Understanding Ethnic Conflict

by Ganguly, Rajat; Taras, Ray

• ISBN13: 9780673998088
• ISBN10: 0673998088
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1997-08-01
• Publisher: Taylor & Francis

Table of Contents

Preface: Nationalism at the Turn of the New Millennium	xi	(4)
Acknowledgments	xv
PART I ETHNIC CONFLICT AND INTERNATIONAL POLITICS: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK	1	(126)
Chapter 1: ETHNIC CONFLICT ON THE WORLD STAGE	3	(38)
Ethnic Conflict Resurgent in a Post-Bipolar World	3	(3)
The Formation and Persistence of Ethnic Identity	6	(3)
Definitions	9	(3)
The Political Mobilization of Ethnic Groups	12	(2)
Indirect Theories of Ethnic Political Mobilization and Conflict	14	(5)
Negative Theories of Integration	14	(1)
Negative Theories of Cohesion	15	(3)
Indirect Theories of Disintegration	18	(1)
Direct Theories of Ethnic Political Mobilization and Conflict	19	(4)
The Primordialist Approach	19	(2)
The Internal Colonialism Approach	21	(1)
The Communalist Approach	22	(1)
Ethnic Political Mobilization: Linking Causes and Objectives	23	(8)
Ethnic Conflict and International Relations	31	(10)
Chapter 2: ETHNIC CONFLICT AND INTERNATIONAL NORMS	41	(27)
Introduction	41	(1)
International Norms Affecting Ethnonationalism	42	(11)
The Doctrine of Sovereignty	42	(6)
Self-Determination and Ethnosecessionist Movements	48	(5)
The General Case for Secession: Obsolescence of the State	53	(4)
Moral Grounds That Justify Secession	57	(7)
Conclusion	64	(4)
Chapter 3: ETHNIC CONFLICT AS AN INTERNATIONAL PROBLEM	68	(28)
Introduction	68	(1)
The Internationalization of Ethnic Conflict	68	(15)
Diplomatic Activity of Ethnosecessionists and States Confronted with Ethnic Conflict	69	(5)
Partisan Intervention in Ethnic Conflicts	74	(7)
Ethnic Conflict and International Terrorism	81	(1)
Ethnic Conflict and Refugee Flows	82	(1)
The Ethnicization of International Politics	83	(8)
Globalization, Interdependence, and Ethnic Conflicts	83	(1)
International Conflict and Its Ethnic Fallout	84	(2)
Ethnic Conflict as a Consequence of Empire and State Collapse	86	(2)
The End of Bipolar Superpower Rivalry and Its Effect on Ethnic Conflicts	88	(2)
The Link Between Arms Trading, Drug Trafficking, and Ethnic Conflict	90	(1)
Conclusion	91	(5)
Chapter 4: RESOLVING ETHNIC CONFLICTS THROUGH INTERNATIONAL THIRD-PARTY ACTION	96	(31)
Why Resolving Ethnic Conflicts Is Important	96	(1)
Ethnic Conflict Resolution by International Third Parties	97	(4)
Peacekeeping	97	(1)
Peacemaking	98	(3)
Peacebuilding	101	(1)
Ethnic Conflict Resolution by the United Nations	101	(13)
The United Nations as a Peacekeeper	103	(4)
The United Nations as a Peacemaker	107	(3)
The United Nations as a Peacebuilder	110	(4)
States as Third Parties in Ethnic Conflict Resolution	114	(4)
Major Powers in Ethnic Conflict Resolution	114	(2)
Ethnic Conflict Resolution by Third-World Regional Powers	116	(2)
Regional Organizations as Third Parties in Ethnic Conflict Resolution	118	(2)
International Nongovernmental Organizations as Third Parties in Ethnic Conflict Resolution	120	(2)
Conclusion	122	(5)
PART II CASE STUDIES	127	(154)
Chapter 5: NATIONALISM AND THE COLLAPSE OF AN EMPIRE: THE SOVIET UNION, RUSSIA, AND CHECHNYA	129	(31)
The Breakdown of Empires	129	(2)
Why Did Ethnic Conflict Occur?	131	(18)
Soviet Imperialism and Great Russian Nationalism	131	(3)
Democratization as a Source of Ethnic Conflict	134	(1)
The Conflict of Identities	135	(2)
Nationalist Mobilization in Post-Soviet Russia	137	(2)
The Core Ideas of Russian Nationalism	139	(1)
Russian Nationalists Resurgent	140	(3)
Russia's New Minorities	143	(1)
Russia and Chechnya	144	(3)
Chechen Ethnosecessionism	147	(2)
International Reaction	149	(2)
Noninternationalization of the Chechen Conflict	151	(3)
Third-Party Mediation in Chechnya	154	(2)
Conclusion	156	(4)
Chapter 6: CONSTITUTIONAL SEPARATIST MOVEMENTS: CANADA AND QUEBEC NATIONALISM	160	(24)
Introduction	160	(1)
Why Has Ethnic Conflict Occurred? Sources of Quebec Nationalism	161	(13)
British Colonization	161	(2)
Confederation	163	(1)
Economic Stagnation	164	(1)
Conscription Crises	165	(1)
Disputed Borders	166	(1)
The Quiet Revolution	167	(2)
Quebec's Exclusion from the Canadian Constitution	169	(1)
The Failure to Bring Quebec Back In	170	(1)
The Growth of the Sovereignty Movement	171	(3)
Why Peaceful Secession Is Rare	174	(2)
International Reaction	176	(2)
Can a Constitutionally Based Dispute Be Internationalized?	178	(2)
What Can External Parties Do About the Conflict in Canada?	180	(4)
Chapter 7: PROTRACTED ETHNIC WARS: THE TAMIL-SINHALESE CONFLICT IN SRI LANKA	184	(41)
Introduction	184	(1)
The Precedent of Bangladesh's Secession	185	(3)
Genesis of the Bangladesh Crisis	185	(1)
Internationalization of the Bengali Secessionist Movement	186	(1)
The Road to War	187	(1)
Why Did Ethnic Conflict Occur in Sri Lanka?	188	(11)
The Issue of Original Inhabitancy and Traditional Homeland	189	(2)
Cultural and Religious Issues	191	(2)
The Issue of Language	193	(2)
Economic Issues	195	(1)
The Political Fallout	195	(2)
The Drift Toward Tamil Militancy	197	(2)
The Escalation of Ethnic Violence in the 1980s	199	(1)
International Reaction Toward Sri Lanka's Ethnic War	199	(1)
International Covert Involvement in Sri Lanka	200	(1)
Other International Aspects of Sri Lanka's Ethnic Conflict	201	(1)
Resolution Attempt: International Third-Party Action in Sri Lanka	202	(11)
The Parthasarathy Initiative and the All-Party Conference	203	(1)
The Thimpu Talks	204	(1)
The December 19 Proposals	205	(1)
The Indo-Sri Lankan Accord	205	(2)
Tamil-Sinhalese Reactions to the Indo-Sri Lankan Accord	207	(1)
Implementation of the Indo-Sri Lankan Accord	208	(3)
Why Did India's Resolution Attempt Fail in Sri Lanka?	211	(2)
Changing International Perception of Sri Lanka's Ethnic War: Withdrawal of the IPKF and Its Aftermath	213	(2)
Conclusion	215	(10)
Chapter 8: WEAK STATES AND ETHNIC CONFLICT: SECESSIONISM AND STATE COLLAPSE IN AFRICA	225	(22)
Introduction	225	(1)
Weak States	226	(1)
Secessionism in the Congo	227	(1)
Secessionism in Nigeria	228	(3)
Secessionism in Ethiopia	231	(10)
Sources of Conflict: The Colonial Legacy	231	(2)
Pan-Africanism and Pan-Ethiopianism	233	(1)
Military Repression	234	(1)
Ethiopia's Collapse, Eritrea's Independence	235	(2)
International Reaction to Eritrean Independence	237	(1)
Internationalization	237	(3)
External Mediation	240	(1)
Weak States, Politicized Identities in Central Africa	241	(6)
Chapter 9: THE U.S. RESPONSE TO NATIONALISM	247	(34)
Studying Post-Bipolar Policy Making	247	(1)
The U.S. Experience as a Foreign Policy Influence	248	(5)
Cultural Diversity	248	(3)
Cultural Features	251	(2)
Toward a U.S. Grand Strategy on Ethnic Conflict	253	(5)
The United States and the Third Reordering	254	(2)
The United States and Internationalization of Conflicts	256	(2)
Ethnic Conflict and U.S. Foreign Policy Makers	258	(3)
Foreign Policy Analysts on Contemporary Ethnic Conflict	261	(4)
The Anti-Interventionists	261	(1)
Qualified Interventionists	262	(3)
Clinton and the Principle of Self-Determination	265	(3)
Bosnia as a Case Study of U.S. Intervention	268	(7)
Conclusion	275	(6)
Selected Bibliography	281	(8)
Index	289