Understanding Constitutional Law

by Redlich, Norman; Attanasio, John; Goldstein, Joel K.

• ISBN13: 9780820540573
• ISBN10: 0820540579
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1999-07-01
• Publisher: Lexis Nexis Matthew Bender

Table of Contents

The Courts and Judicial Review
Introduction	1	(1)
Constitutional Law and Argument	1	(3)
Judicial Review	4	(4)
Review of State Action	8	(2)
Judicial Independence	10	(1)
Judicial Dependence	11	(1)
Court Organization	12	(2)
Jurisdiction: Lower Courts and Legislative Control	14	(4)
Historical Overview	14	(2)
Outer Limits	16	(2)
Supreme Court Jurisdiction	18	(4)
Non-Article III Adjudication	22	(2)
Cases and Controversies	24	(23)
Doctrines of Justiciability: An Overview	24	(1)
Advisory Opinions	25	(1)
Standing	26	(1)
Constitutional Requirements	26	(2)
Prudential Requirements	28	(1)
Taxpayers	29	(1)
Voter Standing	30	(2)
Rights of Others	32	(1)
Governmental Standing	33	(1)
Congressional Standing	34	(1)
Feigned and Hypothetical Cases	35	(1)
Declaratory Judgments	36	(1)
Ripeness	37	(4)
Mootness	41	(1)
Political Questions	42	(5)
The Federal System
Introduction	47	(1)
Main Features	47	(3)
Components of Federalism	47	(1)
Union of Autonomous States	48	(1)
Division of Powers Between Nation and States	49	(1)
Direct Operation of States and Nation	49	(1)
Possession of Law-Enforcement Apparatus	49	(1)
Federal Supremacy	50	(1)
Reserved Powers	50	(4)
Tenth Amendment as Source of State Power	50	(1)
Interposition	51	(1)
Police Power	52	(1)
Term Limits	53	(1)
Federal Police Power	54	(1)
Supremacy and State Taxation	54	(4)
Federal Immunity From State Taxation: An Overview	54	(2)
Federal Property	56	(1)
Private Immunities	57	(1)
Congressional Power	58	(1)
Supremacy and Police Power	58	(2)
State Tax Immunities	60	(1)
State Regulatory Immunities	61	(2)
Republican Government and Violence	63	(2)
Cooperative Federalism	65	(8)
The Federal Government and the States	65	(2)
Litigating Against a State	67	(3)
Interstate Relations	70	(3)
Congressional Power
Introduction	73	(1)
Implied Powers	73	(3)
General Welfare	76	(1)
Taxing Power	77	(3)
Broad Power of Taxation For National Purposes	77	(1)
Purpose of Taxation	77	(3)
Spending Power	80	(1)
Fiscal Powers	81	(2)
Citizenship	83	(3)
Becoming and Remaining a Citizen	83	(2)
Freedom of Movement	85	(1)
Treaty Power	86	(1)
Civil Rights Enforcement and State Action	87	(5)
Congressional Enforcement	92	(2)
Involuntary Servitude	94	(3)
Commerce Clause
Introduction	97	(1)
Marshall's Conception	97	(2)
Productive Industries	99	(8)
The E.C. Knight Formal Approach	99	(2)
Other Doctrinal Streams	101	(1)
Early New Deal Cases	101	(2)
Jones & Laughlin	103	(2)
Darby and Wickard	105	(2)
Regulation Versus Prohibition	107	(4)
Lottery Case	107	(1)
Child Labor Case	108	(1)
Darby and Bootstrapping	109	(2)
Perez v. United States	111	(1)
1964 Civil Rights Act	111	(1)
Outer Limits	112	(1)
Lopez: Another Turning Point	113	(4)
Commerce and the States: The Dormant Commerce Clause
Introduction	117	(1)
The Purpose of the Dormant Commerce Clause	117	(3)
Historical Evolution	120	(3)
Justice Marshall's Views	120	(1)
Local Pilot Case	120	(1)
Railroad Regulation	121	(1)
Towards a Balancing Test	122	(1)
The Modern Approach	123	(1)
Discriminatory Laws	123	(3)
Pike Balancing Test	126	(1)
The Political Process Rationale	127	(1)
Appropriate State Measures	128	(1)
Prohibitory Laws	128	(3)
Quarantine and Inspection	128	(1)
Embargo Measures	129	(2)
Exceptions to the Dormant Commerce Clause	131	(3)
Market Participant Exception	131	(1)
Additional Exceptions	132	(1)
Congressional Consent	133	(1)
Congressional Conflict: Preemption	134	(1)
Camps Newfound/Owatonna: A Recent Application	135	(1)
Privileges and Immunities	136	(4)
Executive Power
Introduction	139	(1)
Election	140	(1)
Theories of Presidental Power	141	(6)
Historical Background	141	(1)
Neagle Case	142	(1)
Peace of the United States	143	(1)
United States v. Midwest Oil Co.	144	(1)
Steel Seizure Case	144	(2)
Jackson's Categories and Inherent Power Limitations	146	(1)
President as Legislative Leader	147	(4)
Constitutional Basis for Legislative Role	147	(1)
Veto Power	147	(2)
Legislative Veto	149	(2)
Administrative Role	151	(4)
Appointing Power	151	(2)
Removal Power	153	(2)
Law Enforcement	155	(4)
Constitutional Duty to Execute Laws	155	(1)
Power to Pardon	156	(3)
Foreign Affairs	159	(4)
Leading Role of President	159	(1)
Curtiss-Wright	159	(1)
Power of Recognition	160	(1)
Steel Seizure Case	161	(1)
Executive Agreements	161	(2)
Commander in Chief	163	(5)
Constitutional Duty of President	163	(2)
War Powers Resolution	165	(1)
Military Justice	166	(1)
Military Trial of Civilians	167	(1)
Martial Law	168	(1)
Presidential Accountability	168	(4)
The President as Defendant	168	(1)
Executive Privileges and Immunities	169	(2)
Impeachment	171	(1)
Succession and Disability	172	(1)
Separation of Powers	173	(5)
Liberty, Property and Due Process, Taking and Contract Clauses
Introduction	177	(1)
Introduction to the Incorporation Controversy and the Bill of Rights	178	(4)
The Rights of The Accused: The ``Incorporation Controversy''	182	(8)
Regulation of Business and Other Property Interests	190	(25)
Liberty of Contract Under the Due Process Clauses	190	(6)
Economic Regulation and the Contract Clause of Article I, Section 10	196	(3)
Government Takings of Property Requiring Just Compensation	199	(12)
Economic Penalties	211	(4)
Liberty in Procreation and Other Personal Matters	215	(26)
The Childbearing Decision: Contraception and Abortion	215	(14)
The Family Relationship	229	(4)
Homosexuality	233	(1)
Right to Die	234	(4)
Other Autonomy Issues	238	(3)
Personal Property Rights: New Forms of Protection for New Property Interests	241	(8)
Racial Equality
Introduction	247	(2)
Segregation in Public Facilities	249	(13)
The Rise and Fall of ``Separate but Equal''	249	(3)
Enforcing Brown: The Fashioning of Judicial Relief	252	(5)
Limiting the Remedies	257	(5)
Other Forms of Racial Discrimination	262	(25)
General Principles: Purposeful Discrimination and Suspect Classes	262	(5)
Racial Discrimination in Employment	267	(1)
Housing and Zoning	268	(2)
Voting	270	(10)
The Criminal Justice System	280	(7)
Equal Rights for the Sexes
Introduction	287	(1)
Changing Attitudes Toward Gender-Based Classifications	287	(10)
Employment Discrimination Based on Gender	297	(3)
Gender Discrimination in Government Benefit Programs	300	(3)
Discrimination Involving Pregnancy	303	(5)
Affirmative Action
Introduction	307	(1)
Education	308	(6)
Employment	314	(12)
Title VII and the Equal Protection Clause	314	(4)
Government Set Asides	318	(7)
Equal Protection for Other Groups and Interests
Introduction	325	(1)
Discrete and Insular Minorities	326	(9)
Aliens	326	(1)
Resident Aliens	326	(2)
Illegal Aliens	328	(1)
Illegitimate Children	329	(1)
The Aged	330	(1)
The Mentally Retarded	330	(3)
Sexual Orientation	333	(2)
Equal Protection for the Poor	335	(9)
Wealth as a Suspect Classification; Fundamental Rights to Necessities	335	(4)
Access to the Justice System	339	(5)
Equality in the Political Process	344	(9)
Distinctions Based on Wealth	344	(3)
Other Barriers to Political Participation: Apportionment, Ballot Access for Minority Parties, Gerrymandering	347	(6)
The Right to Travel	353	(3)
Domestic Travel	353	(2)
International Travel	355	(1)
Economic and Social Legislation	356	(4)
Political Speech and Association
Introduction	359	(1)
Advocacy of Unlawful Objectives	360	(10)
Membership in Political Organizations as a Basis for Government Sanctions	370	(2)
Compulsory Disclosure of Political Affiliations	372	(2)
Associational Rights in Other Contexts	374	(3)
Free Speech Problems of Government Employees	377	(16)
Patronage Dismissals	377	(3)
Restraints on Political Activity	380	(5)
Employee's Rights to Criticize Government	385	(5)
Special Protection for Legislators and Other Government Employees	390	(3)
Government and the Media: Print and Electronic
Introduction	393	(1)
The Doctrine Against Prior Restraints	393	(5)
The Right to Report Governmental Affairs	398	(4)
Access By the Media to Government Activity	402	(3)
Regulation and Taxation	405	(13)
Right of Access to the Media	405	(2)
Taxation	407	(2)
Special Problems of the Electronic Media	409	(9)
Protecting the Newsgathering Process	418	(3)
Injury to Reputation and Invasions of Privacy: Tort Actions as a Restraint on the Media	421	(10)
Defamation	421	(8)
Invasions of Privacy	429	(2)
Speech in Public Places
Introduction	431	(1)
Offensive Speech in Public Places	431	(10)
General Principles	431	(2)
Hate Speech	433	(3)
Sexually Offensive Speech	436	(5)
Speech in Traditional Public Forums: Streets, Sidewalks, Parks	441	(4)
The Civil Rights Movement, Mass Demonstrations, and New Rules for New Public Forums	445	(1)
The Modern Approach: Limiting Speech According to the Characters of the Property	446	(15)
Public Property	446	(14)
Private Property as a Public Forum: Shopping Centers and Company Towns	460	(1)
Speech in Public Schools	461	(2)
Religious Speech in Public Places	463	(5)
Special Doctrines in the System of Freedom of Expression
Introduction	467	(1)
Expressive Conduct	468	(4)
Expenditures of Money in the Political Arena	472	(7)
Government Spending on Speech Related Activities	479	(3)
Commercial Speech	482	(12)
Protection for Commercial Speech: General Principles	482	(9)
Lawyer Advertising	491	(3)
Obscenity	494	(12)
The Constitutional Standard	494	(6)
Procedural Issues in Obscenity Cases: ``Prior Restraints'' and Seizure of Materials	500	(5)
Government and Religious Freedom
Introduction	505	(1)
Competing Approaches: Wall of Separation Versus Accommodation	506	(4)
The Establishment Clause and Aid to Religious Institutions	510	(19)
Tension Between Burdening Free Exercise and Promoting Establishment	510	(2)
Aid to Religious Schools	512	(13)
Government Support to Religious Institutions in Contexts Other Than Religious Schools	525	(4)
Government Support of Religious Practices	529	(13)
Establishment of Religion Through Religious Institutions Becoming Involved in Governmental Decisions	542	(4)
Free Exercise of Religion	546
Table of Cases	TC-1
Index	I-1