Understanding 12-Lead EKGs : A Practical Approach

by Beasley, Brenda M.; West, Michael C.

• ISBN13: 9780131707894
• ISBN10: 0131707892
• Additional ISBN(s): 9780130272812, 9780132921060
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-07-18
• Publisher: Prentice Hall
• More Book Details
• Purchase Benefits

Summary

EKG interpretation is often a difficult subject for students to learn and understand. With this in mind, Brenda Beasley and Michael West have created Understanding 12-Lead EKGs, a straightforward approach to EKG interpretation that presents all the essential concepts students need to know to master the basics of this challenging field. This comprehensive, reader-friendly book is ideal for self-study or classroom use, making it the perfect resource for both students and practicing health care professionals. Chapter topics include cardiovascular anatomy and physiology; basic electrophysiology; the electrical conduction system; the electrocardiogram; interpretation of an EKG strip; acute myocardial infarction; iscemia, injury and necrosis; interpretation of: inferior MIs, anterior MIs, septal MIs, lateral MIs, and posterior MIs; bundle branch blocks and axis deviations; therapeutic modalities; and cardiovascular pharmacology.For pre-hospital care and nursing providers, cardiac care monitor technicians, medical students, physicians, and ACLS candidates.

Table of Contents

Foreword	xi
Preface	xiii
The Anatomy of the Heart (Structure)	1	(14)
Objectives	1	(1)
Introduction	2	(9)
Anatomy of the Heart	2	(1)
Location, Size, and Shape of the Heart	3	(1)
Layers of the Heart	4	(1)
Valves of the Heart	5	(2)
Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries	7	(4)
Summary	11	(1)
Key Points to Remember	11	(1)
Review Questions	12	(3)
Cardiovascular Physiology (Function)	15	(10)
Objectives	15	(1)
Introduction	16	(5)
Blood Flow Through the Heart	16	(1)
Cardiac Cycle	17	(1)
Stroke Volume	18	(1)
Cardiac Output	18	(1)
Autonomic Nervous System	19	(1)
Receptors and Neurotransmitters	19	(2)
Summary	21	(1)
Key Points to Remember	21	(1)
Review Questions	22	(3)
Basic Electrophysiology	25	(10)
Objectives	25	(1)
Introduction	26	(5)
Basic Cell Groups	26	(1)
Primary Cardiac Cell Characteristics	27	(1)
Major Electrolytes That Affect Cardiac Function	27	(1)
Movement of Ions	28	(1)
Cardiac Depolarization	28	(1)
Cardiac Repolarization	29	(1)
Refractory Periods	30	(1)
Summary	31	(1)
Key Points to Remember	31	(1)
Review Questions	32	(3)
The Electrical Conduction System	35	(9)
Objectives	35	(1)
Introduction	36	(4)
SA Node	36	(1)
Internodal Pathways	37	(1)
AV Node	37	(2)
AV Junction	39	(1)
Bundle of His	39	(1)
Bundle Branches	39	(1)
Purkinje's Network	39	(1)
Summary	40	(1)
Key Points to Remember	40	(1)
Review Questions	41	(3)
The Electrocardiogram	44	(20)
Objectives	44	(1)
Introduction	45	(14)
Electrical Basis of the EKG	45	(2)
EKG Leads	47	(5)
EKG Graph Paper	52	(2)
EKG Waveforms	54	(3)
Standard 12-Lead EKG Waveforms	57	(2)
Summary	59	(1)
Key Points to Remember	60	(1)
Review Questions	61	(3)
Interpretation of EKG Strips	64	(15)
Objectives	64	(1)
Introduction	65	(10)
General Rules	65	(1)
The Five-Step Approach	65	(5)
The 5 + 3 Approach	70	(1)
ST Segment Depression	71	(1)
ST Segment Elevation	72	(1)
Q Wave	73	(2)
Summary	75	(1)
Key Points to Remember	75	(1)
Review Questions	76	(3)
Acute Myocardial Infarction	79	(11)
Objectives	79	(1)
Introduction	80	(6)
Coronary Anatomy	80	(2)
Pathology	82	(2)
Standard Treatment Modalities	84	(1)
Noncardiac Causes of Chest Pain	84	(1)
Clinical Significance	85	(1)
Patient Assessment	85	(1)
Summary	86	(1)
Key Points to Remember	86	(1)
Review Questions	87	(3)
Myocardial Ischemia, Injury, and Necrosis	90	(9)
Objectives	90	(1)
Introduction	91	(4)
Time Is Muscle (Myocardium)	91	(1)
Infarct Regions and Definitions	91	(4)
Clinical Significance	95	(1)
Summary	95	(1)
Key Points to Remember	95	(1)
Review Questions	96	(3)
Interpretation of Inferior MIs	99	(13)
Objectives	99	(1)
Introduction	100	(8)
Anatomy and Physiology Review	100	(2)
Transmural Versus Subendocardial Infarctions	102	(1)
Lead-Specific ST Elevation	102	(3)
EKG Changes Related to an Inferior Infarction	105	(1)
Clinical Significance of Inferior MIs	106	(2)
Summary	108	(1)
Key Points to Remember	108	(1)
Review Questions	109	(3)
Interpretation of Anterior MIs	112	(12)
Objectives	112	(1)
Introduction	113	(7)
Anatomy of the Coronary Arteries	113	(1)
``Widowmaker''	114	(1)
Lead-Specific ST Segment Elevation	114	(3)
EKG Changes Commonly Associated with Anterior MIs	117	(1)
Clinical Significance of Anterior MIs	117	(3)
Summary	120	(1)
Key Points to Remember	120	(1)
Review Questions	121	(3)
Interpretation of Septal MIs	124	(10)
Objectives	124	(1)
Introduction	125	(5)
Anatomy of the Interventricular Septum and the Coronary Arteries	125	(1)
Lead-Specific ST Segment Elevation	125	(3)
EKG Changes Commonly Associated with Septal MIs	128	(1)
Clinical Significance of Septal MIs	129	(1)
Summary	130	(1)
Key Points to Remember	130	(1)
Review Questions	130	(4)
Interpretation of Lateral MIs	134	(10)
Objectives	134	(1)
Introduction	135	(5)
Anatomy of the Left Ventricle and the Circumflex Branch of the Left Coronary Artery	135	(1)
Lead-Specific ST Segment Changes	135	(2)
EKG Changes Commonly Associated with Lateral MIs	137	(1)
Clinical Significance of Lateral MIs	138	(2)
Summary	140	(1)
Key Points to Remember	140	(1)
Review Questions	141	(3)
Interpretation of Posterior MIs	144	(13)
Objectives	144	(1)
Introduction	145	(8)
Coronary Artery Anatomy Review	145	(1)
Lead-Specific ST Segment Changes	145	(1)
The Mirror Test	146	(1)
Another Trick for Identifying Posterior MIs	146	(1)
Posterior V Leads	147	(4)
EKG Changes Related to Posterior MIs	151	(1)
Clinical Significance of Posterior MIs	151	(2)
Summary	153	(1)
Key Points to Remember	154	(1)
Review Questions	154	(3)
Axis Deviation and Bundle Branch Blocks	157	(16)
Objectives	157	(1)
Introduction	158	(11)
EKG Leads	158	(1)
The Hexaxial Reference System	159	(1)
Axis Deviation	159	(3)
Bundle Branch Blocks	162	(5)
Clinical Significance of Bundle Branch Blocks	167	(2)
Summary	169	(1)
Key Points to Remember	169	(1)
Review Questions	170	(3)
Therapeutic Modalities	173	(16)
Objectives	173	(1)
Introduction	174	(11)
Fibrinolytics	174	(4)
Emergency External Cardiac Pacing	178	(1)
Defibrillation	179	(4)
Cardioversion	183	(2)
Summary	185	(1)
Key Points to Remember	185	(1)
Review Questions	185	(4)
Cardiovascular Pharmacology	189	(27)
Objectives	189	(1)
Introduction	190	(22)
Oxygen	191	(1)
Sympathomimetics	192	(6)
Sympatholytics	198	(2)
Antidysrhythmics	200	(7)
Analgesics	207	(2)
Antianginals	209	(1)
Alkalinizing Agents	210	(1)
Anticoagulants	210	(2)
Summary	212	(1)
Key Points to Remember	212	(1)
Review Questions	212	(4)
More Review Questions	216	(23)
12-Lead EKG Review Strips	239	(78)
Appendix 1 Answers to Review Questions	317	(6)
Appendix 2 Answers to Review Strips	323	(32)
Glossary	355	(8)
Index	363