions and Future Research	289	(2)
15 Multi-modal Human–Environment Interaction
R. Wasinger and W. Wahlster	291	(16)
15.1 Introduction	291	(1)
15.2 Tangible Multi-modal Dialog Scenario	292	(2)
15.3 Instrumented Environment Infrastructure	294	(2)
15.4 Symmetric Multi-modal Interaction	296	(4)
15.4.1 Base Modalities	297	(1)
15.4.2 Symmetric Modality Combinations	298	(1)
15.4.3 Output Modality Allocation Strategy	299	(1)
15.5 Anthropomorphized Products	300	(3)
15.5.1 The Role of Anthropomorphization	300	(1)
15.5.2 Adding Human-like Characteristics	301	(1)
15.5.3 State-Based Object Model	302	(1)
15.6 Usability Study	303	(2)
15.6.1 Method	303	(1)
15.6.2 Results	304	(1)
15.6.3 Lessons Learnt	305	(1)
15.7 Conclusions and Future Work	305	(2)
16 Intelligent Media
P. Treleaven and S. Emmott	307	(14)
16.1 Introduction	307	(1)
16.2 Emergence of Intelligent Media	308	(1)
16.3 Economic Importance of the Creative Industries	309	(1)
16.4 Intelligent Media: Key Concepts and Technologies	309	(3)
16.4.1 Key Concepts	310	(1)
16.4.2 Key Technologies	311	(1)
16.5 Intelligent Media and the Creative Sectors	312	(7)
16.5.1 Film and Television	313	(1)
16.5.2 Music	313	(2)
16.5.3 Cultural Sectors	315	(1)
16.5.4 Design	316	(1)
16.5.5 Leisure Sectors	316	(1)
16.5.6 Advertising	317	(2)
16.6 Conclusion	319	(2)
17 Smart Environments
T. Kirste	321	(18)
17.1 Introduction	321	(1)
17.2 Smart Environments	322	(3)
17.3 Building Smart Environments: the Ensemble Challenge	325	(4)
17.3.1 Another Scenario	325	(1)
17.3.2 ...and Its Implications	326	(1)
17.3.3 Significant Changes	327	(2)
17.4 The Source of Strategy	329	(1)
17.5 Goal-Based Interaction	330	(3)
17.6 Appliances and Event Processing Pipelines	333	(4)
17.6.1 Looking at Appliances	333	(1)
17.6.2 Towards a Middleware for Self-Organizing Ensembles	334	(2)
17.6.3 Ensemble Organization by SodaPop	336	(1)
17.7 Conclusion	337	(2)
18 Sensory Augmented Computing
B. Schiele	339	(20)
18.1 Introduction	339	(1)
18.2 Sensing Opportunities for Ambient Intelligence	340	(3)
18.2.1 The Logical View: Dimensions of Sensing	340	(1)
18.2.2 Physical View: Placement of Sensors	341	(1)
18.2.3 Sensors in AmI Research	341	(2)
18.2.4 Discussion	343	(1)
18.3 Proactive Furniture	343	(1)
18.4 Sensing a Furniture Assembly	344	(7)
18.4.1 The IKEA PAX Wardrobe	344	(1)
18.4.2 Assembly Plan	345	(2)
18.4.3 Observing the User's Actions	347	(1)
18.4.4 Sensor Experiments	348	(1)
18.4.5 Detecting Partial Actions	349	(1)
18.4.6 Detecting Complete Actions	350	(1)
18.5 Situation-Aware Affordances	351	(4)
18.5.1 General Concept	351	(1)
18.5.2 Specific Solution	352	(2)
18.5.3 Summary of a User Study	354	(1)
18.6 Conclusions and Discussion	355	(4)
19 Experience Design
B. Eggen and S. Kyffin	359	(18)
19.1 Introduction	359	(1)
19.2 Looking to the Future	360	(4)
19.2.1 Disappearing Technology	360	(3)
19.2.2 The Future Seen from a People's Point of View	363	(1)
19.3 The Home Experience	364	(1)
19.4 Design Insights of AmI Systems	365	(5)
19.5 New Directions	370	(6)
19.5.1 Multimodal Interaction	370	(2)
19.5.2 Interaction with Intelligent Tangible Objects	372	(1)
19.5.3 Ambient Culture	373	(1)
19.5.4 User-Centered Design	374	(2)
19.6 Conclusion	376	(1)
20 Experience Research
E.T. Hvannberg	377	(16)
20.1 Introduction	377	(2)
20.2 Goals of Experience Research	379	(1)
20.3 EARC Life Cycle Model	380	(5)
20.3.1 Exploration of the Problem Situation	381	(1)
20.3.2 Feasibility and Quality of Interaction	382	(1)
20.3.3 Demonstration and Validation	383	(1)
20.3.4 Assisted Reality	384	(1)
20.4 Facilitators of Experience Research	385	(4)
20.4.1 Prototypes	385	(2)
20.4.2 Experiments	387	(1)
20.4.3 Experience and Knowledge Management	388	(1)
20.4.4 Cooperation	388	(1)
20.5 Example Developments in Experience Research	389	(3)
20.5.1 Living Tomorrow	389	(1)
20.5.2 Philips HomeLab	389	(1)
20.5.3 Telenor's House of the Future	390	(1)
20.5.4 Brazilian Sao Paulo e-Government Facility	390	(1)
20.5.5 Responsive Home	390	(1)
20.5.6 Innovation Lab Katrinebjerg	391	(1)
20.5.7 Intelligent House Duisburg Innovation Center - inHaus	391	(1)
20.6 Challenges	392	(1)
References	393	(40)
Index	433