Underground Infrastructures: Planning, Design, and Construction

by Goel, R. K.; Singh, Bhawani; Zhao, Jian

• ISBN13: 9780123971685
• ISBN10: 0123971683
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2012-05-07
• Publisher: Elsevier Science Ltd

Summary

Underground facilities, such as tunnels, sewer, water and gas networks form the backbone of the economic life of the modern city. In densely populated areas where the demands for transportation and services are rapidly increasing and the construction of new roads and railways are prohibited, the construction of a tunnel might be the only alternative. Brief and readable, this reference is based on a combined 75 years of field experience and places emphasis is on simple practical rules for designing and planning, underground infrastructures. The books' begins with a clear and rigorous exposition of the classification of underground space, important considerations such as geological and engineering and underground planning. This is followed by self-contained chapters concerning applications for underground water storage, underground car parks, underground metros & road tunnels and underground storage of crude oil, lpg and natural gas. The book has 15 chapters covering various usage of underground space. There are about 135 figures and tables. The book contains about 20 case histories/examples. One of the first book to address all of the major areas in which this technology is used, this book deals with major topics such as: hydroelectric projects with modern planning of complex underground structures; underground storages of food items, crude oil and explosives and highly cautious underground nuclear waste repositories. Rail and road tunnels and TBM are described briefly. Risk management in underground infrastructures is of vital importance. Civil Engineers, Mining Engineers, and Geotechnical Engineers will find this book a valuable guide to designing and planning underground infrastructures both in terms of its applications. Risk management method for underground infrastructures Vital tips for the underground storage of food, water, crude oil, natural gas and munitions Provides design tips for Underground Parking Facilities Instruction for the designing planning and construction for underground Metros and road tunnels Planning and design of underground nuclear waste repositories Clearly explains the benefits and drawbacks of underground facilities Quick guide to the various modern mechanical underground parking options Explanation of construction planning and Risk management Places expert advice for planning and constructing projects at the finger tips

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xv
Introduction
Underground Space and Its Requirement	p. 1
History of Underground Space Use	p. 3
Underground Space for Sustainable Development	p. 5
What Should Be Done?	p. 7
Future of Underground Space Facilities	p. 8
Scope of the Book	p. 9
References	p. 9
Classification of Underground Space
General	p. 11
Major Classification Grouping	p. 12
Function	p. 12
Geometry	p. 13
Origin	p. 15
Site Features	p. 15
Project Features	p. 15
Benefits and Drawbacks of Underground Facilities	p. 15
References	p. 18
Important Considerations
Geological Considerations	p. 19
Engineering Considerations	p. 21
Psychological and Physiological Considerations	p. 23
Image of the Underground	p. 24
Actual Experiences in Underground Buildings	p. 25
Actual Experience in Windowless and Other Analogous Environments	p. 27
Potential Psychological Problems Associated with Underground Space	p. 29
Mitigating Factors	p. 30
Choosing to Go Underground-General Advantages	p. 33
Potential Physical Benefits	p. 34
Protection	p. 35
Security	p. 36
Aesthetics	p. 36
Environmental Advantages	p. 37
Materials	p. 37
Initial Cost/Land Cost Savings	p. 37
Construction Savings	p. 37
Sale of Excavated Material or Minerals	p. 38
Savings in Specialized Design Features	p. 38
Operating Cost/Maintenance	p. 38
Energy Use	p. 38
Land Use Efficiency	p. 39
Disaster Readiness/National Security	p. 39
Drawbacks of Underground Space Use	p. 40
Physical	p. 40
Climate Isolation	p. 40
Communication	p. 40
Human Occupancy	p. 40
Safety Considerations	p. 41
Fire Explosion	p. 41
Oxygen Shortage/Poisoning	p. 44
Flood	p. 44
Electric Power Failure	p. 45
Ventilation	p. 46
Legal and Administrative Considerations	p. 47
Limits of Surface Property Ownership	p. 47
Ownership and the Right to Develop Subsurface Space	p. 47
Application of Surface Land Use Regulations	p. 48
Environmental Controls	p. 48
Restrictions due to Surface and Subsurface Structures	p. 48
Economic Considerations	p. 49
References	p. 50
Underground Space Planning
Forms of Underground Space Available and Uses	p. 51
Level-Wise Planning of Underground Space Use	p. 53
Future Forms of Underground Space Use	p. 55
Technology for Underground Development	p. 56
Conceptual Designs	p. 60
Cost Considerations	p. 64
Planning of Underground Space	p. 65
References	p. 67
Underground Storage of Food Items
General	p. 69
Section 1	p. 70
Problems Associated with Underground Food Storage	p. 70
Site Selection	p. 71
Construction and Design	p. 71
Depth	p. 71
Unit Size	p. 75
Lining	p. 75
Loading and Unloading Equipment	p. 75
Equipment to Equilibrate Grain Temperature during Loading and Unloading	p. 75
Considerations while Loading the Storage	p. 76
Considerations prior to Unloading of Underground Storage	p. 77
Underground Storage Bins in Argentina	p. 77
Potato Storage	p. 78
Section 2	p. 78
Refrigerated Rock Stores	p. 78
Design of Underground Cold Storage	p. 79
Shape and Size	p. 79
Thermal Properties	p. 80
Cost Comparison	p. 81
Case Histories	p. 83
Warehouse Caverns in Singapore	p. 83
Cold Storage Plant in Bergen, Norway	p. 84
References	p. 87
Underground Storage of Water
General	p. 89
Water Storage by Recharge Methods	p. 90
Controlling Factors	p. 90
Recharge Methods	p. 90
Underground Rock Cavern Tank Storage	p. 94
Function and Location of Water Tanks	p. 94
Comparison between Aboveground and Underground Water Tanks	p. 94
Planning and Design	p. 95
Cost for Underground Cavern Storage	p. 96
Construction and Maintenance Experience	p. 97
Case Histories	p. 98
The Kvernberget Rock Cavern Tank	p. 98
The Steinan Rock Cavern Tank, Norway	p. 99
The Groheia Rock Cavern Tank in Kristiansand, Norway	p. 100
References	p. 101
Underground Parking
Introduction	p. 103
Types of Parking Facilities	p. 103
Various Modern Mechanical Underground Parking Options	p. 107
Trevipark System	p. 107
Douskos Car Parks-Mechanical Underground Parking Station Systems	p. 108
Evaluation Criteria of a Site for Underground Parking	p. 112
Design of Underground Parking Facilities	p. 113
Parking Guidance System	p. 115
Parking Lot Security	p. 116
Ventilation in Underground Car Parks	p. 117
Economics of Underground Parking Facilities	p. 119
Case Histories	p. 120
Sydney Opera House Underground Car Park	p. 120
Munich Automated Underground Parking System, Germany	p. 122
References	p. 124
Underground Metro and Road Tunnels
Introduction	p. 125
Findings of International Tunnelling Association	p. 129
Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM)	p. 130
Tunnel Boring Machines for Hard Rocks	p. 130
Shielded Tunnel Boring Machines	p. 132
Precast Lining	p. 135
Building Condition Survey and Vibration Limit	p. 136
Impact on Structures	p. 137
Subsidence	p. 137
Half-Tunnels for Roads	p. 139
Road Tunnels	p. 139
General	p. 139
Traffic Safety	p. 141
Construction Details	p. 141
Precautions to Protect Road Tunnels from Deterioration	p. 144
Cost of Construction	p. 145
Subsea Tunnels	p. 146
General	p. 146
Maintenance	p. 150
Case Histories	p. 155
Gotthard Base Tunnel (GBT)	p. 155
Lötschberg Base Tunnel (LBT)	p. 165
References	p. 171
Underground Storage of Crude Oil, Liquefied Petroleum Gas, and Natural Gas
Introduction	p. 173
Investigations and Design	p. 173
Underground Storage Technology	p. 174
Underground Unlined Storage	p. 174
Underground Lined Storage	p. 181
Storage of Natural Gas	p. 183
Tunnel-Shaped Storage Facility	p. 185
Disadvantages	p. 186
Separation Distance between Caverns	p. 186
Multitank Storage (Polytank) Concept	p. 187
Construction Principles	p. 187
Rock Mechanics of Polytank Storage	p. 188
Field of Applications	p. 189
Advantages	p. 190
General Advantages and Disadvantages of Underground Storages	p. 190
Advantages	p. 190
Disadvantages	p. 191
Inground Tanks	p. 191
Advantages	p. 191
Disadvantages	p. 191
Cost Aspects	p. 192
Effect of Earthquake	p. 194
Carbon Dioxide Sequestration	p. 194
References	p. 196
Civic Facilities Underground
General	p. 199
Sewage and Waste Water Treatment Plant	p. 199
Case Example of Cost Comparison	p. 200
Sports Center	p. 202
Underground Ice Rink	p. 202
Swimming Center	p. 203
Underground Pedestrian Path	p. 204
Operation of the System	p. 205
Shopping Mall	p. 207
Underground Recreational Facilities	p. 209
References	p. 210
Underground Structures for Hydroelectric Projects
Introduction	p. 213
Recent Developments in Planning of Hydroelectric Projects	p. 217
Types of Underground Structures	p. 220
Principles of Planning	p. 220
Fundamental Requirements	p. 225
Planning a Cavern	p. 226
Design of a Cavern	p. 227
Space and Geometries	p. 227
Geotechniques	p. 228
Orientation	p. 228
Excavation Sequence and Techniques	p. 228
In Situ Stresses	p. 229
Earthquake Forces	p. 229
Supports	p. 229
Advantages and Disadvantages	p. 231
Case Histories	p. 233
Churchill Falls Hydroelectric Project	p. 233
Chhibro Underground Powerhouse	p. 235
Tala Hydroelectric Project, Bhutan	p. 237
Summary	p. 241
References	p. 242
Underground Shelters for Wartime
General	p. 245
State-of-the-Art Defense Shelters	p. 246
Shelter Options	p. 250
Design of Shelters	p. 253
Basement Shelters	p. 253
Expedient Shelter Designs	p. 254
Case Histories	p. 255
Civil Defense Shelter in Singapore	p. 255
Beijing's Underground City	p. 256
References	p. 257
Underground Storage of Ammunitions and Explosives
General	p. 259
Explosion Effects in Underground Ammunition Storage Sites	p. 260
Advantages and Disadvantages of Underground Storage	p. 261
Storage Limitations	p. 262
Ammunition Containing Flammable Liquids or Gels	p. 262
Ammunition Containing Toxic Agents	p. 262
Suspect Ammunition and Explosives	p. 262
Ammunition Containing Pyrotechnics	p. 262
Ammunition Containing Depleted Uranium	p. 263
Design Requirements of Underground Ammunition Storage Facility	p. 263
Safety Requirements	p. 263
Military Requirements	p. 263
Financial Aspects	p. 264
Humidity Control and Ventilation	p. 264
Electric Installations and Equipment	p. 264
Lightning Protection	p. 264
Transport and Handling Equipment	p. 264
Fire-Fighting Equipment	p. 265
Facility Layout	p. 265
Design Guidelines	p. 265
Underground Chambers	p. 266
Exits	p. 266
Branch Passageways	p. 267
Blast Closures	p. 268
Expansion Chambers	p. 269
Constrictions	p. 270
Debris Traps within Underground Facility	p. 271
Blast Traps	p. 272
Portal Barricade	p. 273
Interior Wall Roughness	p. 274
Depth of Cover above Storage Chambers	p. 275
Chamber Separation Requirement	p. 275
Sympathetic Detonation by Rock Spall	p. 277
Case History	p. 278
Underground Ammunition Storage Facility, Singapore	p. 278
References	p. 280
Underground Nuclear Waste Repositories
Introduction	p. 283
Types of Radioactive Nuclear Waste	p. 285
Underground Research Laboratory	p. 286
Stripa Underground Research Facility	p. 298
Concept of Barriers	p. 299
Design Aspects of Underground Repository	p. 300
Vertical Emplacement in a Pit	p. 300
Alternative System Layout for Very Long Hole (VLH)	p. 304
Instrumentation	p. 395
Retrievability of Canister	p. 306
Public Acceptance of Radioactive Waste Repository	p. 306
References	p. 306
Contractual Risk Sharing
The Risk	p. 309
Management of Risk	p. 314
Risk Management Tools-Fault Tree Analysis	p. 318
Recommendations of International Tunnelling Association	p. 319
Recommendations of International Standard Organisation	p. 320
Role of Engineering Leaders	p. 321
Construction Planning and Risk	p. 321
Time and Cost Estimates	p. 322
References	p. 323
Annexure	p. 325
Index	p. 329
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.